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Jeppsson KH, Magnusson M, Bergström Nilsson S, Ekman L, Winblad von Walter L, Jansson LE, Landin H, Rosander A, Bergsten C. Comparisons of recycled manure solids and wood shavings/sawdust as bedding material-Implications for animal welfare, herd health, milk quality, and bedding costs in Swedish dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:5779-5793. [PMID: 38554829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Increasing shortages and costs of common bedding materials have led dairy farmers in Sweden to consider using recycled manure solids (RMS), which are readily available and low cost, as an alternative bedding material. The main risks are effects on udder health and milk quality, but RMS could also affect animal welfare and claw health. The advantages and disadvantages of using RMS bedding have not been fully investigated, and findings in other countries cannot be directly applied to Swedish conditions and climate. This observational cross-sectional study investigated the use of RMS as bedding, regarding associations with certain aspects of animal welfare, herd health, milk quality, and bedding costs in Swedish dairy herds. Thirty-four dairy farms using RMS or wood shavings/sawdust (each n = 17) were compared. Each farm was visited 2 times during the housing period from 2020 to 2021, once from October to December and once from March to May. Dairy barns were observed, animal welfare was assessed, and freestall dimensions were measured. Farm owners were interviewed about housing system characteristics, herd performance, and herd management. Data on milk production and herd health were obtained from the Swedish official milk recording scheme for the indoor period from October to March. The prevalence of claw disorders and abnormal claw conformation were collected from the national claw health database for the period from October to May. On each farm visit, composite samples of unused bedding outside the barn and used bedding material from the freestalls, respectively, were taken for total bacterial count and DM analysis. Samples of bulk tank milk for determination of total bacterial count were taken in connection to the visits. In addition, samples of unused and used bedding material and manure from alleys for analysis of 3 Treponema species associated with digital dermatitis (DD) were gathered and analyzed. Total bacterial count was significantly higher in unused (8.50 log10 cfu/g) and used RMS bedding (9.75 log10 cfu/g) than in wood shavings/sawdust (used 4.74; unused 8.63 log10 cfu/g), but there were no significant differences in bulk milk total bacterial count (median 4.07 vs. 3.89 log10 cfu/mL) or SCC (median 243,800 vs. 229,200 cells/mL). The aspects of animal welfare assessed did not differ significantly between the 2 bedding systems, whereas the prevalence of total claw disorders (25.9% vs. 38.0% of trimmed cows), dermatitis (6.9% vs. 16.2% of trimmed cows) and sole ulcers (2.0% vs. 4.0% of trimmed cows) were significantly lower in the RMS herds. Treponema spp. were not detected in unused RMS material, but all RMS herds had presence of DD recorded at foot trimming. An economic assessment based on the interview results and price level from winter 2021 revealed that the costs of RMS bedding varied with amount of RMS produced. Thus, RMS is a potential alternative bedding material for dairy cows in Sweden and can be a profitable option for large dairy herds. However, the high level of total bacteria in the material requires attention to bedding and milking routines as well as regular monitoring of herd health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-H Jeppsson
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-234 22 Lomma, Sweden.
| | - M Magnusson
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-234 22 Lomma, Sweden
| | | | - L Ekman
- Växa Sverige, R&D Animal Health, SE-112 51 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - L-E Jansson
- Energy & Business Development, SE-312 92 Laholm, Sweden
| | - H Landin
- Agria Lantbruk, Agria, SE-107 23 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Rosander
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Bergsten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhu XY, Wang ML, Cai M, Nan XM, Zhao YG, Xiong BH, Yang L. Protein Expression Profiles in Exosomes of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line MAC-T Infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0174322. [PMID: 36939340 PMCID: PMC10132110 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01743-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is a common and widespread infectious disease in dairy farms around the world, resulting in reduced milk production and quality. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogenic bacteria causing subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. S. aureus can activate inflammatory signaling pathways in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Exosomes produced by cells can directly transfer pathogen-related molecules from cell to cell, thus affecting the process of infection. Protein is the material basis of the immune defense function in the body; therefore, a comprehensive comparison of proteins in exosomes derived from S. aureus-infected (SA group) and normal (control group [C group]) bovine mammary epithelial MAC-T cells was performed using shotgun proteomics by a DIA approach. A total of 7,070 proteins were identified and quantified. Compared with the C group, there were 802 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified in the SA group (absolute log2 fold change [|log2FC|] of ≥0.58; false discovery rate [FDR] of <0.05), among which 325 proteins were upregulated and 477 were downregulated. The upregulated proteins, including complement 3 (C3), integrin alpha-6 (ITGA6), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), annexin A2 (ANXA2), tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP2), keratin 8 (KRT8), and recombinant desmoyokin (AHNAK), are involved mostly in host defense against pathogens, inflammation, and cell structure maintenance. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that DEPs in S. aureus infection were involved in the complement and coagulation cascade, phagosome, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, and focal adhesion pathways. The results of this study provide novel information about proteins in the exosomes of MAC-T cells infected with S. aureus and could contribute to an understanding of the infectious mechanism of bovine mastitis. IMPORTANCE Mastitis is a widespread infectious disease in dairy farms, resulting in reduced milk production and quality. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogenic bacteria causing subclinical mastitis. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which are involved in many physiological and pathological functions. The expression of proteins in exosomes derived from bovine mammary epithelial cells infected by S. aureus is still barely understood. These results provide novel information about MAC-T-derived exosomal proteins, reveal insights into their functions, and lay a foundation for further studying the biological function of exosomes during the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Mei Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Guang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ben-Hai Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Cainzos JM, Andreu-Vazquez C, Guadagnini M, Rijpert-Duvivier A, Duffield T. A systematic review of the cost of ketosis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6175-6195. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Duque-Madrid PC, Velasco-Bolaños J, Ceballos-Márquez A, López C, Carmona JU. Intramammary treatment using allogeneic pure platelet-rich plasma in cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23737. [PMID: 34887474 PMCID: PMC8660835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the study were (1) to compare the cure risk of intramammary treatment of pure platelet rich plasma (P-PRP) or cefquinome sulfate (CS) in cows with subclinical mastitis (SCM) caused by Gram-positive bacteria, evaluated via somatic cell count (SCC) and the microbiological analysis of milk; (2) to compare the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory response of mammary gland to both treatments through the analyses of interleukins (IL), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in milk. A non-inferiority randomized clinical trial was conducted. The null hypothesis was that cure risk in the experimental group (P-PRP) was inferior to the reference group (CS). A total of 103 cows were selected according to SCC and presence of Gram-positive bacteria, 49 cows were treated with CS and 54 cows were treated with P-PRP after determination of its cellular and molecular quality control. Cure was assessed by milk analyses at day 21 and 22 after treatment. Cows that remained with SCM were retreated at day 26, and cure assessed at day 47 and 48. Overall, bacteriological cure was observed in 16 cows (30%) of the P-PRP group, and 35 cows (71%) in CS group. Staphylococcus aureus cure risk was higher in CS group, but inconclusive for Streptococcus spp. The mean SCC increased in relation to time only in the P-PRP group. A direct relation between time and treatment for IL-1, IL-2, and IL-6 was observed, while no differences were observed for IL-4. Furthermore, IL-1 and IL-2 increased in cows treated twice in both groups. IL-8, IFN-γ, and TNF-α showed a significant interaction between time and treatment. IFN-γ concentration was lower in the P-PRP group compared to the CS on days 0 and 22. Leukocyte counts were lower in P-PRP when compared to whole blood. TGF-β1 and PF4 concentrations were higher in platelet lysates in comparison to P-PRGS and plasma. Moreover, PDGF-BB concentration was significantly higher in platelet lysates in comparison to plasma. Results obtained in this study demonstrate that SCM treated with PRP showed a lower rate of bacteriologic cure when compared to animals treated with CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C Duque-Madrid
- Grupo de Investigación en Calidad de Leche y Epidemiología Veterinaria (CLEV), Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No 26-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Juan Velasco-Bolaños
- Grupo de Investigación en Calidad de Leche y Epidemiología Veterinaria (CLEV), Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No 26-10, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Alejandro Ceballos-Márquez
- Grupo de Investigación en Calidad de Leche y Epidemiología Veterinaria (CLEV), Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No 26-10, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Catalina López
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No 26-10, Manizales, 170004, Colombia
| | - Jorge U Carmona
- Grupo de Investigación Terapia Regenerativa, Departamento de Salud Animal, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No 26-10, Manizales, 170004, Colombia.
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Seligsohn D, Younan M, Larsen T, Morrell J, Chenais E, Nyman A. Detection of subclinical mastitis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) using somatic cell count, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Survival analysis of dairy cows in the Netherlands under altering agricultural policy. Prev Vet Med 2021; 193:105398. [PMID: 34119858 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Culling of underperforming dairy cows by replacement heifers is a fundamental part of Dutch dairy farm management. Changes in national agricultural policies can influence farmers' culling decisions. The objective of this study was to analyse the relevancy of cow-level risk factors for survival of Dutch dairy cows under perturbations due to national policy changes related to the -milk quota abolishment of 2015 and the phosphate regulations since 2017. For this purpose, an accelerated failure time model was fitted on-longitudinal dairy cows' data at national level covering the period 2009-2019. The associated cow-level risk factors for culling such as lactation value (relative production level), parity number, rolling average of inseminations over all parities, very high fat-protein ratio (highFPR) and very low fat-protein ratio (lowFPR) in early lactation, test-day somatic cell count, were fitted in the model. Along with these, a factor representing three target policy periods, namely Milk Quota period (MQ), Post-Milk Quota period (PMQ) and Phosphate regulation period (PH) were fitted. The mean survival age for all producing cows was 441 weeks overall. The predicted median survival time for the policy periods MQ, PMQ and PH were 273 weeks, 271 weeks and 256 weeks, respectively. Risk factors such as lactation value, parity and highFPR, rolling average of inseminations over all parities were positively associated with survival time in all three policy periods. Risk factors such as test-day somatic cell count and lowFPR were negatively associated with survival time in all three policy periods. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the differences in survival of Dutch dairy cows in response to changing agricultural policy. The association of cow-level risk factors for culling was consistent across the three evaluated policy periods.
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Persson Waller K, Lundberg Å, Nyman AK. Risk and success factors for good udder health of early lactation primiparous dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4858-4874. [PMID: 33551155 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We compared the management and housing of dairy heifers from calf to calving in herds that were very successful versus less successful in preventing mastitis in early lactation primiparous cows. This retrospective observational study included 170 Swedish dairy herds. Eligible herds were identified from the Swedish official milk recording scheme (SOMRS). Each herd had at least 60 cows per year, production data from 3 consecutive years, and at least 10 primiparous cows per year with their first milk recording 5 to 35 d after calving and their second milk recording 20 to 40 d after the first milk recording. In each herd, primiparous cows with a low (≤75,000 cells/mL) cow somatic cell count (CSCC) at both the first and second milk recording were categorized as low-low (LL); those with a high (>100,000 cells/mL) CSCC at both recordings were categorized as high-high (HH). Cows with high CSCC at the first recording and low at the second were categorized as high-low (HL). The annual proportions of LL, HL, and HH cows within each herd were calculated. Herds with an above-median proportion of LL, HL, or HH cows during the first year of a 3-yr selection period, and above the third quartile proportion of LL, HL, or HH cows, respectively, during the second and third year were identified. These herds (LL herds, n = 129; HL herds, n = 92; HH herds, n = 139) were contacted until a maximum of 60 herds per category had agreed to participate. Field technicians/veterinarians visited each herd once in the mid to late indoor season to collect data on housing and management of the heifers from birth to calving. Additional data were retrieved from the SOMRS. Associations between herd category (LL, HL, or HH) and variables collected were analyzed in 8 multivariable multinomial logistic regression submodels covering herd characteristics, milk-fed calves, heifers in early pregnancy, heifers in late pregnancy, calving and colostrum period, miscellaneous factors, summarized heifer housing data, and general health, culling, and fertility data. A final multivariable model was built from the results of the submodels and univariable analyses. The final model showed that having a standard operating procedure for colostrum feeding was more common in LL and HL herds than in HH herds; the mean bulk milk SCC and overall culling rate due to udder health was higher in HH herds than in LL and HL herds; and automatic milking was less common in LL herds than in HL and HH herds. Several herd and management variables differed between herd categories in the submodels. In conclusion, we identified several success factors for herds with good udder health among early lactation primiparous cows. This knowledge can be used to improve preventive measures in dairy herds to ensure sustainable and economic milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Persson Waller
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Å Lundberg
- Växa Sverige, SE-104 25 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A-K Nyman
- Växa Sverige, SE-104 25 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Gonçalves JL, Cue RI, Lima Netto EP, Gameiro AH, Dos Santos MV. Herd-level associations between somatic cell counts and economic performance indicators in Brazilian dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1855-1863. [PMID: 33309350 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to provide a portrait of the techno-economic status of dairy herds in Minas Gerais, Brazil, particularly with respect to bulk-tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) data, and to examine the herd-level associations of BTSCC with various economic performance indicators (EPI). Data from 543 herds, 1,052 herd-year records in total, spread over 3 years (2015-2017), from the South and Southwest mesoregions of Minas Gerais State were provided by the Brazilian Support Agency to Micro and Small Companies Division Minas Gerais (SEBRAE). Herds had an average of 82 lactating cows per herd, milk yield of 17 L/cow per day, and availability of financial information via routine monthly economic surveys. The EPI data (revenue, gross margin, GM; net margin, NM; profit; break-even point; and operational profitability) of each herd was measured monthly by SEBRAE personnel, and herd-year averages of all variables were computed. Bulk-tank data (SCC, total bacterial count, content of crude protein and fat) taken by producers or dairy processors were recorded by SEBRAE personal; and corresponding herd-year averages were calculated and included in the SEBRAE database. There were 209 selected herds, which passed all edit checks, and which had data for all 3 years. The EPI (all expressed on a per-cow basis, $/cow per year) were analyzed, including the effects of region, year, log (ln) BTSCC, production level, and herd size, together with the random effect of herd nested within region. A high proportion of herds (94.6%) presented data records (herd-years) with an average BTSCC > 200 × 103 cells/mL: 37.8% of herd-year records had BTSCC between >200 and ≤400, 14.5% with BTSCC between >400 and ≤500, 25% with BTSCC between >500 and ≤750, and 17.3% with BTSCC >750. For each unit increase in ln BTSCC, revenue declined by $228.5/cow per year, GM by $155.6/cow per year, and profit by $138.6/cow per year. Herds with cows of lower production (<14 kg/d) presented lower GM ($286.8/cow per year) compared with herds containing cows producing ≥14 kg/d (≥14 and <19 kg/d = $446.5, and ≥19 kg/d = $601.9). The small-scale milk producers (<39 lactating cows) presented lower revenue ($1,914.9/cow per year) and GM ($274.5/cow per year) and consequently a negative profit (-$224.1/cow per year) compared with other herd size categories (≥39 lactating cows). The reduction in milk yield was 641 L/cow per lactation for each unit increase in ln BTSCC; this represented 9.4% of the milk yield per lactation, assuming an average milk production of 6,843.3 L/cow per lactation of cows from herds that had BTSCC ≤ 200 × 103 cells/mL. Consequently, we found a negative association of BTSCC with profit; profit declining from $227.0 to -53.1/cow per year when the BTSCC increased from 100 to 750 × 103 cell/mL. In short, the lower the BTSCC, the greater the revenue, GM and NM, profit, and operational profitability of the herds. The reduction of milk yield was the main factor associated with higher BTSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano L Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Roger I Cue
- Department of Animal Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, H9X 3V9, Quebec, Canada
| | - Expedito P Lima Netto
- Brazilian Support Agency to Micro and Small Companies Division Minas Gerais, Educampo Project, Minas Gerais, Brazil 30431-285
| | - Augusto H Gameiro
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900
| | - Marcos V Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil 13635-900.
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Seligsohn D, Nyman AK, Younan M, Sake W, Persson Y, Bornstein S, Maichomo M, de Verdier K, Morrell JM, Chenais E. Subclinical mastitis in pastoralist dairy camel herds in Isiolo, Kenya: Prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4717-4731. [PMID: 32171518 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is an important constraint to milk production in pastoralist camel (Camelus dromedarius) herds in Kenya. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial panorama of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in pastoralist camel herds in Isiolo County, Kenya. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility in udder pathogens was studied. A cross-sectional sample of 206 camels from 20 milking herds was screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and quarter milk was subjected to bacterial culturing. Isolates were confirmed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Interviews focusing on herd management were conducted with camel owners. Subclinical mastitis, defined as a CMT score ≥ 3 (scale 1 to 5) and absence of clinical symptoms in the udder, were present in all visited herds. On the individual level, 46% of the camels had at least 1 quarter affected with SCM, and on the quarter level the prevalence was 26%. Intramammary infections (IMI) were common; out of 798 quarter milk samples, 33% yielded conclusive bacterial growth. The sensitivity and specificity of CMT for correctly identifying quarters with IMI were 82% and 92%, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen was Streptococcus agalactiae (72% of IMI-positive quarters), followed by non-aureus staphylococci (19%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that only a low proportion (4.9%) of Strep. agalactiae isolates was sensitive to tetracycline. For Staph. aureus, 59.1% of isolates exhibited sensitivity to penicillin. Skin lesions on the teats or udder were a risk factor for SCM. Increased age, parity, and stage of lactation were associated with increased risk of both SCM and IMI. Older camels with a blind teat or a previous history of mastitis were more likely to be infected with Strep. agalactiae. Hygiene routines for milking were largely absent in the observed herds, and knowledge of adequate milk handling was limited. The poor udder health is likely to depend on multiple factors, most prominently the within-herd maintenance of contagious udder pathogens, in combination with difficult sanitary conditions and lack of awareness among camel keepers. This study showed that in pastoralist camel herds around Isiolo town, SCM and IMI specifically caused by Strep. agalactiae are common udder health problems and are associated with increasing age, parity, and stage of lactation, and skin lesions on the teats and udder. Resistance to tetracycline in Strep. agalactiae was common. Control strategies specifically targeting SCM and adapted to pastorally managed camel herds need to be developed to reduce disease, combat antimicrobial resistance, and improve the livelihoods of pastoralists.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seligsohn
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - A-K Nyman
- Växa Sverige, SE-10425, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Younan
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-Syria, United Nations Cross-Border Hub, 27010 Sahinbey, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - W Sake
- Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Development, County Government of Marsabit, PO Box 384-60500, Marsabit, Kenya
| | - Y Persson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden; Växa Sverige, SE-10425, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Bornstein
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Maichomo
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization, Veterinary Research Institute, 00902, Kikuyu, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - K de Verdier
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J M Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189, Uppsala, Sweden
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Telldahl C, Hansson H, Emanuelson U. Modelling animal health as a production factor in dairy production- a case of low somatic cell counts in Swedish dairy agriculture. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Martins SAM, Martins VC, Cardoso FA, Germano J, Rodrigues M, Duarte C, Bexiga R, Cardoso S, Freitas PP. Biosensors for On-Farm Diagnosis of Mastitis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:186. [PMID: 31417901 PMCID: PMC6684749 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland caused by a multitude of pathogens with devastating consequences for the dairy industry. Global annual losses are estimated to be around €30 bn and are caused by significant milk losses, poor milk quality, culling of chronically infected animals, and occasional deaths. Moreover, mastitis management routinely implies the administration of antibiotics to treat and prevent the disease which poses serious risks regarding the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Conventional diagnostic methods based on somatic cell counts (SCC) and plate-culture techniques are accurate in identifying the disease, the respective infectious agents and antibiotic resistant phenotypes. However, pressure exists to develop less lengthy approaches, capable of providing on-site information concerning the infection, and in this way, guide, and hasten the most adequate treatment. Biosensors are analytical tools that convert the presence of biological compounds into an electric signal. Benefitting from high signal-to-noise ratios and fast response times, when properly tuned, they can detect the presence of specific cells and cell markers with high sensitivity. In combination with microfluidics, they provide the means for development of automated and portable diagnostic devices. Still, while biosensors are growing at a fast pace in human diagnostics, applications for the veterinary market, and specifically, for the diagnosis of mastitis remain limited. This review highlights current approaches for mastitis diagnosis and describes the latest outcomes in biosensors and lab-on-chip devices with the potential to become real alternatives to standard practices. Focus is given to those technologies that, in a near future, will enable for an on-farm diagnosis of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A. M. Martins
- Magnomics S.A., Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Cantanhede, Portugal
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias Rua Alves Redol, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Verónica C. Martins
- Magnomics S.A., Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Cantanhede, Portugal
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias Rua Alves Redol, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipe A. Cardoso
- Magnomics S.A., Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - José Germano
- Magnomics S.A., Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Mónica Rodrigues
- Magnomics S.A., Parque Tecnológico de Cantanhede, Cantanhede, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências, CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Duarte
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias Rua Alves Redol, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Bexiga
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Cardoso
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias Rua Alves Redol, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo P. Freitas
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias Rua Alves Redol, Lisbon, Portugal
- INL- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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Immunodetection of Streptococcus uberis pathogen in raw milk. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 130:109360. [PMID: 31421723 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus uberis is a major mastitis-causing environmental pathogen, which rapid immunodetection has not been possible due to the absence of specific anti-Str. uberis antibodies. Recently, a specific antibody against the Str. uberis adhesion molecule (SUAM) has been designed. In the present study, the specificity and affinity of this antibody towards SUAM antigenic region SAPVYLGVSTE and Str. uberis cells are characterized, using experimental and in silico bioinformatic methods. The selectivity studies and bioinformatic analyses revealed high specificity of the antibody towards Str. uberis. The Kd value of SAPVYLGVSTE/anti-Str. uberis antibody complex was 27 ± 6 nM, indicating the applicability of this antibody for the detection of Str. uberis. The anti-Str. uberis antibody was used as a specific biorecognition element of a biosensor for the detection of Str. uberis bacteria in phosphate buffer and in milk and these analyses took less than 20 min. The Str. uberis biosensor was also tested in the milk of cows suffering from mastitis and the obtained results were in good agreement with the conventional identification of this pathogen by microbiological plating.
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Ndahetuye JB, Persson Y, Nyman AK, Tukei M, Ongol MP, Båge R. Aetiology and prevalence of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in peri-urban areas of Kigali in Rwanda. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2037-2044. [PMID: 31030333 PMCID: PMC6695354 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and associated risk factors in dairy cows in peri-urban areas of Kigali, Rwanda, and identify causative udder pathogens. A sample of 256 cows from 25 herds was screened with the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and udder quarters with CMT score ≥ 3 (scale 1–5) were milk sampled for culture and final bacteriological identification with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). All resultant staphylococci species were tested for beta-lactamase production with the clover leaf method. In parallel, herd bulk milk somatic cell count (SCC) of each herd was analysed using a portable device, the DeLaval cell counter. The prevalence of SCM was 43.1% at quarter level and 76.2% at cow level based on CMT test. Multiparous, Holstein cows were 2.50 (C.I = 1.32–4.71) and 10.08 (C.I = 1.54–66.13) times more likely to contract SCM infection than primiparous animals or cows of other breeds, respectively. The median and mean SCC of all herds were 1108 × 103 cells/mL and 1179 × 103 cells/mL, respectively. The most prevalent pathogens were non-aureus staphylococci (NAS; 40.2%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (22%) and less prevalent pathogens (6%). Samples with no growth or contamination constituted 30.4% and 1.4% of the diagnoses, respectively. The most prevalent species within NAS were S. epidermidis (38.2%) followed by S. sciuri (19.5%), S. chromogenes (9.8%), and nine less prevalent NAS species (32.5%). Out of 209 staphylococci isolates, 77% exhibited beta-lactamase production. The study shows that there is high prevalence of SCM and high herd bulk milk SCC in herds in Kigali, indicating udder health problems in dairy cows. Additionally, beta-lactamase production among staphylococci species was common. Improved milking hygiene and application of biosecurity measures, or a complete mastitis control plan, is required to lower the prevalence of SCM and minimize the spread of pathogens among dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Baptiste Ndahetuye
- Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden. .,College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda.
| | - Ylva Persson
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Tukei
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Martin Patrick Ongol
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P. O. Box 210, Musanze, Rwanda
| | - Renée Båge
- Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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YILDIZ AS. Effects of some diseases observed at postpartum period of cows in dairy farms: Economic perspective. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i6.80861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, financial losses due to several endemic diseases at the postpartum period of dairy cows were calculated, using the incidence rates and the financial losses from each clinical case of the endemic diseases reported in the literature. The median values of the incidence rates reported in the literature for retained placenta, clinical hypocalcemia, subclinical hypocalcemia, clinical metritis, clinical mastitis, clinical ketosis, subclinical ketosis, lameness and displaced abomasum were 8.6, 3.9, 33, 13.3, 7, 2.5, 19.8, 4.3 and 1.8% respectively. The average losses per case arising from retained placenta, clinical hypocalcemia, clinical metritis, clinical mastitis, clinical ketosis, lameness and displaced abomasum were calculated to be $257, $279, $278, $212, $109, $223 and $340 respectively. Using the above stated findings, the financial losses for each average cow arising from retainedplacenta, clinical hypocalcemia, clinical metritis, clinical mastitis, clinical ketosis, lameness, displaced abomasum and the total of 7 diseases were estimated to be $22, $11, $37, $15, $3, $9, $6 and $103 respectively.
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15
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Jeretina J, Škorjanc D, Babnik D. A new somatic cell count index to more accurately predict milk yield losses. Arch Anim Breed 2017. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-60-373-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Intramammary infection and clinical mastitis in dairy cows leads to considerable economic losses for farmers. The somatic cell concentration in cow's milk has been shown to be an excellent indicator for the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. In this study, a new somatic cell count index (SCCI) was proposed for the accurate prediction of milk yield losses caused by elevated somatic cell count (SCC). In all, 97 238 lactations (55 207 Holstein cows) from 2328 herds were recorded between 2010 and 2014 under different scenarios (high and low levels of SCC, four lactation stages, different milk yield intensities, and parities (1, 2, and ≥ 3). The standard shape of the curve for SCC was determined using completed standard lactations of healthy cows. The SCCI was defined as the sum of the differences between the measured interpolated values of the natural logarithm of SCC (ln(SCC)) and the values for the standard shape of the curve for SCC for a particular period, divided by the total area enclosed by the standard curve and upper limit of ln(SCC) = 10 for SCC. The phenotypic potential of milk yield (305-day milk yield – MY305) was calculated using regression coefficients estimated from the linear regression model for parity and breeding values of cows for milk yield. The extent of daily milk yield loss caused by increased SCC was found to be mainly related to the early stage of lactation. Depending on the possible scenarios, the estimated milk yield loss from MY305 for primiparous cows was at least 0.8 to 0.9 kg day−1 and for multiparous cows it ranged from 1.3 to 4.3 kg day−1. Thus, the SCCI was a suitable indicator for estimating daily milk yield losses associated with increased SCC and might provide farmers reliable information to take appropriate measures for ensuring good health of cows and reducing milk yield losses at the herd level.
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16
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Ismail ZB. Mastitis vaccines in dairy cows: Recent developments and recommendations of application. Vet World 2017; 10:1057-1062. [PMID: 29062194 PMCID: PMC5639103 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1057-1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review article was to summarize the most recent clinical field trials that have been published evaluating the use of different types of vaccines against mastitis pathogens in dairy cows. Mastitis is one of the most common and economically important diseases in dairy cows in the world. The disease is considered an important welfare issue facing the dairy industry in addition to the loss of production and premature removal or death of affected cows. Losses are also related to high cost of veterinary medicines and the cost of unsalable milk of treated cows. Mastitis can be caused by either contagious or environmental pathogens both of which are best prevented rather than treated. In addition to the application of best management practices in the parlor during milking, vaccination against common udder pathogens is widely practiced in many dairy farms to prevent or reduce the severity of clinical mastitis. In this review, the most recent clinical field studies that evaluated the use of different types of vaccines in dairy cows are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair Bani Ismail
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22100, Jordan
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17
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Pellegrino M, Berardo N, Giraudo J, Nader-Macías MEF, Bogni C. Bovine mastitis prevention: humoral and cellular response of dairy cows inoculated with lactic acid bacteria at the dry-off period. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:589-596. [PMID: 28701082 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in animal feed, constitute an alternative tool for bovine mastitis prevention. Previously, two LAB strains were isolated from bovine milk and selected for their probiotics properties. So far, immune response of inoculating LAB in bovine udders at dry-off period has not been investigated. The immunoglobulin isotype levels and memory cell proliferation in blood and milk of animals inoculated with Lactobacillus lactis subsp. lactis CRL1655 and Lactobacillus perolens CRL1724 at dry-off period was studied. Ten animals were inoculated intramammarily with 106 cells of each LAB (IG) and 2 animals used as control (NIG). Milk and blood samples were taken before inoculation and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h and 7 and 14 days after inoculation. Somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, the presence of bovine mastitis pathogens, the levels of antibodies and lymphocyte proliferation were determined. In the IG, the SCC was <250,000 cells/ml up to 4 h after intramammary inoculation. Six and 12 h after inoculation, the SCC increased up to 600,000 and 2,000,000 cells/ml, respectively. In the NIG, the SCC reached the maximum value 7 days after inoculation. Microbiological analysis showed that all samples were negative for major bovine mastitis pathogens after 24-48 h of incubation. In general, LAB inoculation increased the amount of IgG isotypes in blood and milk, and these antibodies were able to recognise Staphylococcus aureus epitopes. Lymphocytes proliferation was significantly higher in the IG at all time points assayed, following LAB or S. aureus stimulation. The lymphocytes of animals inoculated with LAB do not react in vitro to the presence of S. aureus antigen.. The results showed that probiotic microorganisms could be a natural and effective alternative in the prevention of bovine mastitis at dry-off period and act as immunomodulatory stimulating local and systemic defence lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pellegrino
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.,4 Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Berardo
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.,4 Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Giraudo
- 2 Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M E F Nader-Macías
- 3 CERELA-CONICET (Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina), Departamento de Microbiología Preventiva, Chacabuco 145, 4000-San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,4 Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Bogni
- 1 Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, X5804ZAB Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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18
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Design and production of antibodies for the detection of Streptococcus uberis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 96:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Sztachańska M, Barański W, Janowski T, Pogorzelska J, Zduńczyk S. Prevalence and etiological agents of subclinical mastitis at the end of lactation in nine dairy herds in North-East Poland. Pol J Vet Sci 2016; 19:119-24. [PMID: 27096795 DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and etiological agents of subclinical mastitis at the end of lactation in nine dairy herds in North-East Poland. In total, 387 Polish HF were involved in the study. The diagnosis of mastitis was performed on the basis of clinical examination of the udder, macroscopic evaluation of milk, determination of somatic cell count and bacteriological examination of milk. Subclinical mastitis was found in an average of 36.7% (range from 21.0% to 53.1%) of cows and of 15.7% (range from 9.6% to 25.2%) of quarters. Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS; 31.6% of quarters), Streptococcus (Str.) agalactiae (15.6% of quarters), Staphylococcus (Staph.) aureus (12.1% of quarters) and fungi (12.2% of quarters) were most frequently isolated from subclinical mastitis. Etiological agents of subclinical mastitis differed strongly between herds. The results of this study showed that the incidence of subclinical mastitis at the end of lactation in dairy herds in North-East Poland is high. CNS were the most frequently isolated from subclinical mastitis cases, however mastitis caused by the contagious pathogens Str. agalactiae and Staph. aureus is still a problem. The fungal infections of the mammary gland also play an important role.
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Jamaran S, Zarif BR. Synergistic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles with Neomycin or Gentamicin Antibiotics on Mastitis-Causing <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/oje.2016.67043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Fiordalisi SAL, Honorato LA, Loiko MR, Avancini CAM, Veleirinho MBR, Filho LCPM, Kuhnen S. The effects of Brazilian propolis on etiological agents of mastitis and the viability of bovine mammary gland explants. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:2308-2318. [PMID: 26723111 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of Brazilian propolis from Urupema, São Joaquim, and Agua Doce (Santa Catarina State) and green propolis from Minas Gerais State, and the effects of propolis on bovine mammary gland explant viability. The propolis samples differed in flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Green propolis showed the highest content of flavonoids, followed by the sample from São Joaquim. The propolis from Urupema showed the lowest flavonoid content along with the lowest antioxidant activity. The total phenolics were similar across all studied samples. Despite phytochemical differences, the propolis samples from Minas Gerais, São Joaquim, and Urupema presented the same level of antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strains. The reduction in S. aureus growth was, on average, 1.5 and 4 log10 times at 200 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. At concentrations of 1,000 μg/mL, all propolis reduced bacterial growth to zero. On the other hand, when the propolis were tested against strains of Escherichia coli, the samples presented weak antimicrobial activity. Mammary explants were maintained in culture for 96h without a loss in viability, demonstrating the applicability of the model in evaluating the toxicity of propolis. The origin and chemical composition of the propolis had an effect on mammary explant viability. We encountered inhibitory concentrations of 272.4, 171.8, 63.85, and 13.26 μg/mL for the propolis from Água Doce, Urupema, São Joaquim, and Mina Gerais, respectively. A clear association between greater antimicrobial activity and toxicity for mammary explants was observed. Of all propolis tested, the Urupema sample was noteworthy, as it showed antimicrobial activity at less toxic concentrations than the other samples, reducing bacterial growth to an average of 9.3 × 10(2) cfu/mL after 6h of contact using 200 μg/mL of extract. The results demonstrate the potential for Brazilian propolis in the treatment of mastitis, although effectiveness is dependent on geographical origin and concentration. The results from the mammary gland explant assays are promising for the investigation of other natural products with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that can be used in the intramammary treatment of subclinical mastitis and during dry cow therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana A Honorato
- Desidério Finamor Veterinary Research Institute, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 92990-000
| | - Márcia R Loiko
- Desidério Finamor Veterinary Research Institute, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 92990-000
| | - César A M Avancini
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 91540-000
| | - Maria B R Veleirinho
- Biological Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil, 88034-001
| | - Luiz C P Machado Filho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Agrarian Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil, 88034-001
| | - Shirley Kuhnen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Agrarian Sciences Centre, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil, 88034-001.
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Borneman DL, Stiegert K, Ingham S. Limitations of on-site dairy farm regulatory debits as milk quality predictors. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1526-38. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hansson H, Lagerkvist CJ. Decision making for animal health and welfare: integrating risk-benefit analysis with prospect theory. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1149-1159. [PMID: 24372180 PMCID: PMC4288971 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study integrated risk-benefit analysis with prospect theory with the overall objective of identifying the type of management behavior represented by farmers' choices of mastitis control options (MCOs). Two exploratory factor analyses, based on 163 and 175 Swedish farmers, respectively, highlighted attitudes to MCOs related to: (1) grouping cows and applying milking order to prevent spread of existing infection and (2) working in a precautionary way to prevent mastitis occurring. This was interpreted as being based on (1) reactive management behavior on detection of udder-health problems in individual cows and (2) proactive management behavior to prevent mastitis developing. Farmers' assessments of these MCOs were found to be based on asymmetrical evaluations of risks and benefits, suggesting that farmers' management behavior depends on their individual reference point. In particular, attitudes to MCOs related to grouping cows and applying milking order to prevent the spread of mastitis once infected cows were detected were stronger in the risk domain than in the benefit domain, in accordance with loss aversion. In contrast, attitudes to MCOs related to working in a precautionary way to prevent cows from becoming infected in the first place were stronger in the benefit domain than in the risk domain, in accordance with reverse loss aversion. These findings are of practical importance for farmers and agribusiness and in public health protection work to reduce the current extensive use of antibiotics in dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Hansson
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesP.O. Box 7013, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl Johan Lagerkvist
- Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesP.O. Box 7013, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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Efficacy of conventional and extended intra-mammary treatment of persistent sub-clinical mastitis with cefquinome in lactating dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:1203-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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