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Zhang M, Liu Z, Kang F, Wu K, Ni H, Han Y, Yang Y, Fu T, Yang G, Gao T, Han L. Is milk fat globule size correlated with milk fat content in Ruminants? Food Chem 2024; 439:138101. [PMID: 38043286 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In milk, fat exists in the form of milk fat globules (MFGs). The average size (average fat globules of different particle sizes) is the most common parameter when describing MFG size. There are different views on whether there is a correlation between MFG size and milk fat content. Is the MFG size correlated with milk fat content in ruminants? To address this question, we conducted two experiments. In experiment Ⅰ, dairy cows (n = 40) and dairy goats (n = 30) were each divided into a normal group and a low-fat group according to the milk fat content. In experiment Ⅱ, dairy cows (n = 16) and dairy goats (n = 12) were each divided into a normal group and a conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-induced low-fat group. The normal groups were fed a basal diet, and the CLA-induced low-fat groups were fed the basal diet + 300 g/d CLA (cows) or the basal diet + 90 g/d CLA (goats). In both experiments, we determined the correlation between MFG size and milk composition and MFG distribution. The results showed that in the normal and low-fat groups of cows and goats, MFG size was not correlated with milk fat, protein, or lactose content or fat-to-protein ratio. Additionally, there was no difference in the distribution of large, medium, and small MFGs (P > 0.05). However, in the CLA-induced low-fat groups, we found a correlation between MFG size and milk fat content and fat-to-protein ratio (R2 > 0.3). Moreover, there was a significant change in the size distribution of MFGs. Therefore, in natural milk, MFG size was not correlated with milk fat content. Following CLA supplementation, MFG size was correlated with milk fat content. Our findings revealed that CLA and not milk fat affects MFG distribution and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Zhentao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Fangyuan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Kuixian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Han Ni
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Yingqian Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Yanbin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Tong Fu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development of Henan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, PR China.
| | - Tengyun Gao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nutrition Regulation and Ecological Raising of Domestic Animal, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
| | - Liqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046 PR China.
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Hewa Nadugala B, Hepworth G, Mazzonetto M, Nebl T, Pagel CN, Raynes JK, Ranadheera CS, Logan A. Effect of composition, casein genetic variants and glycosylation degree on bovine milk whipping properties. Food Res Int 2024; 179:113949. [PMID: 38342518 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the individual and combined effects of ĸ-Casein (ĸ-CN; AA, AB, BB), β-Casein (β-CN; A1A1, A1A2, A2A2) and high and low ratios of glycosylated ĸ-CN to total ĸ-CN, referred to as the glycosylation degree (GD), on bovine cream whipping properties. The genetic variants of individual cows were identified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and verified through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A previously discovered relationship between days-in-milk and GD was validated and used to obtain high and low GD milk. Whipped creams were created through the mechanical agitation of fat standardised cream from milk of different ĸ-CN, β-CN, and GD combinations, and whipping properties (the ability to whip, overrun, whipping time and firmness) were evaluated. No significant correlation was measured in whipping properties for cream samples from milks with different ĸ-CN and β-CN genetic variants. However, 80 % of samples exhibiting good whipping properties (i.e., the production of a stiffened peak) were from milk with low GD suggesting a correlation between whipping properties and levels of glycosylation. Moreover, cream separated from skim milk of larger casein micelle size showed superior whipping properties with shorter whipping times (<5 min), and higher firmness and overrun. Milk fat globule (MFG) size, on the other hand, did not affect whipping properties. Results indicate that the GD of κ-CN and casein micelle size may play a role in MFG adsorption at the protein and air interface of air bubbles formed during whipping; hence, they govern the dynamics of fat network formation and influencing whipping properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barana Hewa Nadugala
- School of Agriculture, Food & Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
| | - Graham Hepworth
- Statistical Consulting Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | - Tom Nebl
- Biology Group, Biomedical Manufacturing Program, CSIRO, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | | | - C S Ranadheera
- School of Agriculture, Food & Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Amy Logan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Grassi S, Tarapoulouzi M, D’Alessandro A, Agriopoulou S, Strani L, Varzakas T. How Chemometrics Can Fight Milk Adulteration. Foods 2022; 12:139. [PMID: 36613355 PMCID: PMC9819000 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adulteration and fraud are amongst the wrong practices followed nowadays due to the attitude of some people to gain more money or their tendency to mislead consumers. Obviously, the industry follows stringent controls and methodologies in order to protect consumers as well as the origin of the food products, and investment in these technologies is highly critical. In this context, chemometric techniques proved to be very efficient in detecting and even quantifying the number of substances used as adulterants. The extraction of relevant information from different kinds of data is a crucial feature to achieve this aim. However, these techniques are not always used properly. In fact, training is important along with investment in these technologies in order to cope effectively and not only reduce fraud but also advertise the geographical origin of the various food and drink products. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the different chemometric techniques (from clustering to classification and regression applied to several analytical data) along with spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemical sensors, and other on-site detection devices in the battle against milk adulteration. Moreover, the steps which should be followed to develop a chemometric model to face adulteration issues are carefully presented with the required critical discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Grassi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Tarapoulouzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia CY-1678, Cyprus
| | - Alessandro D’Alessandro
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
| | - Lorenzo Strani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Theodoros Varzakas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
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Zhang M, Fu T, Huang Q, Xing Z, Yang J, Lu W, Hu M, Han LQ, Loor JJ, Gao TY. Size, number and phospholipid composition of milk fat globules are affected by dietary conjugated linoleic acid. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Zhang
- Department of Animal Production and Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Tong Fu
- Department of Animal Production and Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Qixue Huang
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Zhiyang Xing
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Jingna Yang
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Hu
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Li Qiang Han
- Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
| | - Juan J. Loor
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois Urbana Illinois USA
| | - Teng Yun Gao
- Department of Animal Production and Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou P.R. China
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Venkat M, Chia LW, Lambers TT. Milk polar lipids composition and functionality: a systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:31-75. [PMID: 35997253 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Polar lipids including glycerophospholipids and sphingophospholipids are important nutrients and milk is a major source, particularly for infants. This systematic review describes the human and bovine milk polar lipid composition, structural organization, sources for formulation, and physiological functionality. A total of 2840 records were retrieved through Scopus, 378 were included. Bovine milk is a good source of polar lipids, where yield and composition are highly dependent on the choice of dairy streams and processing. In milk, polar lipids are organized in the milk fat globule membrane as a tri-layer encapsulating triglyceride. The overall polar lipid concentration in human milk is dependent on many factors including lactational stage and maternal diet. Here, reasonable ranges were determined where possible. Similar for bovine milk, where differences in milk lipid concentration proved the largest factor determining variation. The role of milk polar lipids in human health has been demonstrated in several areas and critical review indicated that brain, immune and effects on lipid metabolism are best substantiated areas. Moreover, insights related to the milk fat globule membrane structure-function relation as well as superior activity of milk derived polar lipid compared to plant-derived sources are emerging areas of interest regarding future research and food innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meyya Venkat
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
| | - Loo Wee Chia
- FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
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Sats A, Yurchenko S, Kaart T, Tatar V, Lutter L, Jõudu I. Bovine colostrum: Postpartum changes in fat globule size distribution and fatty acid profile. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:3846-3860. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Vaswani KM, Peiris H, Qin Koh Y, Hill RJ, Harb T, Arachchige BJ, Logan J, Reed S, Davies PSW, Mitchell MD. A complete proteomic profile of human and bovine milk exosomes by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:719-735. [PMID: 34551655 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1980389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study investigates the proteomic content of milk-derived exosomes. A detailed description of the content of milk exosomes is essential to improve our understanding of the various components of milk and their role in nutrition. METHODS The exosomes used in this study were isolated as previously described and characterized by their morphology, particle concentration, and the presence of exosomal markers. Human and bovine milk exosomes were evaluated using Information-Dependent Acquisition (IDA) Mass Spectrometry. A direct comparison is made between their proteomic profiles. RESULTS IDA analyses revealed similarities and differences in protein content. About 229 and 239 proteins were identified in the human and bovine milk exosome proteome, respectively, of which 176 and 186 were unique to each species. Fifty-three proteins were common in both groups. These included proteins associated with specific biological processes and molecular functions. Most notably, the 4 abundant milk proteins lactadherin, butyrophilin, perilipin-2, and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase were present in the top 20 list for both human and bovine milk exosomes. CONCLUSION The milk exosome protein profiles we have provided are crucial new information for the field of infant nutrition. They provide new insight into the components of milk from both humans and bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Manohar Vaswani
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hassendrini Peiris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yong Qin Koh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Queensland- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Hill
- University of Queensland- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tracy Harb
- University of Queensland- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Buddhika J Arachchige
- University of Queensland- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jayden Logan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Reed
- University of Queensland- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter S W Davies
- University of Queensland- Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Murray D Mitchell
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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8
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Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteome and Micronutrients in the Milk Lipid Fraction: Insights into Milk Bioactive Compounds. DAIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy2020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk lipids are composed of milk fat globules (MFGs) surrounded by the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM). MFGM protects MFGs from coalescence and enzymatic degradation. The milk lipid fraction is a “natural solvent” for macronutrients such as phospholipids, proteins and cholesterol, and micronutrients such as minerals and vitamins. The research focused largely on the polar lipids of MFGM, given their wide bioactive properties. In this review we discussed (i) the composition of MFGM proteome and its variations among species and phases of lactation and (ii) the micronutrient content of human and cow’s milk lipid fraction. The major MFGM proteins are shared among species, but the molecular function and protein expression of MFGM proteins vary among species and phases of lactation. The main minerals in the milk lipid fraction are iron, zinc, copper and calcium, whereas the major vitamins are vitamin A, β-carotene, riboflavin and α-tocopherol. The update and the combination of this knowledge could lead to the exploitation of the MFGM proteome and the milk lipid fraction at nutritional, biological or technological levels. An example is the design of innovative and value-added products, such as MFGM-supplemented infant formulas.
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Zhang M, Xing Z, Huang Q, Han L. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on fat globule size in raw milk. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Lv H, Meng Q, Wang N, Duan X, Hou X, Lin Y. Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-α-like effector C (CIDEC) regulates acetate- and β-hydroxybutyrate-induced milk fat synthesis by increasing FASN expression in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:6212-6221. [PMID: 33663853 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) supply to lactating cows will increase milk fat synthesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-α-like effector C (CIDEC) is a lipid droplet-associated protein that promotes intracellular triacylglycerol accumulation. In the present study, using gene overexpression and knockdown, we detected the contributions of CIDEC on milk fat synthesis in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows in the presence of acetate and BHB. The results showed that knockdown of CIDEC decreased fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression and intracellular triacylglycerol content, whereas overexpression of CIDEC had the opposite effect. The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) regulates cell growth and differentiation in the mammary gland. We demonstrated that the FASN promoter had a canonical C/EBPβ binding sequence. CEBPB overexpression upregulated FASN expression and milk fat synthesis, whereas CEBPB knockdown had the opposite effect. Moreover, knockdown of CEBPB attenuated the promoting effects of CIDEC on acetate- and BHB-induced FASN transcription. Taken together, our data showed that acetate and BHB induced FASN expression in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows in a CIDEC-C/EBPβ-dependent manner, which provides new insights into the understanding of the molecular events involved in milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Lv
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Milk fat globule size development in the mammary epithelial cell: a potential role for ether phosphatidylethanolamine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12299. [PMID: 32704146 PMCID: PMC7378170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat globule (MFG) size is a milk production trait characteristic to the individual animal and has important effects on the functional and nutritional properties of milk. Although the regulation of MFG size in the mammary epithelial cell is not fully understood, lipid droplet (LD) fusion prior to secretion is believed to play a role. We selected cows that consistently produced milk with predominantly small or large MFGs to compare their lipidomic profiles, with focus on the polar lipid fraction. The polar lipid composition of the monolayer surrounding the LD is believed to either promote or prevent LD fusion. Using a targeted LC–MS/MS approach we studied the relative abundance of 301 detected species and found significant differences between the studied groups. Here we show that the lipidomic profile of milk from small MFG cows is characterised by higher phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylethanolamine ratios. In contrast, the milk from large MFG cows contained more ether-phosphatidylethanolamine species. This is the first time that a potential role for ether-phosphatidylethanolamine in MFG size development has been suggested.
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Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Liu C, Liu Y. Lipid Profiling and Microstructure Characteristics of Goat Milk Fat from Different Stages of Lactation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7204-7213. [PMID: 32551578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Goat milk at different lactations show varied lipids distributions, which are potentially dietary influencing factors for the health of human consumers. Herein, the effects of lactation stages (colostral, transitional, and mature stages) on lipid profiling and microstructure of goat milk fat (GMF) were investigated. A total of 359 species of triacylglycerols (TAGs), 27 species of diacylglycerols (DAGs), and 10 classes of phospholipids (PLs) were identified using high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HR-MS/MS). Of importance, goat transitional milk presented the highest levels of MUFA (29.51%) and lyso-phospholipids (7.95% of total PLs) among these three different lactations. A lactation-dependent attenuation was found at the level of PUFA in goat milk, particularly long-chain PUFA ω-6. Similar behavior was observed in the total proportions of POO (16:0/18:1/18:1) and PSL (16:0/18:0/18:2), presenting a decrease from 3.70% to 3.23% as the proceeding period from colostrum to mature. The relative contents of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in goat colostrum were approximately twice and three times that in mature milk, respectively. Unlikely, both PMCy+MCaM (16:0/14:0/8:0 + 14:0/10:0/14:0) and BuPO (4:0/16:0/18:1) TAGs, the foremost saturated and monounsaturated TAGs in goat colostrum, respectively, showed upward trends over the period from colostrum to mature. Interestingly, no significant variation in milk fat globule morphology was monitored at different lactation periods. Therefore, all our results demonstrated that the main influences of lactation stages on GMF were the lipid profiling, providing a theoretical guidance for rational implement of lipids in goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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13
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Han L, Zhang M, Xing Z, Coleman DN, Liang Y, Loor JJ, Yang G. Knockout of butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 ( BTN1A1) alters lipid droplet formation and phospholipid composition in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:72. [PMID: 32637097 PMCID: PMC7333294 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk lipids originate from cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LD) that are synthesized and secreted from mammary epithelial cells by a unique membrane-envelopment process. Butyrophilin 1A1 (BTN1A1) is one of the membrane proteins that surrounds LD, but its role in bovine mammary lipid droplet synthesis and secretion is not well known. Methods The objective was to knockout BTN1A1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) via the CRISPR/Cas9 system and evaluate LD formation, abundance of lipogenic enzymes, and content of cell membrane phospholipid (PL) species. Average LD diameter was determined via Oil Red O staining, and profiling of cell membrane phospholipid species via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results Lentivirus-mediated infection of the Cas9/sgRNA expression vector into BMEC resulted in production of a homozygous clone BTN1A1(−/−). The LD size and content decreased following BTN1A1 gene knockout. The mRNA abundance of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARG) was downregulated in the BTN1A1(−/−) clone. Subcellular analyses indicated that BTN1A1 and LD were co-localized in the cytoplasm. BTN1A1 gene knockout increased the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC), which resulted in a lower PC/PE ratio. Conclusions Results suggest that BTN1A1 plays an important role in regulating LD synthesis via a mechanism involving membrane phospholipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Menglu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Zhiyang Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
| | - Danielle N Coleman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Yusheng Liang
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Guoyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002 PR China
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Walter L, Shrestha P, Fry R, Leury BJ, Logan A. Lipid metabolic differences in cows producing small or large milk fat globules: Fatty acid origin and degree of saturation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1920-1930. [PMID: 31759596 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study compared cows that consistently produce milk with small (volume-weighted mean diameter of 2.92-3.83 µm, with an average diameter of 3.29 µm) or large (volume-weighted mean diameter of 4.58-5.67 µm, with an average diameter of 4.92 µm) milk fat globule (MFG) size distributions in terms of the fatty acid (FA) composition of the MFG core. Selected cows fell into the respective size group over at least 3 independent measurements, including an observation period before the experiment. Further selection criteria were similar milk production traits between cows (milk yield, fat yield, fat/protein ratio) and established lactation (>50 d in milk). However, the selected groups differed in parity (parity 1-3 and 3-5 in the small and large MFG groups, respectively), and the small MFG group was an average of 25 d in milk later in their lactation period. All cows were under the same nutritional management and environmental conditions. Here, we show that cows with the small or large MFG phenotype differed in their lipid metabolism in terms of the FA composition of the MFG core. Our results indicate that cows with the small MFG phenotype produced milk with higher concentrations of unsaturated FA despite being fed the same diet. We suggest that this characteristic of the small MFG phenotype is the result of increased uptake of long-chain FA from the blood circulation. A relationship between the degree of unsaturation and MFG size was also identified in preliminary studies across other species-namely, camels, sheep, and goats. These findings show the potential for on-farm selection of cows (and potentially other dairy species) based on MFG size to produce milk with improved nutrient composition. This could lead to purpose-specific separation of milk based on MFG size and FA profile, both known to alter the technological properties of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Walter
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010; CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Victoria, Australia 3030
| | - P Shrestha
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australia 2601
| | - R Fry
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - A Logan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Werribee, Victoria, Australia 3030.
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15
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The effect of physiological state, milk production traits and environmental conditions on milk fat globule size in cow's milk. J DAIRY RES 2019; 86:454-460. [PMID: 31722760 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029919000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This research was carried out to quantify the effects of a range of variables on milk fat globule (MFG) size for a herd of Holstein-Friesian cows managed through an automatic milking system with year-round calving. We hypothesised that the overall variation in average MFG size observed between individual animals of the same herd cannot sufficiently be explained by the magnitude of the effects of variables that could be manipulated on-farm. Hence, we aimed to conduct an extensive analysis of possible determinants of MFG size, including physiological characteristics (parity, days in milk, days pregnant, weight, age, rumination minutes, somatic cell count) and milk production traits (number of milkings, milk yield, fat yield, protein and fat content, fat-protein ratio) on the individual animal level; and environmental conditions (diet, weather, season) for the whole herd. Our results show that when analysed in isolation, many of the studied variables have a detectable effect on MFG size. However, analysis of their additive effects identified days in milk, parity and milk yield as the most important variables. In accordance with our hypothesis, the estimated effects of these variables, calculated using a multiple variable linear mixed model, do not sufficiently explain the overall variation between cows, ranging from 2.70 to 5.69 µm in average MFG size. We further show that environmental variables, such as sampling day (across seasons) or the proportion of pasture and silage in the diet, have limited effects on MFG size and that physiological differences outweigh the effects of milk production traits and environmental conditions. This presents further evidence that the selection of individual animals is more important than the adjustment of on-farm variables to control MFG size.
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16
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Jaakamo MJ, Luukkonen TJ, Kairenius PK, Bayat AR, Ahvenjärvi SA, Tupasela TM, Vilkki JH, Shingfield KJ, Leskinen HM. The effect of dietary forage to concentrate ratio and forage type on milk fatty acid composition and milk fat globule size of lactating cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8825-8838. [PMID: 31421879 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of 2 grass silage-based diets differing in forage:concentrate (FC) ratio and those of a red clover silage-based diet on intake, milk production, ruminal fatty acid (FA) biohydrogenation, milk FA composition, and milk fat globule (MFG) size distribution. Ten multiparous Nordic Red cows received the following treatments: grass silage-based diets containing high (70:30, HG) or low (30:70, LG) FC ratio or a red clover silage-based diet with an FC ratio of 50:50 (RC) on a dry matter basis. Determinations of MFG were performed from fresh milk samples without addition of EDTA so the results of fat globules >1 µm in diameter are emphasized instead of the entire globule population. Lower FC ratio in grass silage-based diets increased milk production with no effect on daily fat yield, leading to 13% lower milk fat concentration. The effect of FC ratio on MFG size was moderate. It did not affect the volume-weighted diameter in grass silage-based diets, although LG lowered the volume-surface diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm compared with HG. Compared with HG, feeding LG moderately decreased the biohydrogenation of 18:2n-6, leading to a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. Feeding RC lowered milk fat concentration and daily milk fat yield compared with grass silage-based diets. The volume-weighted diameter of MFG in the size class >1 µm was smaller in RC milk compared with grass silage-based diets. Feeding RC increased the flow of 18:3n-3 at the omasum by 2.4-fold and decreased the apparent ruminal 18:3n-3 biohydrogenation compared with grass silage-based diets despite similar intake of 18:3n-3. It also resulted in the lowest amount of saturated FA and the highest amounts of cis-9 18:1, 18:3n-3, and polyunsaturated FA in milk. In conclusion, LG decreased milk fat content and induced minor changes in MFG size distribution compared with HG, whereas RC lowered milk fat production, altered milk FA composition to nutritionally more beneficial direction, and led to smaller MFG compared with grass silage-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari J Jaakamo
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Tytti J Luukkonen
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Piia K Kairenius
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Ali R Bayat
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Seppo A Ahvenjärvi
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Tuomo M Tupasela
- Food Processing and Quality, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Johanna H Vilkki
- Animal Genetics, Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Kevin J Shingfield
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Heidi M Leskinen
- Milk Production, Production Systems Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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17
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Argov-Argaman N. Symposium review: Milk fat globule size: Practical implications and metabolic regulation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:2783-2795. [PMID: 30639008 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Milk fat globule (MFG) size ranges over 3 orders of magnitude, from less than 200 nm to over 15 µm. The significance of MFG size derives from its tight association with its lipidome and proteome. More specifically, small MFG have relatively higher content of membrane compared with large globules, and this membrane exerts diverse positive health effects, as reported in human and animal studies. In addition, MFG size has industrial significance, as it affects the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of dairy products. Studies on the size regulation of MFG are scarce, mainly because various confounders indirectly affect MFG size. Because MFG size is determined before and during its secretion from mammary epithelial cells, studies on the size regulation of its precursors, the intracellular lipid droplets (LD), have been used as a proxy for understanding the mechanisms controlling MFG size. In this review, we provide evidence for 2 distinct mechanisms regulating LD size in mammary epithelial cells: co-regulation of fat content and triglyceride-synthesis capacity of the cells, and fusion between LD. The latter is controlled by the membrane's polar lipid composition and involves mitochondrial enzymes. Accordingly, this review also discusses MFG size regulation in the in vivo metabolic context, as MFG morphometric features are often modulated under conditions that involve animals' altered energy status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Science, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, POB 76100.
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18
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Vanbergue E, Peyraud JL, Ferlay A, Miranda G, Martin P, Hurtaud C. Effects of feeding level, type of forage and milking time on milk lipolytic system in dairy cows. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Sanchez M, El Jabri M, Minéry S, Wolf V, Beuvier E, Laithier C, Delacroix-Buchet A, Brochard M, Boichard D. Genetic parameters for cheese-making properties and milk composition predicted from mid-infrared spectra in a large data set of Montbéliarde cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10048-10061. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Vanbergue E, Peyraud JL, Hurtaud C. Effects of new n-3 fatty acid sources on milk fatty acid profile and milk fat properties in dairy cows. J DAIRY RES 2018; 85:265-272. [PMID: 29941054 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029918000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Feeding livestock with n-3 fatty acid (FA) sources (linseed, for example) is a common strategy to improve lipid quality of meat and milk products. However, in monogastric animals, linseed tegument decreases digestibility and alphalinolenic acid (ALA) uptake, while the whole linseed is well used by ruminants. In a context of increasing sustainability of feeding systems, providing monogastric animals and ruminants with linseed products adapted to their digestive systems is an important issue. This research paper addresses the hypotheses: (i) sieved extruded linseed (SEL) specific for ruminants is as or more effective than standard extruded linseed (ii) microalgae DHA Gold® is an interesting source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in feedstuff and (iii) the effects of SEL and microalgae on milk characteristics are complementary and additive. Thirty-two cows were divided into 4 groups with different dietary n-3 fatty acid sources using a continuous design. All the diets were fed as mixed rations based on maize silage, energy concentrate and soybean meal. The first group received a control diet (CTRL) with no additional fat. The 3 other groups received SEL, microalgae DHA Gold® (ALG) and a mixture of microalgae DHA Gold® and SEL (SEL/ALG). Milk was collected from morning milkings after six weeks of dietary treatment. In SEL and SEL/ALG, ALA increased (+0·32 and +0·26% unit, respectively), and DHA increased in ALG and SEL/ALG (+0·43 and +0·15% unit, respectively) compared to CTRL, as a consequence of the initial composition of the n-3 FA sources. In SEL, milk yield, fat and protein contents, milk fat globule size and spontaneous lipolysis (measured to evaluate suitability for milk processing) were not different compared with CTRL. In ALG and SEL/ALG, milk yield decreased (-2·8 and -6·0 kg/d, respectively), fat content was halved, and fat globule size was reduced (-1·46 and -1·31 µm, respectively) compared to CTRL. Spontaneous lipolysis increased in ALG (+0·12 mEq/kg of milk) compared to CTRL. Protected microalgae and the doses of microalgae in the diet need further investigation to prevent FA modification in the rumen and the consequent deleterious effects on milk fat.
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21
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Vanbergue E, Delaby L, Peyraud J, Colette S, Gallard Y, Hurtaud C. Effects of breed, feeding system, and lactation stage on milk fat characteristics and spontaneous lipolysis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4623-4636. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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