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Cai J, Wang D, Liang S, Peng J, Zhao F, Liu J. Excessive supply of glucose elicits an NF-κB2-dependent glycolysis in lactating goat mammary glands. FASEB J 2020; 34:8671-8685. [PMID: 32359096 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903088r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During lactation, an improper glucose supply often threatens mammary gland (MG) health. However, information is limited on the metabolic trajectories and molecules that regulate lactating MGs with an excessive glucose supply. Based on the network analysis of transcriptome and microRNAs, we found that the oversupply of glucose-induced severe glucose metabolic disorders in MGs of lactating goats, shifting lactose synthesis to acute fermentative glycolysis which caused increased flux of glucose metabolism into lactate. Moreover, NF-κB2 played a key role in regulating glycolysis, exhibiting a metabolic shift when MGs had an excessive supply of glucose. In primary mammary epithelial cells, fermentative glycolysis, and intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were reduced by ganoderic acid A through blocking NF-κB2, while activation of NF-κB2 with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) upregulated fermentative glycolysis and increased cellular ROS accumulation under excessive glucose. Thus, we established an NF-κB2-targeting method to reform the metabolic shift toward glycolysis caused by glucose oversupply by integrating NF-κB2 blockade and intracellular ROS scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Diming Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shulin Liang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Giromini C, Lovegrove JA, Givens DI, Rebucci R, Pinotti L, Maffioli E, Tedeschi G, Sundaram TS, Baldi A. In vitro-digested milk proteins: Evaluation of angiotensin-1-converting enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities, peptidomic profile, and mucin gene expression in HT29-MTX cells. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10760-10771. [PMID: 31521344 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, several studies investigated the health-promoting functions of milk peptides. However, to date many hurdles still exist regarding the widespread use of milk-derived bioactive peptides, as they may be degraded during gastrointestinal digestion. Thus, the aim of our study was to in vitro digest intact whey protein isolate (WPI) and casein proteins (CNP), mimicking in vivo digestion, to investigate their bioactive effects and to identify the potential peptides involved. Whey protein isolate and CNP were digested using a pepsin-pancreatin protocol and ultra-filtered (3-kDa cutoff membrane). A permeate (<3 kDa) and a retentate (>3 kDa) were obtained. Soy protein was included as a control (CTR). Angiotensin-1-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE1-I) and antioxidant activity (AOX) were assessed and compared with those observed in undigested proteins and CTR. Furthermore, the permeate was characterized by nano-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-nano ESI MS/MS) using a shotgun peptidomic approach, and retentate was further digested with trypsin and analyzed by MS using a shotgun proteomic approach to identify potentially bioactive peptides. Further, the effects of WPI, CNP, and CTR retentate on cell metabolic activity and on mucus production (MUC5AC and MUC2 gene expression) were assessed in intestinal goblet HT29-MTX-E12 cells. Results showed that WPI permeate induced a significant ACE1-I inhibitory effect [49.2 ± 0.64% (SEM)] compared with undigested WPI, CNP permeate, and retentate or CTR permeate (10.40 ± 1.07%). A significant increase in AOX (1.58 ± 0.04 and 1.61 ± 0.02 µmol of trolox AOX equivalents per mg of protein, respectively) upon digestion was found in WPI. Potentially bioactive peptides associated with ACE1-I and antihypertensive effects were identified in WPI permeate and CNP retentate. At specific concentrations, WPI, CNP, and CTR retentate were able to stimulate metabolic activity in HT29-MTX-E12 cells. Expression of MUC5AC was increased by CNP retentate and unaltered by WPI retentate; MUC2 expression was significantly increased by 0.33 mg/g of CNP and reduced by 1.33 mg/g of CNP. Our results confirm that milk proteins may be rich sources of bioactive compounds, with the greatest beneficial potential of CNP at the intestinal goblet cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Italy.
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, RG6 6AP United Kingdom; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, RG6 6AP United Kingdom
| | - David I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, RG6 6AP United Kingdom
| | - Raffaella Rebucci
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Italy
| | | | - Tamil S Sundaram
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Italy
| | - Antonella Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Italy
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Nielsen SD, Purup S, Larsen LB. Effect of Casein Hydrolysates on Intestinal Cell Migration and Their Peptide Profiles by LC-ESI/MS/MS. Foods 2019; 8:foods8030091. [PMID: 30845637 PMCID: PMC6462906 DOI: 10.3390/foods8030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential beneficial effects of bioactive peptides derived from casein on epithelial cellular wound healing in the gastrointestinal tract were studied. Bovine casein was digested by a combination of pepsin and pancreatic proteases at different time intervals to represent ranges of duration of gastrointestinal digestion. Intestinal epithelial cells were used as an in vitro model of the small intestine. The effect of casein hydrolysates on cell migration was studied by scratch assay as a model of wound healing. Casein digested by pepsin and pancreatin for 10 to 30 min were found to have a significant stimulatory effect of >40% on cell migration relative to the control. A potential effect of casein gastrointestinal digests on gastro-intestinal wound healing has not previously been reported. The peptide profiles of active as well as inactive casein hydrolysates were characterised by liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. By comparison of identified peptides in active and inactive casein hydrolysates, a pool of 11 peptides derived from casein were identified as potential candidates for effects on cell migration. Searching the milk bioactive peptide database (MBPDB) showed that 15 of the identified peptides had known biological functions such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren D Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Stig Purup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Lotte B Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Giromini C, Cheli F, Rebucci R, Baldi A. Invited review: Dairy proteins and bioactive peptides: Modeling digestion and the intestinal barrier. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:929-942. [PMID: 30591343 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dairy products are one of the most important sources of biologically active proteins and peptides. The health-promoting functions of these peptides are related to their primary structure, which depends on the parent protein composition. A crucial issue in this field is the demonstration of a cause-effect relationship from the ingested protein form to the bioactive form in vivo. Intervention studies represent the gold standard in nutritional research; however, attention has increasingly been focused on the development of sophisticated in vitro models of digestion to elucidate the mechanism of action of dairy nutrients in a mechanistic way and significantly reduce the number of in vivo trials. On the other hand, the epithelial intestinal barrier is the first gate that actively interacts with digestion metabolites, making the intestinal cells the first target tissue of dairy nutrients and respective metabolites. An evolution of the in vitro digestion approach in the study of dairy proteins and derived bioactive compounds is the setup of combined in vitro digestion and cell culture models taking into consideration the endpoint to measure the target organism (e.g., animal, human) and the key concepts of bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity. This review discusses the relevance and challenges of modeling digestion and the intestinal barrier, focusing on the implications for the modeling of dairy protein digestion for bioactivity evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 20134.
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 20134
| | - Raffaella Rebucci
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 20134
| | - Antonella Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 20134
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Heo YT, Ha WT, Lee R, Lee WY, Jeong HY, Hwang KC, Song H. Mammary alveolar cell as in vitro evaluation system for casein gene expression involved in glucose level. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:878-885. [PMID: 27660020 PMCID: PMC5411853 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective Glucose is an essential fuel in the energy metabolism and synthesis pathways of all mammalian cells. In lactating animals, glucose is the major precursor for lactose and is a substrate for the synthesis of milk proteins and fat in mammary secretory (alveolar) epithelial cells. However, clear utilization of glucose in mammary cells during lactogenesis is still unknown, due to the lack of in vitro analyzing models. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the reliability of the mammary alveolar (MAC-T) cell as an in vitro study model for glucose metabolism and lactating system. Methods Undifferentiated MAC-T cells were cultured in three types of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium with varying levels of glucose (no-glucose: 0 g/L, low-glucose: 1 g/L, and high-glucose: 4.5 g/L) for 8 d, after which differentiation to casein secretion was induced. Cell proliferation and expression levels of apoptotic genes, Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF1) receptor, oxytocin receptor, αS1, αS2, and β casein genes were analyzed at 1, 2, 4, and 8 d after differentiation. Results The proliferation of MAC-T cells with high-glucose treatment was seen to be significantly higher. Expression of apoptotic genes was not affected in any group. However, expression levels of the mammary development related gene (IGF1 receptor) and lactation related gene (oxytocin receptor) were significantly higher in the low-glucose group. Expressions of αS1-casein, αS2-casein, and β-casein were also higher in the low-glucose treated group as compared to that in the no-glucose and high-glucose groups. Conclusion The results demonstrated that although a high-glucose environment increases cell proliferation in MAC-T cells, a low-glucose treatment to MAC-T cells induces higher expression of casein genes. Our results suggest that the MAC-T cells may be used as an in vitro model to analyze mammary cell development and lactation connected with precise biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Tae Heo
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Woo Tae Ha
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Ran Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Won-Young Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, RIBHS, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-ju 380-701, Korea
| | - Ha Yeon Jeong
- Department of Animal Resources Development Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 331-801, Korea
| | - Kyu Chan Hwang
- Sooam Biotech Research Foundations, Seoul 152-895, Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Spray Dried, Pasteurised Bovine Colostrum Protects Against Gut Dysfunction and Inflammation in Preterm Pigs. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:280-7. [PMID: 26756878 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Feeding bovine colostrum (BC) improves gut maturation and function and protects against necrotizing enterocolitis, relative to formula in newborn preterm pigs. Before BC can be used for preterm infants, it is important to test if the milk processing, required to reduce bacterial load and increase shelf life, may affect bioactivity and efficacy of a BC product. METHODS We investigated if spray dried, pasteurised BC had protective effects on gut function in preterm pigs, relative to formula. After a 2-day total parenteral nutrition period, preterm pigs were fed formula for a few hours (to induce a proinflammatory state) followed by 2 days of formula (FORM, n = 14), BC (colostrum [COLOS], n = 14), spray-dried BC (POW, n = 8), or pasteurised, spray-dried BC (POWPAS, n = 9). RESULTS Spray drying and pasteurisation of BC decreased the concentration of transforming growth factor-β1, -β2 and increased protein aggregation. All of the 3 BC groups had reduced necrotizing enterocolitis severity, small intestinal levels of IL-1β, -8, and colonic lactic acid levels, and increased intestinal villus height, hexose absorption, and digestive enzyme activities, relative to the FORM group (all P < 0.05). All of the 3 BC diets stimulated epithelial cell migration in a wound-healing model with IEC-6 cells. CONCLUSIONS Spray drying and pasteurisation affect BC proteins, but do not reduce the trophic and anti-inflammatory effects of BC on the immature intestine. It remains to be studied if BC products will benefit preterm infants just after birth when human milk is often not available.
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Silanikove N, Shapiro F, Merin U, Lavon Y, Blum SE, Leitner G. Reduced use of glucose by normoxic cow's mammary gland under acute inflammation: an example of homeostatic aerobic glycolysis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22934d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of glucose and glucose-derived carbons in milk reflect their concentrations in the mammary epithelial cell cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissim Silanikove
- Department of Ruminant Science
- Animal Science
- The Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - Fira Shapiro
- Department of Ruminant Science
- Animal Science
- The Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - Uzi Merin
- Food Quality and Safety
- Postharvest and Food Sciences
- The Volcani Center
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - Yaniv Lavon
- Israel Cattle Breeders Association
- Caesarea
- Israel
| | - Shlomo E. Blum
- National Mastitis Reference Center
- Kimron Veterinary Institute
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
| | - Gabriel Leitner
- National Mastitis Reference Center
- Kimron Veterinary Institute
- Bet Dagan 50250
- Israel
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Cheli F, Giromini C, Baldi A. Mycotoxin mechanisms of action and health impact: ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ tests, that is the question. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present examples of in vitro and in vivo tests for mycotoxin mechanisms of action and evaluation of health effects, with a focus on the gut environment and toxicity testing. In vivo investigations may provide information on the net effects of mycotoxins in whole animals, whereas in vitro models represent effective tools to perform simplified experiments under uniform and well-controlled conditions and a suitable alternative to in vivo animal testing providing insights not achievable with animal studies. The main limits of in vitro models are the lack of interactions with other cells and extracellular factors, lack of hormonal or immunological influences, and lack or different levels of in vitro expression of genes involved in the overall response to mycotoxins. The translation of in vitro data into meaningful in vivo effects remains an unsolved problem. The main issues to be considered are the mycotoxin concentration range in accordance with levels encountered in realistic situations, the identification of reliable biomarkers of mycotoxin toxicity, the measurement of the chronic toxicity, the evaluation of single- or multi-toxin challenge. The gastrointestinal wall is the first barrier preventing the entry of undesirable substances. The intestinal epithelium can be exposed to high concentrations of mycotoxins upon ingestion of contaminated food and the amount of mycotoxin consumed via food does not always reflect the amount available to exert toxic actions in a target organ. In vitro digestion models in combination with intestinal epithelial cells are powerful tools to screen and predict the in vivo bioavailability and digestibility of mycotoxins in contaminated food and correctly estimate health effects. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo tests are complementary approaches for providing a more accurate picture of the health impact of mycotoxins and improved understanding and evaluation of relevant dietary exposure and risk scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - C. Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
| | - A. Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milano, Italy
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Cheli F, Fusi E, Baldi A. Cell-based models for mycotoxin screening and toxicity evaluation: an update. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the applications of cell-based models in mycotoxin research, with a focus on models for mycotoxin screening and cytotoxicity evaluation. Various cell-based models, cell and cell culture condition related factors, toxicity endpoints and culture systems as well as predictive value of cell-based bioassays are reviewed. Advantages, drawbacks and technical problems regarding set up and validation of consistent, robust, reproducible and high-throughput cell-based models are discussed. Various cell-based models have been developed and used as screening tests for mycotoxins but the data obtained are difficult to compare. However, the results highlight the potential of cell-based models as promising in vitro platforms for the initial screening and cytotoxicity evaluation of mycotoxins and as a significant analytical approach in mycotoxin research before any animal or human clinical studies. To develop cell-based models as powerful high-throughput laboratory platforms for the analysis of large numbers of samples, there are mainly two fundamental requirements that should be met, i.e. the availability of easy-to-use and, if possible, automated cell platforms and the possibility to obtain reproducible results that are comparable between laboratories. The transition from a research model to a test model still needs optimisation, standardisation, and validation of analytical protocols. The validation of a cell-based bioassay is a complex process, as several critical points, such as the choice of the cellular model, the assay procedures, and the appropriate use and interpretation of the results, must be strictly defined to ensure more consistency in the results. The development of cell-based models exploring the third dimension together with automation and miniaturisation will bring cellular platforms to a level appropriate for cost-effective and large-scale analysis in the field of mycotoxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - E. Fusi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - A. Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milano, Italy
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Østergaard MV, Bering SB, Jensen ML, Thymann T, Purup S, Diness M, Schmidt M, Sangild PT. Modulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Minimal Enteral Nutrition With Amniotic Fluid in Preterm Pigs. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2013; 38:576-86. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607113489313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mette V. Østergaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine B. Bering
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael L. Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Purup
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Marie Diness
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hvidovre Hospital, Denmark
| | - Mette Schmidt
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per T. Sangild
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Siggers J, Ostergaard MV, Siggers RH, Skovgaard K, Mølbak L, Thymann T, Schmidt M, Møller HK, Purup S, Fink LN, Frøkiær H, Boye M, Sangild PT, Bering SB. Postnatal amniotic fluid intake reduces gut inflammatory responses and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G864-75. [PMID: 23518680 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00278.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Preterm neonates are susceptible to gastrointestinal disorders such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Maternal milk and colostrum protects against NEC via growth promoting, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial factors. The fetal enteral diet amniotic fluid (AF), contains similar components, and we hypothesized that postnatal AF administration reduces inflammatory responses and NEC in preterm neonates. Preterm pigs (92% gestation) were delivered by caesarean section and fed parental nutrition (2 days) followed by enteral (2 days) porcine colostrum (COLOS, n = 7), infant formula (FORM, n = 13), or AF supplied before and after introduction of formula (AF, n = 10) in experiment 1, and supplied only during the enteral feeding period in experiment 2 (FORM, n = 16; AF, n = 14). The NEC score was reduced in both AF and COLOS pigs, relative to FORM, when AF was provided prior to full enteral feeding (9.9 and 7.7 compared with 17.3, P < 0.05). There was no effect of AF when provided only during enteral feeding. AF pigs showed decreased bacterial abundance in colon and intestinal inflammation-related genes (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, NOS) were downregulated, relative to FORM pigs with NEC. Anti-inflammatory properties of AF were supported by delayed maturation and decreased TNF-α production in murine dendritic cells, as well as increased proliferation and migration, and downregulation of IL-6 expression in intestinal cells (IEC-6, IPEC-J2). Like colostrum, AF may reduce NEC development in preterm neonates by suppressing the proinflammatory responses to enteral formula feeding and gut colonization when provided before the onset of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayda Siggers
- Dept. of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, 30 Rolighedsvej, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Song MY, Lee JJ, Cha SS, Chung CS. Effects of Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. Gongylodes) on Proliferation and Differentiation of Pig Preadipocytes and3T3-L1Cells. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2013.55.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Cheli F, Battaglia D, Pinotti L, Baldi A. State of the art in feedstuff analysis: a technique-oriented perspective. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:9529-9542. [PMID: 22954135 DOI: 10.1021/jf302555b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The need for global feed supply traceability, the high-throughput testing demands of feed industry, and regulatory enforcement drive the need for feed analysis and make extremely complex the issue of the control and evaluation of feed quality, safety, and functional properties, all of which contribute to the very high number of analyses that must be performed. Feed analysis, with respect to animal nutritional requirements, health, reproduction, and production, should be multianalytically approached. In addition to standard methods of chemical analysis, new methods for evaluation of feed composition and functional properties, authenticity, and safety have been developed. Requirements for new analytical methods emphasize performance, sensitivity, reliability, speed, simplified use, low cost for high volume, and routine assays. This review provides an overview of the most used and promising methods for feed analysis. The review is intentionally focused on the following techniques: classical chemical analysis; in situ and in vitro methods; analytical techniques coupled with chemometric tools (NIR and sensors); and cell-based bioassays. This review describes both the potential and limitations of each technique and discusses the challenges that need to be overcome to obtain validated and standardized methods of analysis for a complete and global feed evaluation and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cheli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy.
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Foreword: Lactation biology. Animal 2012; 6:353-4. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731111002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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