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Titze N, Chi YP, Haese E, Hartung J, Rodehutscord M. Linkage of in situ ruminal degradation of crude protein with ruminal degradation of amino acids and phytate from different soybean meals in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2011-2025. [PMID: 37944804 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the range in ruminal degradability of crude protein (CP) and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein in commercial soybean meal (SBM) and to investigate the range in in situ ruminal AA and phytate (InsP6) degradation and their relationship to CP degradation. An in situ study was conducted using 3 lactating Jersey cows with permanent rumen cannulas. Seventeen SBM variants from Europe, Brazil, Argentina, North America, and India were tested for ruminal CP and AA degradation, and in vitro intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein. Nine variants were used to investigate the ruminal degradation of InsP6. The estimated rapidly degradable fraction (a) of CP showed an average value of 4.5% (range: 0.0%-9.0%), the slowly degradable fraction (b) averaged 95% (91%-100%), and the potential degradation was complete for all 17 SBM variants. The degradation of fraction b started after a mean lag phase of 1.7 h (1.1-2.0 h) at an average rate (c) of 10% per hour, but with a high range from 4.5% to 14% per hour. Differences in the degradation parameters induced a considerable range in CP effective degradation at a rumen passage rate of 6% per hour (CPED6) from 38% to 67%; hence, the concentration of rumen undegradable protein varied widely from 33% to 62%. The range in AA degradation between the SBM variants was high, with Ser showing the widest range, from 28% to 96%, and similar for the other AA. The regression equations showed close relationships between CP and AA degradation after 16 h of in situ incubation. However, the slopes of the linear regressions were significantly different between AA, suggesting that degradation among individual AA differs upon a change in CP degradation. The concentrations of InsP6 and myo-inositol pentakisphosphate in bag residues in the in situ study decreased constantly with longer ruminal incubation times. The ruminal degradation parameters of InsP6 ranged from 11% to 37% for fraction a, 63% to 89% for fraction b, and from 7.7% to 21% per hour for degradation rate c, with average values of 21%, 79%, and 16% per hour, respectively. The calculated InsP6 effective degradation at a rumen passage rate of 6% per hour (InsP6ED6) varied from 61% to 84% among the SBM variants. Significant correlations were detected between InsP6ED6 and CPED6 and between InsP6ED6 and chemical protein fractions A, B1, B2, B3, and C. Linear regression equations were developed to predict ruminal InsP6 degradation using CPED6 and chemical protein fractions B3 and C chosen by a stepwise selection procedure. We concluded that a high range in CP, AA, and InsP6 degradation exists among commercial SBM, suggesting that general degradability values may not be precise enough for diet formulation for dairy cows. Degradation of CP in SBM may be used to predict rumen degradation of AA and InsP6 using linear regression equations. Degradation of CP and InsP6 could also be predicted from the chemical protein fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Titze
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Y-P Chi
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Haese
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Hartung
- Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Haese E, Titze N, Rodehutscord M. In situ ruminal disappearance of crude protein and phytate from differently processed rapeseed meals in dairy cows. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:2805-2812. [PMID: 34726275 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of different processing conditions of rapeseed meal on ruminal degradation of crude protein and phytate in dairy cows was investigated. Following oil extraction from the rapeseed, five residence times in the desolventizer/toaster were chosen to remove the solvent from the meal. Rapeseed cake and rapeseed meals were incubated in situ in the rumen of three fistulated dairy cows to determine ruminal degradation parameters. RESULTS With increasing residence time in the desolventizer/toaster the ruminal degradation of crude protein decreased significantly for every treatment step. Ruminal phytate degradation and crude protein degradation were affected almost identically. CONCLUSION The processing conditions of rapeseed meal have a major impact on the ruminal degradation of crude protein and phytate, indicating a potential conflict of interest regarding the production process. Large amounts of undegradable rumen protein are often intended for high-yielding dairy cows whereas a high level of ruminal degradation is preferred for phytate to increase absorption of phosphorus in the small intestine. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Haese
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Natascha Titze
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Universität Hohenheim, Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Stuttgart, Germany
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Yousefi M, Malecky M, Zaboli K, Jahanian Najafabadi H. In vitro and in sacco determining the nutritive value of button mushroom stipe and its application in growing lambs diet. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1987847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Yousefi
- Department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Malecky
- Department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Khalil Zaboli
- Department of Animal Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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Wongsirichot P, Gonzalez-Miquel M, Winterburn J. Recent advances in rapeseed meal as alternative feedstock for industrial biotechnology. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Benchaar C, Hassanat F, Beauchemin KA, Gislon G, Ouellet DR. Diet supplementation with canola meal improves milk production, reduces enteric methane emissions, and shifts nitrogen excretion from urine to feces in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:9645-9663. [PMID: 34176624 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of isonitrogenous substitution of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) with solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) on enteric CH4 production, ruminal fermentation characteristics (including protozoa), digestion (in situ and apparent total-tract digestibility), N excretion, and milk production of dairy cows. For this purpose, 16 lactating Holstein cows, of which 12 were ruminally cannulated, were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square (35-d periods; 14-d adaptation). The cows averaged (mean ± SD) 116 ± 23 d in milk, 692 ± 60 kg of body weight, and 47.5 ± 4.9 kg/d of milk production. The experimental treatments were control diet (no CM; 0%CM) and diets supplemented [dry matter (DM) basis] with 7.9% CM (8%CM), 15.8% CM (16%CM), or 23.7% CM (24%CM) on a DM basis. The forage:concentrate ratio was 52:48 (DM basis) and was similar among the experimental diets. Canola meal was included in the diet at the expense of SBM and soybean hulls, whereas the percentages of the other diet ingredients were the same. Intake of DM increased linearly, whereas apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) declined linearly as CM inclusion in the diet increased. Total volatile fatty acids concentration and butyrate molar proportion decreased linearly, whereas molar proportion of propionate increased linearly, and that of acetate was unaffected by CM inclusion in the diet. Ruminal ammonia concentration was not affected by inclusion of CM in the diet. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield increased linearly (up to 2.2 kg/d) with increasing CM percentage in the diet, whereas milk production efficiency averaged 1.63 kg of ECM/kg of DM intake and was unaffected by CM inclusion in the diet. Daily CH4 production decreased linearly with increasing CM percentage in the diet (489, 475, 463, and 461 g/d for 0%CM, 8%CM, 16%CM and 24%CM diets, respectively). As a consequence, CH4 emission intensity (g of CH4/kg of ECM) also declined linearly by up to 10% as the amount of CM increased in the diet. Methane production also decreased linearly when expressed relative to GE intake (5.7, 5.2, 5.1, and 4.9% for 0%CM, 8%CM, 16%CM and 24%CM diet, respectively). Quantity of manure N excretion was not affected by replacing SBM with CM; however, N excretion shifted from urine to feces as dietary percentage of CM increased, suggesting reduced potential for N volatilization. Results from this study show that replacing SBM with CM as a protein source in dairy cow diets reduced enteric CH4 emissions (g/d, % of GE intake, and adjusted for milk production) and increased milk production. The study indicates that CM can successfully, partially or fully, replace SBM in lactating dairy cow diets, with positive effects on animal productivity and the environment (i.e., less enteric CH4 emission and urinary N excreted). We conclude that compared with SBM, inclusion of CM meal in dairy cow diets can play a key role in reducing the environmental footprint of milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Benchaar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8 Canada.
| | - F Hassanat
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8 Canada
| | - K A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - G Gislon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali-Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - D R Ouellet
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 0C8 Canada
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Determination of in situ ruminal degradation of phytate phosphorus from single and compound feeds in dairy cows using chemical analysis and near-infrared spectroscopy. Animal 2020; 14:1461-1471. [PMID: 32131928 PMCID: PMC7301232 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruminal degradation of P bound in phytate (InsP6) can vary between feeds, but data on ruminal degradation of InsP6 from different feedstuffs for cattle are rare. One objective of this study was to increase the data base on ruminal effective degradation of InsP6 (InsP6ED) and to assess if InsP6ED of compound feeds (CF) can be calculated from comprising single feeds. As a second objective, use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict InsP6 concentrations was tested. Nine single feeds (maize, wheat, barley, faba beans, soybeans, soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM), sunflower meal (SFM), dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS)) and two CF (CF1/CF2), consisting of different amounts of the examined single feeds, were incubated for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h in the rumen of three ruminally fistulated Jersey cows. Samples of CF were examined before (CF1/CF2 Mash) and after pelleting (CF1/CF2 Pellet), and InsP6ED was calculated for all feeds at two passage rates (InsP6ED5: k = 5%/h; InsP6ED8: k = 8%/h). For CF1 and CF2, InsP6ED was also calculated from values of the respective single feeds. Near-infrared spectra were recorded in duplicate and used to establish calibrations to predict InsP6 concentration. Besides a global calibration, also local calibrations were evaluated by separating samples into different data sets based on their origin. The InsP6ED8 was highest for faba beans (91%), followed by maize (90%), DDGS (89%), soybeans (85%), wheat (76%) and barley (74%). Lower values were determined for oilseed meals (48% RSM, 65% SFM, 66% SBM). Calculating InsP6ED of CF from values of single feeds underestimated observed values up to 11 percentage points. The NIRS calibrations in general showed a good performance, but statistical key data suggest that local calibrations should be established. The wide variation of InsP6ED between feeds indicates that the ruminal availability of P bound in InsP6 should be evaluated individually for feeds. This requires further in situ studies with high amounts of samples for InsP6 analysis. Near-infrared spectroscopy has the potential to simplify the analytical step of InsP6 in the future, but the calibrations need to be expanded.
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Menezes ACB, Valadares Filho SC, Carneiro Pacheco MV, Pucetti P, Pereira JMV, Rotta PP, Zanetti D, Silva BC, Costa E Silva LF, Detmann E, Neville TL, Caton JS. Single point ruminal incubation times necessary to estimate rumen degradable protein content in concentrate feeds. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1686-1690. [PMID: 32704937 PMCID: PMC6999154 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara B Menezes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | | | - Pauliane Pucetti
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica M V Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Polyana P Rotta
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Zanetti
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Southern Minas Gerais, Machado, Brazil
| | - Breno C Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Costa E Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edenio Detmann
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tammi L Neville
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Joel S Caton
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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Westreicher-Kristen E, Blank R, Metges CC, Susenbeth A. Protein value of diets for dairy cows with different proportions of crude protein originating from red clover silage versus soybean meal. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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Haese E, Lengowski M, Gräter E, Föll A, Möhring J, Steingass H, Schollenberger M, Rodehutscord M. Ruminal phytate degradation of maize grain and rapeseed meal in vitro and as affected by phytate content in donor animal diets and inorganic phosphorus in the buffer. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:868-880. [PMID: 28906067 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ruminal disappearance of phytate phosphorus (InsP6 -P) from maize grain and rapeseed meal (RSM) was determined in two in vitro studies. In experiment 1, two diets differing in phosphorus (P) and InsP6 -P concentration were fed to the donor animals of rumen fluid (diet HP: 0.49% P in dry matter, diet LP: 0.29% P). Maize grain and RSM were incubated in a rumen fluid/saliva mixture for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. In experiment 2, a diet similar to diet HP was fed, and the rumen fluid was mixed with artificial saliva containing 120 mg inorganic P/l (Pi) or no inorganic P (P0). Maize grain and RSM were incubated with either buffer for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h. Total P (tP) and InsP6 concentration were analysed in the fermenter fluids and feed residues. The disappearance of InsP6 -P from maize was completed after 12 h of incubation in both experiments. From RSM, 93% (diet LP) and 99% (diet HP) of the InsP6 -P in experiment 1 and 80% (Pi) and 89% (P0) in experiment 2 had disappeared after 24 h of incubation. InsP6 -P disappearance was higher when diet HP was fed (maize: 3 and 6 h; RSM: 6 and 24 h of incubation) and when rumen fluid was mixed with buffer P0 (maize: 6 h; RSM: 12 and 24 h of incubation). InsP6 -P concentration in the fermenter fluids was higher for maize, but no accumulation of InsP6 -P occurred, indicating a prompt degradation of soluble InsP6 . These results confirmed the capability of rumen micro-organisms to efficiently degrade InsP6 . However, differences between the feedstuffs and diet composition as well as the presence of inorganic P in the in vitro system influenced the degradation process. Further studies are required to understand how these factors affect InsP6 degradation and their respective relevance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Haese
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Lengowski
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - E Gräter
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A Föll
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J Möhring
- Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften, Fg. Biostatistik, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - H Steingass
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Schollenberger
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Rodehutscord
- Institut für Nutztierwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Haese E, Müller K, Steingass H, Schollenberger M, Rodehutscord M. Effects of mineral and rapeseed phosphorus supplementation on phytate degradation in dairy cows. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:478-91. [PMID: 25319492 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.968702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet composition on phytate (InsP6) degradation in dairy cows. In Experiment 1, four diets that differed in the amount and source of phosphorus (P) were fed to 24 lactating cows in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. The control diet (Diet C) contained 4.18 g P/kg dry matter (DM). Diet MP contained additional mineral P (5.11 g P/kg DM), Diet RS contained rapeseed and rapeseed meal as organic P sources (5.26 g P/kg DM) and Diet RSM contained rapeseed meal and rapeseed oil (5.04 g P/kg DM). Total P (tP) and InsP6 excretion in faeces were measured. In Experiment 2, we used a rumen simulation technique (Rusitec) to estimate ruminal disappearance of tP and InsP6 from Diets C, MP and RSM. In Experiment 1, tP concentration in faeces increased with tP intake and was highest for Diets RS and RSM. The source of supplemented P had no influence on tP digestibility, but tP digestibility was reduced for Diets MP, RS and RSM in comparison to that for Diet C. InsP6 disappearance decreased in Diet MP (85.0%) and increased in Diets RS (92.7%) and RSM (94.0%) compared to that in Diet C (90.0%). In Experiment 2, P source influenced ruminal tP disappearance (Diet MP, 78.6%; Diet RSM, 75.3%). InsP6 disappearance for Diet C (98.1%) was higher than that for Diets MP (95.6%) and RSM (94.9%). The results confirmed the high potential of ruminants to degrade InsP6, but differences in diet composition influenced InsP6 disappearance. Further studies of the site of InsP6 degradation are required to understand the relevance of InsP6 degradation for the absorption of P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Haese
- a Institut für Tierernährung , Universität Hohenheim , Stuttgart , Germany
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In situ ruminal degradation of amino acids and in vitro protein digestibility of undegraded CP of dried distillers' grains with solubles from European ethanol plants. Animal 2013; 7:1901-9. [PMID: 24237671 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to compare the in situ ruminal degradation of CP and amino acids (AAs) of dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), and to estimate intestinal digestibility (ID) of undegradable crude protein (UDP) with the in vitro pepsin-pancreatin solubility of CP (PPS), using either DDGS samples (DDGS-s) or DDGS residues (DDGS-r) obtained after 16 h ruminal incubation. Thirteen samples originating from wheat, corn, barley and blends were studied. Lysine and methionine content of DDGS-s varied from 1.4 to 4.0 and 1.3 to 2.0 g/16 g N, respectively. The milk protein score (MPS) of DDGS-s was low and ranged from 0.36 to 0.51, and lysine and isoleucine were estimated to be the most limiting AAs in DDGS-s and DDGS-r. DDGS-r contained slightly more essential AAs (EAAs) than did the DDGS-s. Rumen degradation after 16 h varied from 44% to 94% for CP, from 39% to 90% for lysine and from 35% to 92% for methionine. Linear regressions showed that the ruminal degradation of individual AAs can be predicted from CP degradation. The PPS of DDGS-s was higher than that of DDGS-r and it varied from 70% to 89% and from 47% to 81%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the PPS of DDGS-s and PPS of DDGS-r (R 2=0.31). The estimated intestinally absorbable dietary protein (IADP) averaged 21%. Moderate correlation was found between the crude fibre (CF) content and PPS of DDGS-r (R 2=0.43). This study suggests an overestimation of the contribution of UDP of DDGS to digestible protein supply in the duodenum in some currently used protein evaluation systems. More research is required and recommended to assess the intestinal digestibility of AAs from DDGS.
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Westreicher-Kristen E, Kaiser R, Steingass H, Rodehutscord M. Effect of feeding dried distillers' grains with solubles on milk yield and milk composition of cows in mid-lactation and digestibility in sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:347-56. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Kaiser
- Institut für Tierernährung; Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - H. Steingass
- Institut für Tierernährung; Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - M. Rodehutscord
- Institut für Tierernährung; Universität Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
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