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Scali F, Ganio S, Roullet C, Ruffier M, Bergagna S, Pagliasso G, Romeo C, Formenti N, Maisano AM, Santucci G, Tonni M, Guadagno F, Mazza F, Guarneri F, Bontempi G, Candela L, Alborali GL. Regional-Scale Analysis of Antimicrobial Usage in Smallholder Cattle Herds (Aosta Valley, Italy): Why Surveillance Matters. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:204. [PMID: 38534639 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Optimising antimicrobial usage (AMU) in livestock is pivotal to counteract the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. We analysed AMU in more than 1000 cattle herds over 11 years (2008-2018) in the Aosta Valley (Italy), a region where 80% of farms house less than 50 cattle. Dairy cows accounted for over 95% of AMU. AMU was estimated using the defined daily dose animal for Italy (DDDAit) per biomass for the whole herd and a treatment incidence 100 (TI100) for cows. Average annual herd-level AMU was low, with 3.6 DDDAit/biomass (range: 3.2-4.0) and 1.2 TI100 in cows (range: 1.1-1.3). Third and fourth generation cephalosporins, which are critical for human medicine, represented almost 10% of usage, and intramammary antimicrobials accounted for over 60%. We detected significant downward temporal trends in total AMU, as well as a positive relationship with herd size. The magnitude of such effects was small, leaving scant room for further reduction. However, the frequent use of critical antimicrobials and intramammary products should be addressed, following the principles of prudent AMU. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring AMU even in low-production, smallholding contexts where a low usage is expected, to identify any deficiencies and implement interventions for further AMU optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sandra Ganio
- Azienda USL della Valle d'Aosta, SC Igiene Allevamenti, 11100 Aosta, Italy
| | - Claudio Roullet
- Azienda USL della Valle d'Aosta, SC Igiene Allevamenti, 11100 Aosta, Italy
| | - Mauro Ruffier
- Assessorato Sanità, Salute e Politiche Sociali della Valle d'Aosta, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, 11100 Aosta, Italy
| | - Stefania Bergagna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 25124 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Pagliasso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 25124 Turin, Italy
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Ciriè, Chivasso e Ivrea, 10073 Ciriè, Italy
| | - Claudia Romeo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
- Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 København, Denmark
| | - Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Marco Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Santucci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Guadagno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Mazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bontempi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Loredana Candela
- Ministero della Salute della Repubblica Italiana, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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Afifi M, Stryhn H, Sanchez J. Data extraction and comparison for complex systematic reviews: a step-by-step guideline and an implementation example using open-source software. Syst Rev 2023; 12:226. [PMID: 38041161 PMCID: PMC10691069 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data extraction (DE) is a challenging step in systematic reviews (SRs). Complex SRs can involve multiple interventions and/or outcomes and encompass multiple research questions. Attempts have been made to clarify DE aspects focusing on the subsequent meta-analysis; there are, however, no guidelines for DE in complex SRs. Comparing datasets extracted independently by pairs of reviewers to detect discrepancies is also cumbersome, especially when the number of extracted variables and/or studies is colossal. This work aims to provide a set of practical steps to help SR teams design and build DE tools and compare extracted data for complex SRs. METHODS We provided a 10-step guideline, from determining data items and structure to data comparison, to help identify discrepancies and solve data disagreements between reviewers. The steps were organised into three phases: planning and building the database and data manipulation. Each step was described and illustrated with examples, and relevant references were provided for further guidance. A demonstration example was presented to illustrate the application of Epi Info and R in the database building and data manipulation phases. The proposed guideline was also summarised and compared with previous DE guidelines. RESULTS The steps of this guideline are described generally without focusing on a particular software application or meta-analysis technique. We emphasised determining the organisational data structure and highlighted its role in the subsequent steps of database building. In addition to the minimal programming skills needed, creating relational databases and data validation features of Epi info can be utilised to build DE tools for complex SRs. However, two R libraries are needed to facilitate data comparison and solve discrepancies. CONCLUSIONS We hope adopting this guideline can help review teams construct DE tools that suit their complex review projects. Although Epi Info depends on proprietary software for data storage, it can still be a potential alternative to other commercial DE software for completing complex reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Afifi
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Biostatistics Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Ash Sharqia Governorate, 44519, Egypt.
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, C1A 4P3, Canada
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Afifi M, Stryhn H, Sanchez J, Heider LC, Kabera F, Roy JP, Godden S, Dufour S. To seal or not to seal following an antimicrobial infusion at dry-off? A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis of the incidence and prevalence of intramammary infections post-calving in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105864. [PMID: 36773376 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Teat sealants (TSs) consist of sterile formulations with no antibacterial activity. Alone or in combination with antimicrobial (AM) or non-AM treatments, TSs have been commonly used in dairy cows at dry-off to prevent intra-mammary infections (IMIs) during the dry period. This study aimed to identify and synthesise the available evidence on the efficacy of combining TSs with AM treatments on the incidence and prevalence of IMIs. A comprehensive search of three electronic databases, two relevant conference proceedings, and reference lists of reviews and eligible articles was conducted to retrieve and identify studies that could answer the following question: in dairy cows, how does the efficacy of an AM-TS combination administered at dry-off compare with an AM alone for preventing new IMI? In addition to the general IMIs, bacterial species-specific data were extracted and combined into nine distinct pathogen groups: coagulase-positive and negative staphylococci; S. dysgalactiae; non-dysgalactiae Streptococci; E. coli; non-E. coli Enterobacteriaceae; Corynebacterium spp.; yeast and other frequent mastitis pathogens. The structural relationship between each study's prevalence and incidence, as the new (incidence) and persistent (uncured) infections make up the prevalence, was utilised to approximate a variance-covariance matrix for the within-study correlation between their study-specific log odds ratios (ORs). A bivariate random-effects meta-analysis was employed, utilising the within- and between-study correlations to synthesise both outcomes simultaneously. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane ROBINS-I tool, and the quality of the body of evidence was rated using the GRADE approach. A total of 17 trials (16 studies), providing either IMIs incidence (n = 4), prevalence (n = 3) or both (n = 10), were identified. Overall, quarters infused with AM-TS combinations showed lower odds of new IMIs post-calving (OR=0.70; 95% CI=0.57-0.86; Wald test P < 0.001) than those which received only AMs. Across the pathogen groups, varying levels of reduction of new IMIs were found, where administration of TSs was most effective against S. dysgalactiae (OR=0.47; 95% CI=0.23-0.98), non-dysgalactiae streptococci (OR=0.60; 95% CI=0.49-0.74), E. coli (OR=0.62; 95% CI=0.50-0.77), Corynebacterium spp. (OR=0.68; 95% CI=0.52-0.90) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (OR=0.85; 95% CI=0.76-0.94). However, additional TS infusion did not significantly reduce new IMIs in the remaining pathogen groups. The current meta-analytic evidence supports the efficacy of using TS add-on infusions in dairy cows at dry-off for reducing the incidence and prevalence of IMIs post-calving; however, pathogen group differences should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Afifi
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada; Department of Animal Wealth Development, Biostatistics Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Ash Sharqia Governorate 44519, Egypt.
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Luke C Heider
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Fidèle Kabera
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada; Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sandra Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada
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Weber J, Borchardt S, Seidel J, Schreiter R, Wehrle F, Donat K, Freick M. Effects of Selective Dry Cow Treatment on Intramammary Infection Risk after Calving, Cure Risk during the Dry Period, and Antibiotic Use at Drying-Off: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current Literature (2000-2021). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123403. [PMID: 34944180 PMCID: PMC8698164 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this paper were (i) to perform a systematic review of the literature over the last 21 yr and (ii) to evaluate the efficacy of selective dry cow treatment (SDCT) vs. blanket dry cow treatment (BDCT) in dairy cows regarding the risk of intramammary infection (IMI) after calving, new IMI risk after calving, cure risk during the dry period, and a reduction in antibiotic use at drying-off by meta-analysis. The systematic search was carried out using the databases PubMed, CAB Direct, and ScienceDirect. A meta-analytical assessment was performed for each outcome of interest using random-effects models, and the relative risk (RR) for IMI and cure or the pooled proportion for antibiotic use was calculated. The final number of included studies was n = 3 for IMI risk after calving and n = 5 for new IMI risk after calving, cure risk during the dry period, and antibiotic use. The RR levels for IMI (RR, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 0.94-1.11; p = 0.592), new IMI (RR, 95% CI: 1.06, 0.94-1.20; p = 0.994), and cure (RR, 95% CI: 1.00, 0.97-1.02; p = 0.661) did not differ significantly between SDCT and BDCT. Substantial heterogeneity was observed between the trials regarding the pooled proportion of antibiotic use within the SDCT groups (I2 = 97.7%; p < 0.001). This meta-analysis provides evidence that SDCT seems to be an adequate alternative to BDCT regarding udder health with a simultaneous reduction in antibiotic use. Limitations might arise because of the small number of studies included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Weber
- Veterinary Practice Zettlitz, 09306 Zettlitz, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefan Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Julia Seidel
- Faculty of Agriculture/Environment/Chemistry, HTW Dresden—University of Applied Sciences, 01326 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Ruben Schreiter
- ZAFT e.V., Center for Applied Research and Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Frederike Wehrle
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.W.); (K.D.)
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Karsten Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.W.); (K.D.)
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology of Large and Small Animals with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Freick
- Veterinary Practice Zettlitz, 09306 Zettlitz, Germany;
- Faculty of Agriculture/Environment/Chemistry, HTW Dresden—University of Applied Sciences, 01326 Dresden, Germany;
- ZAFT e.V., Center for Applied Research and Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
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Kabera F, Roy JP, Afifi M, Godden S, Stryhn H, Sanchez J, Dufour S. Comparing Blanket vs. Selective Dry Cow Treatment Approaches for Elimination and Prevention of Intramammary Infections During the Dry Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:688450. [PMID: 34212023 PMCID: PMC8240810 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.688450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and a series of meta-analyses were conducted to investigate the efficacy of selective dry cow antimicrobial treatment (SDCT) (in which only infected quarters/cows were treated with an antimicrobial) compared with blanket dry cow treatment (BDCT) (all quarters/all cows received an antimicrobial, regardless of their infection status). A full detailed protocol was published before initiating this review. Studies reporting on the (1) proportion of untreated quarters or cows when using SDCT, (2) intramammary infection (IMI) incidence risk over the dry period, (3) IMI elimination risk, (4) post-calving IMI prevalence, (5) early lactation clinical mastitis incidence, or (6) subsequent lactation milk yield and somatic cell counts were considered eligible. Thirteen articles representing 12 controlled trials, whether randomized or not, were available for analyses. SDCT reduced the use of antimicrobials at dry off by 66% (95% CI: 49-80). There was no difference in the elimination of existing IMI at dry off, between SDCT and BDCT. Meta-regression showed that the risk of IMI incidence during the dry period, IMI risk at calving, early lactation clinical mastitis risk, and early lactation milk yield and somatic cell counts did not differ between SDCT and BDCT as long as an internal teat sealant (65% bismuth subnitrate) was administered to untreated healthy quarters/cows at dry off. For trials not using internal teat sealants, SDCT resulted in higher risk than BDCT of acquiring a new IMI during the dry period and of harboring an IMI at calving. Lines of evidence strongly support that SDCT would reduce the use of antimicrobials at dry off, without any detrimental effect on udder health or milk production during the 1st months of the subsequent lactation, if, and only if, internal teat sealants are used for healthy, untreated quarters/cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidèle Kabera
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Afifi
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada.,Department of Animal Wealth Development, Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sandra Godden
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Javier Sanchez
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Oehm AW, Knubben-Schweizer G, Rieger A, Stoll A, Hartnack S. A systematic review and meta-analyses of risk factors associated with lameness in dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:346. [PMID: 31619239 PMCID: PMC6796431 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lameness in dairy cows has been an ongoing concern of great relevance to animal welfare and productivity in modern dairy production. Many studies have examined associations between various factors related to housing, management, and the individual animal and the occurrence of lameness. The objective of this systematic review was to answer the research question "what are risk factors associated with lameness in dairy cows that are housed in free stall barns or tie stall facilities". Furthermore, we performed a synthesis of current evidence on certain risk factors by means of a meta-analysis to illustrate the strength of their association with bovine lameness. RESULTS Following pre-defined procedures and inclusion criteria in accordance with the PRISMA statement, two observers independently included 53 articles out of a pool of 1941 articles which had been retrieved by a broad literature research in a first step. 128 factors that have been associated with lameness were identified in those papers. Meta-analyses were conducted for five factors presented in six different studies: Body condition score, presence of claw overgrowth, days in milk, herd size, and parity. Results indicated that a body condition score of ≤2.5/5 is associated with increased odds of lameness. A higher risk of being lame was found for the presence of claw overgrowth, the first 120 days in milk, larger herd sizes, and increasing parity. Throughout the study, we encountered profound difficulties in retrieving data and information of sufficient quality from primary articles as well as in recovering comparable studies. CONCLUSIONS We learned that an abundance of literature on bovine lameness exists. To adequately address a problem of this importance to both animal welfare and economic viability, solid evidence is required in the future to develop effective intervention strategies. Therefore, a consistent working definition of lameness and specific risk factors should be an option to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W. Oehm
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Anna Rieger
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Stoll
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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