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Skou Hedemann M, Rønn M, Elise van der Heide M, Karlshøj Julegaard I, Olaf Nielsen M. Dietary inclusion of methanotrophic microbial cell-derived protein in the early post-weaning period sustains growth performance and intestinal health of weaner piglets. Animal 2023; 17:100798. [PMID: 37148623 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The global demand for sustainably produced protein feeds for animal production is increasing. Methanotrophic bacteria grow on methane and convert it into microbial cell protein (MCP) that has been shown to have high nutritive value for growing pigs. The present aimed to investigate how increasing amounts of MCP in diets fed during the first 15 days after weaning affect the growth performance of piglets from weaning until day 43 postweaning. Furthermore, the effect of MCP on intestinal morphology and histopathology was assessed on day 15 after weaning. During seven consecutive weeks, approximately 480 piglets were recruited for the experiment per batch. The piglets were divided into four groups and housed in eight double pens with 60 piglets per pen. The piglets were fed one of four experimental diets with 0, 3, 6, or 10% of MCP included at the expense of fishmeal and subsequently potato protein for the first 15 days postweaning. Thereafter, all pigs were fed commercial weaner diets in two phases (days 16-30 and days 31-43) until day 43 postweaning. All diets were without medicinal zinc. Feed intake and growth were registered on double pen level during all three phases. On day 15 after weaning, 10 piglets per treatment were randomly selected, autopsied, and sampled for intestinal morphology and histopathology. Daily gain during the first 15 days postweaning tended (P = 0.09) to be affected by the inclusion of MCP in the weaning diet being lowest in the group fed 10% MCP. Treatment did not affect daily feed intake; however, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was significantly affected (P = 0.003) showing the highest FCR in piglets fed 10% MCP. Growth performance was not affected by the experimental treatment during the following phases. In the small intestine, villous height tended (P = 0.09) to show a quadratic response to level of MCP in the diet with the longest villi observed after feeding 6% MCP. Dietary treatment did not affect crypt depth. The villous height to crypt depth (VC) ratio showed a quadratic response to increased dietary inclusion of MCP (P = 0.02) with piglets fed 6% MCP having the highest VC ratio. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that MCP could constitute 6% of diets as-fed (22% of total CP), at the expense of fishmeal and potato protein, for newly weaned piglets without negative effects on growth rates and FCR. The inclusion of MCP in diets for newly weaned piglets could be part of improving the sustainability of pig production.
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Xu J, Wang J, Ma C, Wei Z, Zhai Y, Tian N, Zhu Z, Xue M, Li D. Embracing a low-carbon future by the production and marketing of C1 gas protein. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108096. [PMID: 36621726 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Food scarcity and environmental deterioration are two major problems that human populations currently face. Fortunately, the disruptive innovation of raw food materials has been stimulated by the rapid evolution of biomanufacturing. Therefore, it is expected that the new trends in technology will not only alter the natural resource-dependent food production systems and the traditional way of life but also reduce and assimilate the greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. This review article summarizes the metabolic pathways associated with C1 gas conversion and the production of single-cell protein for animal feed. Moreover, the protein function, worldwide authorization, market access, and methods to overcome challenges in C1 gas assimilation microbial cell factory construction are also provided. With widespread attention and increasing policy support, the production of C1 gas protein will bring more opportunities and make tremendous contributions to our sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Centre of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China; National Centre of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuoxi Wei
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Centre of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Yida Zhai
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Centre of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Centre of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Centre of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Min Xue
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Demao Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; National Centre of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory for Industrial Biological Systems and Bioprocessing Engineering, Tianjin, China.
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Rønn M, Thorsteinsson M, Johannsen JC, Nørgaard JV, Julegaard IK, Nielsen MO. Evaluation of Nutritional Quality for Weaner Piglets of A New Methanotrophic Microbial Cell-derived Protein Feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Methanotroph (Methylococcus capsulatus, Bath) bacteria meal (FeedKind®) could effectively improve the growth, apparent digestibility coefficient, blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant indices of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Jonaitis T, Lewis EA, Lourens N, Groot A, Goodman RE, Mitchell D, Karpol A, Tracy B. Subchronic feeding, allergenicity, and genotoxicity safety evaluations of single strain bacterial protein. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 162:112878. [PMID: 35196545 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microbial proteins are potentially important alternatives to animal protein. A safety assessment was conducted on a Clostridium protein which can serve as a high-quality protein source in human food. A battery of toxicity studies was conducted comprising a 14-day dose-range finding dietary study in rats, 90-day dietary study in rats and in vitro genotoxicity studies. The allergenic potential was investigated by bioinformatics analysis. In the 90-day feeding study, rats were fed diets containing 0, 5.0, 7.5, and 10% Clostridium protein. The Clostridium protein-containing diets were well-tolerated and no adverse effects on the health or growth were observed. Significant reductions in neutrophil counts were observed in all female rats compared to controls, which were slightly outside of reference ranges. These effects were not deemed to be adverse due to the absence of comparable findings in male rats and high physiological variability of measured values within groups. A No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) of at least 10% Clostridium protein, the highest dose tested and corresponding to 5,558 and 6,671 mg/kg body weight/day for male and female rats, respectively, was established. No evidence of genotoxicity was observed and the allergenic potential was low. These results support the use of Clostridium protein as a food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Jonaitis
- NutraSteward, Ltd., 1 Cleddau Bridge Business Park, Pembroke Dock, SA72 6UP, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Lewis
- NutraSteward, Ltd., 1 Cleddau Bridge Business Park, Pembroke Dock, SA72 6UP, UK
| | - Nicky Lourens
- Charles River Laboratories 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Angelique Groot
- Charles River Laboratories 's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Richard E Goodman
- RE Goodman Consulting LLC, 8110 Dougan Circle, Lincoln, NE, 68516, United States
| | - Daniel Mitchell
- Superbrewed Food, Inc., 239 Lisa Drive, New Castle, DE, 19720, United States
| | - Alon Karpol
- Superbrewed Food Israel, Prof. A.D. Bergman St. 2, Rehovot, 7670504, Israel
| | - Bryan Tracy
- Superbrewed Food, Inc., 239 Lisa Drive, New Castle, DE, 19720, United States.
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Comparative study on the nutrient digestibility of diets containing brewer’s yeast products processed by different techniques fed to T-cannulated growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Maulu S, Liang H, Ge X, Yu H, Huang D, Ke J, Ren M, Mi H. Effect of dietary Clostridium autoethanogenum protein on growth, body composition, plasma parameters and hepatic genes expression related to growth and AMPK/TOR/PI3K signaling pathway of the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT: Oreochromis niloticus) juveniles. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Cruz A, Tauson AH, Matthiesen CF, Mydland LT, Øverland M. Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast as a protein source for growing pigs: Effects on protein and energy metabolism. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Afrose S, Hammershøj M, Nørgaard JV, Engberg RM, Steenfeldt S. Influence of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and starfish (Asterias rubens) meals on production performance, egg quality and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients of laying hens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang HY, Piao XS, Li P, Yi JQ, Zhang Q, Li QY, Liu JD, Wang GQ. Effects of single cell protein replacing fish meal in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 26:1320-8. [PMID: 25049915 PMCID: PMC4093411 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the ME value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of fish meal, and the effects of single cell protein (Prosin and Protide) replacing fish meal in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows with initial BW of 30.8±2.6 kg were allotted to one of four dietary treatments. Diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 20% of the corn in diet 1 with one of the three protein feeds (fish meal, Prosin and Protide), and the DE and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of 25.6±3.2 kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the protein feeds as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, one hundred and eighty piglets (initial BW of 7.95±1.59 kg) weaned at 28±2 d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of five treatments for a 28-d growth performance study, each treatment was fed to six pens with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. The five treatments consisted of the control group (CON), which was a corn-soybean meal diet containing 5% fish meal, and the other four treatments, which replaced a set amount of fish meal with either Prosin (2.5% or 5%) or Protide (2.5% or 5%). The diets were formulated to provide same nutrient levels. The results showed that on a DM basis, both of the DE and ME contents were lower in Prosin and Protide than that of fish meal (p<0.05). The SID of CP and all essential AA were greater in fish meal than in Prosin and Protide (p<0.05). The pigs fed CON diet had greater weight gain and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). The digestibility of CP was greater in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). Villus height in jejunum and ileum, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum were higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets compared with the 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets. Pigs fed CON diet had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). In conclusion, although Prosin and Protide contained lower ME content and SID of AA than fish meal, Prosin and Protide replacing 50% of fish meal in diet with identical nutrient levels could obtain similar performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X S Piao
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - P Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J Q Yi
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Q Y Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J D Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - G Q Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Wang J, Kim J, Kim J, Kim I. Amino acid digestibility of single cell protein from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Øverland M, Tauson AH, Shearer K, Skrede A. Evaluation of methane-utilising bacteria products as feed ingredients for monogastric animals. Arch Anim Nutr 2010; 64:171-89. [PMID: 20578647 DOI: 10.1080/17450391003691534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial proteins represent a potential future nutrient source for monogastric animal production because they can be grown rapidly on substrates with minimum dependence on soil, water, and climate conditions. This review summarises the current knowledge on methane-utilising bacteria as feed ingredients for animals. We present results from earlier work and recent findings concerning bacterial protein, including the production process, chemical composition, effects on nutrient digestibility, metabolism, and growth performance in several monogastric species, including pigs, broiler chickens, mink (Mustela vison), fox (Alopex lagopus), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). It is concluded that bacterial meal (BM) derived from natural gas fermentation, utilising a bacteria culture containing mainly the methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), is a promising source of protein based on criteria such as amino acid composition, digestibility, and animal performance and health. Future research challenges include modified downstream processing to produce value-added products, and improved understanding of factors contributing to nutrient availability and animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareth Øverland
- Aquaculture Protein Centre, CoE, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway.
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Hellwing ALF, Tauson AH, Skrede A, Kjos NP, Ahlstrøm Ø. Bacterial protein meal in diets for pigs and minks: Comparative studies on protein turnover rate and urinary excretion of purine base derivatives. Arch Anim Nutr 2007; 61:425-43. [DOI: 10.1080/17450390701565248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hellwing ALF, Tauson AH, Skrede A. Blood parameters in growing pigs fed increasing levels of bacterial protein meal. Acta Vet Scand 2007; 49:33. [PMID: 17996082 PMCID: PMC2211288 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The experiment investigated the effects of increasing dietary levels of bacterial protein meal (BPM) on various blood parameters reflecting protein and fat metabolism, liver function, and purine base metabolism in growing pigs. Sixteen barrows were allocated to four different experimental diets. The control diet was based on soybean meal. In the other three diets soybean meal was replaced with increasing levels of BPM, approximately 17%, 35%, and 50% of the nitrogen being derived from BPM. Blood samples from the jugular vein were taken when the body weights of the pigs were approximately 10 kg, 21 kg, 45 kg, and 77 kg. The blood parameters reflecting fat metabolism and liver function were not affected by diet. Both the plasma albumin and uric acid concentrations tended to decrease (P = 0.07 and 0.01, respectively) with increasing dietary BPM content, whereas the plasma glucose concentration tended to increase (P = 0.07) with increasing dietary BPM content. It was concluded that up to 50% of the nitrogen could be derived from BPM without affecting metabolic function, as reflected in the measured blood parameters.
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