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Tretola M, Mazzoleni S, Bee G, Silacci P, Pinotti L. Replacing cereal with ultra-processed foods in pig diets does not adverse gut microbiota, L-glutamate uptake, or serum insulin. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00413-9. [PMID: 39084342 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using ultra-processed food (UPF) to replace traditional feed ingredients offers a promising strategy for enhancing food production sustainability. OBJECTIVE Analyze the impact of salty and sugary UPF on gut microbiota, amino acids uptake, and serum analytes in growing and finishing pig. METHODS Thirty-six Swiss Large White male castrated pigs were assigned to three experimental diets: (1) standard (ST), 0% UPF; (2) 30% conventional ingredients replaced by sugary UPF (SU); and (3) 30% conventional ingredients replaced by salty UPF (SA). The Next Generation Sequencing was used to characterise the fecal microbiota. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the active uptake of selected amino acids in pig jejuna were also evaluated. Data were enriched with measurements of fecal volatile fatty acids and serum urea, minerals and insulin. All data analyses were run in R v4.0.3. The packages phyloseq, vegan, microbiome and microbiomeutilities were used for microbiota data analysis. The remaining data were analyzed by ANOVA using linear mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS The UPF did not affect fecal microbiota abundance or biodiversity. The Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio remained unaffected. SU-induced increase in the Anaerostipes genus suggested altered glucose metabolism, while SA increased the abundance of CAG-352 and p-2534-18B. No effects on fecal volatile fatty acids were observed. Assumptions of UPF negatively affecting small intestinal physiology were not supported by the measurements of TEER in pigs. Active amino acids uptake tests showed potential decrease in L-glutamate absorption in the SA compared to the SU diet. Blood serum analysis indicated no adverse effects on urea, calcium, magnesium or potassium concentration but the SU group resulted in a lower blood serum insulin level at the time of blood collection. CONCLUSIONS When incorporated at 30% into a standard growing-finishing diet for pigs, UPF does not have detrimental effects on gut microbiota, intestinal integrity and blood mineral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Mazzoleni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | | | | | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; CRC I-WE, Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment, University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy
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Bottegal DN, Latorre MÁ, Lobón S, Verdú M, Álvarez-Rodríguez J. Fattening Pigs with Tannin-Rich Source ( Ceratonia siliqua L.) and High Doses of Vitamin E: Effects on Growth Performance, Economics, Digestibility, Physiology, and Behaviour. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1855. [PMID: 38997967 PMCID: PMC11240671 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact on growth, economic results, apparent nutrient digestibility (CTTAD), physiological variables, and animal behaviour when 214 fattening pigs (78 ± 8.5 kg of initial body weight and 130 ± 4.5 days of age) of both sexes (gilts and boars) were fed two levels of carob pulp (Cp, 0 vs. 20%) and two doses of vitamin E (Vit E, 30 vs. 300 IU/kg) for 40 days. No interaction effects between factors studied (Cp, Vit E, and sex) were observed on the variables. Most productive traits were unaffected by Cp or Vit E inclusion. However, the Cp increased the feed conversion ratio during the first 20 days. The Cp group showed a higher CTTAD of ether extract and hemicellulose but lower CTTAD of crude protein. Pigs fed Cp had a lower plasmatic urea content than the control group. The high Vit E doses increased the CTTAD of every nutrient and the plasmatic α-tocopherol content. The pigs fed Cp tended to spend more time eating in the early morning, likely to mitigate tannins' astringent effects. Dietary inclusion of 20% Cp in finishing high-conformation pigs is possible without affecting overall performance though it reduces nutrient CTTAD and increases feeding cost. Supra-nutritional doses of Vit E do not affect pig performance but increase the α-tocopherol deposition with potential antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Nicolas Bottegal
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.N.B.); (J.Á.-R.)
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Rivadavia 1439, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1033AAE, Argentina
| | - María Ángeles Latorre
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, CITA—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Sandra Lobón
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2, CITA—Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marçal Verdú
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Industry, BonÀrea Agrupa, 25210 Guissona, Spain;
| | - Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Departament de Ciència Animal, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (D.N.B.); (J.Á.-R.)
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Nuamah E, Poaty Ditengou JIC, Hirwa F, Cheon I, Chae B, Choi NJ. Dietary Supplementation of Tannins: Effect on Growth Performance, Serum Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunoglobins of Weaned Piglets-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:236. [PMID: 38397834 PMCID: PMC10886058 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the swine industry has witnessed the withdrawal of antibiotics and continuous regulation of zinc and copper oxides in the early-life nutrition of piglets. Due to this development, alternative additives from plant sources have been extensively explored. Therefore, this study's objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with tannins on weaned piglets' growth performance, serum antioxidant capacity, and serum immune status using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. A total of 16 studies with parameters of interest were deemed eligible after a two-step screening process following a comprehensive literature search in the scientific databases of Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were mainly (1) studies involving basal diet supplemented with tannins and (2) studies with the quantification of tannin doses, while the exclusion criteria were (1) studies with pre- and post-weaning pigs and (2) challenged studies. Applying the random-effects models, Hedges' g effect size of supplementation with tannins was calculated using R software to determine the standardized mean difference (SMD) at a 95% confidence interval. Sub-group analysis and meta-regression further explored heterogeneity (PSMD < 0.05, I2 > 50%, n ≥ 10). Supplementation with tannins reduced the feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01) but increased the final body weight (p < 0.01) of weaned piglets. Chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidin tannin sources yielded higher effects on growth performance. In addition, meta-regression models indicated that tannin dosage and supplementation duration were directly associated with tannins' effectiveness on productive performance. In the serum, the concentration of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity were elevated (p < 0.01) in response to tannin supplementation, whereas malondialdehydes was reduced (p < 0.01). Likewise, increased immunoglobin M and G levels (p < 0.01) were detected. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with tannins, particularly with chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidins, increases the productivity of weaned piglets. At the same time, it is a possible nutritional strategy to mitigate oxidative stress and stimulate gut health. Thus, supplementing chestnut and grape seed proanthocyanidin tannins in the early phase of swine production could be used to alleviate the incidence of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nuamah
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (J.I.C.P.D.); (F.H.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nag-Jin Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (J.I.C.P.D.); (F.H.); (I.C.); (B.C.)
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Tretola M, Mazzoleni S, Silacci P, Dubois S, Proserpio C, Pagliarini E, Bernardi CEM, Pinotti L, Bee G. Sustainable pig diets: partial grain replacement with former food products and its impact on meat quality. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae070. [PMID: 38490265 PMCID: PMC10989651 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of salty and sugary former foodstuff products (FFPs) on the quality traits and meat composition of 36 male castrated pigs (Swiss Large White breed) as well as sensory characteristics of the loins. The animals were fed three different diets for both the growing (G) and finishing (F) phases: (1) a standard diet (ST), 0% FFPs; (2) a diet with 30% of sugary FFPs (e.g., chocolate, biscuits, cakes) as a replacement for traditional ingredients (SU); and (3) a diet with 30% of salty FFPs (e.g., bread, pasta, and breadsticks) as a replacement for traditional ingredients (SA). For a comprehensive assessment of meat quality, protein and fat content in the LD were analyzed. AA and FA profile were determined both in the LD and backfat. Meat quality traits such as pH and temperature, thawing, cooking and drip losses, and shear force have been evaluated. Then, pork loins have been assessed for sensory attributes by a trained sensory panel. The SA diet decreased 20:5 n-3 levels (P < 0.001) in the muscle and 22:5 n-3 levels (P < 0.05) in both muscle and backfat but increased (P < 0.05) the ratio of mono-unsaturated to saturated fatty acids compared to the ST group. Both the SU and SA diets elevated (P < 0.001) the n-6:n-3 fatty acids ratio compared to the ST diet. Dietary treatments did not affect other meat quality traits. Regarding sensory attributes, the loin from pigs fed with SU and SA diets were sweeter (P < 0.001). Loins of SA pigs were more tender (P < 0.001), had a more intense pork aroma (P < 0.001) and had more flavor (P < 0.01) compared to ST loins. Overall, the use of FFPs affected the fatty acid profile of pork while improving the sensory quality of the loins, with no negative effects observed on the technological and nutritional quality of the meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tretola
- Agroscope, Posieux 1725, Switzerland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Sharon Mazzoleni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Proserpio
- Sensory & Consumer Science Lab (SCS_Lab), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Ella Pagliarini
- Sensory & Consumer Science Lab (SCS_Lab), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Cristian E M Bernardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, DIVAS, University of Milan, Lodi 26900, Italy
- CRC I-WE, Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment, University of Milan, Milan 20134, Italy
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Menci R, Luciano G, Natalello A, Priolo A, Mangano F, Biondi L, Bella M, Scerra M, Lanza M. Performance and meat quality in pigs fed hydrolysable tannins from Tara spinosa. Meat Sci 2024; 207:109364. [PMID: 37839294 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of dietary tara (Tara spinosa (Feuillée ex Molina) Britton & Rose) hydrolysable tannins on performance and meat quality of finishing pigs. Twenty barrows (crossbred PIC × Piétrain; age: 125 ± 5 d; bodyweight: 60.8 ± 3.89 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups and fed ad libitum for 7 weeks a control diet (CON) or a diet supplemented with 10 g/kg of tara tannins (TAT), respectively. No differences (P > 0.10) on growth performance and carcass traits were observed between the two groups. Meat fatty acid profile was not affected (P > 0.10) by the diet, but the content of C22:5 n-3 tended to be lower (P = 0.079) in TAT pork. Dietary tannins tended to reduce (P = 0.095) meat cholesterol. The diet had no effect (P > 0.10) on fat-soluble antioxidant vitamins, hydrophilic antioxidant capacity, catalase activity, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Superoxide dismutase activity tended to be lower (P = 0.087) in TAT meat than in CON meat. Dietary tannins did not affect (P > 0.10) backfat and meat color development during 6 days of refrigerated storage, but TAT meat tended to be darker (P = 0.082). Meat from pigs fed tara tannins showed lower (P = 0.028) hydroperoxides content and a tendency toward lower conjugated dienes (P = 0.079) and malondialdehyde (P = 0.084) contents. Also, dietary tannins delayed lipid oxidation in meat subjected to oxidative challenges such as catalysis and cooking (P < 0.05). The positive effect of dietary tara hydrolysable tannins on lipid oxidation was likely due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, but it may have been mitigated by the high α-tocopherol content in meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruggero Menci
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Luciano
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Natalello
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Priolo
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mangano
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Luisa Biondi
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Bella
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Manuel Scerra
- University of Reggio Calabria, Dipartimento di Agraria, Produzioni Animali, Via dell'Università, 25, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Lanza
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Salivary Gland Adaptation to Dietary Inclusion of Hydrolysable Tannins in Boars. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172171. [PMID: 36077892 PMCID: PMC9454789 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tannins have traditionally been avoided in animal nutrition due to their anti-nutritive effects. However, recent studies reported hydrolysable tannins as beneficial additives that have antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antidiarrheal, and antiulcerogenic effects on animals. In a study testing the inclusion of hydrolysable tannins as a potential nutritive factor to reduce boar taint in entire males, significant enlargement of the parotid glands (parotidomegaly) was observed. In this study, we aimed to determine the morphological and immunohistochemical basis for the observed parotidomegaly. We discovered that enlargement of glandular lobules and acinar area, an increased ratio between the nucleus and cytoplasm of serous cells, and increased excretion of proline-rich proteins (PRPs) were characteristic of the experimental group that received the highest dietary tannin intake. The mandibular salivary gland, on the other hand, did not show significant morphological changes among the experimental groups. This suggests increased functional activity of the parotid salivary glands as the first and most important line of defense against high dietary tannin and its potential negative effects. Abstract The ingestion of hydrolysable tannins as a potential nutrient to reduce boar odor in entire males results in the significant enlargement of parotid glands (parotidomegaly). The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of different levels of hydrolysable tannins in the diet of fattening boars (n = 24) on salivary gland morphology and proline-rich protein (PRP) expression at the histological level. Four treatment groups of pigs (n = 6 per group) were fed either a control (T0) or experimental diet, where the T0 diet was supplemented with 1% (T1), 2% (T2), or 3% (T3) of the hydrolysable tannin-rich extract Farmatan®. After slaughter, the parotid and mandibular glands of the experimental pigs were harvested and dissected for staining using Goldner’s Trichrome method, and immunohistochemical studies with antibodies against PRPs. Morphometric analysis was performed on microtome sections of both salivary glands, to measure the acinar area, the lobular area, the area of the secretory ductal cells, and the sizes of glandular cells and their nuclei. Histological assessment revealed that significant parotidomegaly was only present in the T3 group, based on the presence of larger glandular lobules, acinar areas, and their higher nucleus to cytoplasm ratio. The immunohistochemical method, supported by color intensity measurements, indicated significant increases in basic PRPs (PRB2) in the T3 and acidic PRPs (PRH1/2) in the T1 groups. Tannin supplementation did not affect the histo-morphological properties of the mandibular gland. This study confirms that pigs can adapt to a tannin-rich diet by making structural changes in their parotid salivary gland, indicating its higher functional activity.
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Ojo MA. Tannins in Foods: Nutritional Implications and Processing Effects of Hydrothermal Techniques on Underutilized Hard-to-Cook Legume Seeds-A Review. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2022; 27:14-19. [PMID: 35465118 PMCID: PMC9007702 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2022.27.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tannins, water-soluble phenolic compounds, have been reported to have the ability to form complexes with nutritionally important nutrients such as protein and mineral elements thereby making them unavailable for absorption and utilization. Toxicity of tannin has been demonstrated in experimental animals although no deleterious effect of ingestion of legume tannin on human physiology has been reported. This report highlights the processing effects of soaking and hydrothermal techniques on some underutilised hard-to-cook legume crops and the importance of tannin in legume nutrition. Soaking and hydrothermal processing reduce the tannin content of processed legume seeds and hence improve the availability of protein and mineral elements. In view of the recent findings of the health benefits, classification of tannin which is traditionally regarded as an antinutrient should be reconsidered. Provision of these information will enhance knowledge of legume nutrition and economic utility. Increasing consumption of underutilized nutritionally important legume seeds, it is hoped, will alleviate the problem of protein energy malnutrition in many developing nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Ayodele Ojo
- Department of Food Science, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria
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Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Dried Tuber of Jerusalem Artichoke on Skatole Level in Backfat and CYP2E1 mRNA Expression in Liver of Boars. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing different levels of dried tuber of Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus, on skatole levels in backfat and on the CYP2E1 mRNA expression in the liver of commercial crossbred pigs. A total of 23 uncastrated male pigs from 10 litters of a commercial crossbred population of Large White × (Landrace × Large White), were used in this study. Boars were randomly divided into four different dietary treatment groups – a control group (K1; 5 boars; without supplementation of Jerusalem artichoke) and three experimental groups (6 boars each) that were fed with the diet containing different levels of dried Jerusalem artichoke (K2 – 4.1%; K3 – 8.2%; K4 – 12.2%) for 14 days before slaughter. Significant effects of diet on skatole levels were observed between the control group and the experimental groups (P = 0.0078). The lowest level of skatole was in the K3 group with 8.2% of Jerusalem artichoke. As for CYP2E1, a negative correlation was observed between the levels of skatole and CYP2E1 mRNA expression. Significant effect (P = 0.0055) was found in all experimental groups compared to the K1 group, and most pronounced in the K2 and K3 groups. The supplementation with Jerusalem artichoke resulted in lower level of skatole and higher CYP2E1 mRNA expression. The results suggest that affecting the expression of CYP2E1 by feed supplements could be an option to effectively reduce the levels of skatole in adipose tissue of entire male pigs.
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The Reduction of the Combined Effects of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A in Piglet Livers and Kidneys by Dietary Antioxidants. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090648. [PMID: 34564652 PMCID: PMC8472784 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A on protein expression and catalytic activities of CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP3A29 and GSTA1 and the preventive effect of dietary byproduct antioxidants administration against these mycotoxin damage. Three experimental groups (E1, E2, E3) and one control group (C) of piglets after weaning (TOPIGS-40 hybrid) were fed with experimental diets for 30 days. A basal diet containing normal compound feed for starter piglets was used as a control treatment and free of mycotoxin. The experimental groups were fed as follows: E1—basal diet plus a mixture (1:1) of two byproducts (grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal), E2—the basal diet experimentally contaminated with mycotoxins (479 ppb OTA and 62ppb AFB1) and E3—basal diet containing 5% of the mixture (1:1) of grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal and contaminated with the mix of OTA and AFB1. After 4 weeks, the animals were slaughtered, and tissue samples were taken from liver and kidney in order to perform microsomal fraction isolation, followed by protein expression and enzymatic analyses. The protein expressions of CYP2E1 and CYP3A29 were up-regulated in an insignificant manner in liver, whereas in kidney, those of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A29 were down-regulated. The enzymatic activities of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A29 decreased in liver, in a significant manner, whereas in kidney, these increased significantly. The co-presence of the two mycotoxins and the mixture of grape seed and sea buckthorn meal generated a tendency to return to the control values, which suggest that grapeseed and sea buckthorn meal waste represent a promising source in counteracting the harmful effect of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B.
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Use of Hydrolyzed Chinese Gallnut Tannic Acid in Weaned Piglets as an Alternative to Zinc Oxide: Overview on the Gut Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072000. [PMID: 34359128 PMCID: PMC8300422 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The effects of dietary hydrolyzed Chinese gallnut tannic acid (GCT) as a replacement for ZnO were investigated on weaned piglets. A total of 72 piglets (31 ± 1 day) were selected and divided randomly into two groups: a control group, with a basal diet of + 1600 mg/kg ZnO; and a treated group, with a basal diet of + 1899.5 mg/kg GCT. The diarrhea rate of piglets in the treated group declined on days 14–21 than in the control group. Additionally, we found GCT can reduce the crypt depth of the ileum and improve antioxidant capacity. High throughput sequencing showed that the GCT increased the richness of bacteria (Lachnospiraceae, Prevotella, and Lactobacillus amylovorus) associated with the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. These data indicate that 1899.5 mg/kg GCT could be an alternative for 1600 mg/kg ZnO in the diet of piglets. Abstract The effects of dietary hydrolyzed Chinese gallnut tannic acid(GCT) as a replacement for ZnO were investigated on weaned piglets. A total of 72 weaned piglets at 31 ± 1 day (six replicate pens per treatment with six piglets per pen) were selected and divided randomly into two groups: a control group, with a basal diet of + 1600 mg/kg ZnO; and a treated group, with a basal diet of + 1899.5 mg/kg GCT. Data analysis showed that the significance of average daily gain and average daily feed intake between the two groups was p = 0.731 and p = 0.799, respectively. Compared with the control group, the diarrhea rate of piglets in the treated group underwent no noticeable change on days 0–7 (p = 0.383) and 7–14 (p = 0.263), but decreased significantly on days 14–21 (p < 0.05). Additionally, we found GCT can reduce the crypt depth of the ileum and improve its antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05). High throughput sequencing showed that GCT increased the richness of the bacteria Lachnospiraceae (p = 0.005), Prevotella_2 (p = 0.046) and Lactobacillus amylovorus (p = 0.081), which are associated with the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. The study indicated that 1899.5 mg/kg GCT could be an alternative for 1600 mg/kg ZnO in the diet of piglets.
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Mahfuz S, Shang Q, Piao X. Phenolic compounds as natural feed additives in poultry and swine diets: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:48. [PMID: 33823919 PMCID: PMC8025492 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00565-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to ban on using antibiotics in feed industry, awareness of using natural feed additives have led to a great demand. The interest of plants phenolic compounds as a potential natural antioxidant source has been considered in research community due to their predictable potential role as feed additives in poultry and swine production. However, the mode of action for their functional role and dosage recommendation in animal diets are still remain indistinct. Taking into account, the present review study highlights an outline about the mode of action of phenolic compound and their experimental uses in poultry and swine focusing on the growth performance, antioxidant function, immune function, antimicrobial role and overall health status, justified with the past findings till to date. Finally, the present review study concluded that supplementation of phenolic compounds as natural feed additives may have a role on the antioxidant, immunity, antimicrobial and overall production performance in poultry and swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shad Mahfuz
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qinghui Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangshu Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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12
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Bahelka I, Bučko O, Fľak P. Can Hydrolysable Tannins in Diet of Entire Male Pigs Affect Carcass, Pork Quality Traits, Amino and Fatty Acid Profiles, and Boar Taint, Skatole and Androstenone Levels? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:896. [PMID: 33801044 PMCID: PMC8003867 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The slaughtering of entire males increases the probability of incidence of tainted pork due to the presence two main compounds-androstenone and skatole. If a surgical castration of young entire male pigs is stopped in the EU countries, fattening of boars is likely to become one of the most commonly used systems in pig farming. Since skatole production and accumulation in fat tissue can be controlled by dietary approaches, several studies have investigated various feed additives to reduce this compound of boar taint. Ones of the most promising is tannins. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different dietary tannin level supplementation on carcass, pork quality, chemical, amino and fatty acid composition. as well as perception of boar taint and accumulation of skatole and androstenone in adipose tissue. Eighty entire males were randomly distributed to control (T0) and four experimental groups. Control pigs received standard feed mixture (16.8% CP, 13.9 MJ ME) without any tannin supplementation. Experimental pigs received the same diet with administration of 1% (T1), 2% (T2), 3% (T3) and 4% (T4)-sweet chestnut extract rich in hydrolysable tannins for 40 days (from average live weight of 80 kg until slaughter at average weight 122.28 kg ± 5.63 kg). Dietary tannins supplementation did not show any significant effect on chemical composition, cholesterol content, and amino acid composition of muscle as well as fatty acid composition and androstenone accumulation in adipose tissue. A slight or small effect was observed on carcass and meat quality, respectively. Pigs in groups T4 and/or T3-T4 had higher electrical conductivity in semimembranosus muscle and cooking loss value compared to T1, T2 or T0, T1, and T2 groups (p < 0.05). Tannins in the pig's diet greatly affected fatty acid profile in meat of entire males. The highest tannin levels (4%) increased concentrations of lauric, myristic, vaccenic, linoleic, total PUFA, and n-6 PUFA in muscle compared to the control. Similar results were found in group T3 except for vaccenic, linoleic, and total PUFA. On the contrary, concentrations of heptadecanoic and oleic acids in groups T3 and T4 were lower than those in T1 and T2 groups. Perception of boar taint using "hot iron" method (insertion a hot iron tip of soldering iron into adipose tissue) tended to decrease in T2 group compared with control. Skatole accumulation in fat tissue was reduced in groups T2-T4 at significance level (p = 0.052-0.055) compared to the control pigs. In summary, tannins supplementation had no effect on chemical and amino acid composition as well as fatty acid profile in adipose tissue, and only slight on carcass value. However, 4% concentration of tannins significantly increased content of some fatty acids compared to control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bahelka
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Bučko
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak Agricultural University Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia; (O.B.); (P.F.)
| | - Pavol Fľak
- Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak Agricultural University Nitra, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia; (O.B.); (P.F.)
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Núñez Y, Radović Č, Savić R, García-Casco JM, Čandek-Potokar M, Benítez R, Radojković D, Lukić M, Gogić M, Muñoz M, Fontanesi L, Óvilo C. Muscle Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Molecular Pathways Related to Oxidative Phosphorylation, Antioxidant Defense, Fatness and Growth in Mangalitsa and Moravka Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030844. [PMID: 33809803 PMCID: PMC8002519 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work was aimed at evaluating loin transcriptome and metabolic pathway differences between the two main Serbian local pig breeds with divergent characteristics regarding muscle growth and fatness, as well as exploring nutrigenomic effects of tannin supplementation in Mangalitsa (MA) pigs. The study comprised 24 Mangalitsa and 10 Moravka (MO) males, which were kept under identical management conditions. Mangalitsa animals were divided in two nutritional groups (n = 12) receiving a standard (control) or tannin-supplemented diet (1.5%; MAT). Moravka pigs were fed the standard mixture. All animals were slaughtered at a similar age; 120 kg of average live weight (LW) and loin tissue was used for RNA-seq analysis. Results showed 306 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) according to breed, enriched in genes involved in growth, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism and muscle development, such as PDK4, FABP4, MYOD1 and STAT3, as well as a relevant number of genes involved in mitochondrial respiratory activity (MT-NDs, NDUFAs among others). Oxidative phosphorylation was the most significantly affected pathway, activated in Mangalitsa muscle, revealing the basis of a different muscle metabolism. Also, many other relevant pathways were affected by breed and involved in oxidative stress response, fat accumulation and development of skeletal muscle. Results also allowed the identification of potential regulators and causal networks such as those controlled by FLCN, PPARGC1A or PRKAB1 with relevant regulatory roles on DEGs involved in mitochondrial and lipid metabolism, or IL3 and TRAF2 potentially controlling DEGs involved in muscle development. The Tannin effect on transcriptome was small, with only 23 DEGs, but included interesting ones involved in lipid deposition such as PPARGC1B. The results indicate a significant effect of the breed on muscle tissue gene expression, affecting relevant biological pathways and allowing the identification of strong regulatory candidate genes to underlie the gene expression and phenotypic differences between the compared groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Čedomir Radović
- Institute for Animal Husbandry, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (Č.R.); (M.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Radomir Savić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (R.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Juan M. García-Casco
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Dragan Radojković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (R.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Miloš Lukić
- Institute for Animal Husbandry, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (Č.R.); (M.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Marija Gogić
- Institute for Animal Husbandry, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (Č.R.); (M.L.); (M.G.)
| | - María Muñoz
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Luca Fontanesi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Y.N.); (J.M.G.-C.); (R.B.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913471492
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Seoni E, Battacone G, Ampuero Kragten S, Dohme-Meier F, Bee G. Impact of increasing levels of condensed tannins from sainfoin in the grower-finisher diets of entire male pigs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Animal 2020; 15:100110. [PMID: 33573985 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sainfoin is a protein-rich legume with an ideal amino acid profile and therefore could partly replace soybeans in the diets of growing pigs. However, sainfoin also contains a non-negligible amount of condensed tannins (CTs), which can act as antinutritional factors. Bioactive plant compounds, like hydrolysable tannins, have been suggested to be suitable in entire male (EM) production, as they impair the development of accessory sex glands and, by that, reduce boar taint compound levels without negatively impacting growth. It is unknown whether, similar to hydrolysable tannins, CTs from sainfoin reduce the incidence of boar taint without impacting growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality. For the experiment, 48 Swiss Large White EM were assigned within litter to one of four grower (25-60 kg BW) and finisher (60-105 kg BW) diets supplemented with 0 (T0), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), and 15% (T15) sainfoin meal, respectively. The four diets were designed to be isocaloric and isoproteic. Increasing the dietary sainfoin level had no negative effect on growth performance or the carcass characteristics. Despite leading to a similar feed intake between the treatment groups, increasing the dietary sainfoin levels tended (P ≤ 0.08) to reduce the number of feeder visits but increased the time spent at the feeder as well as the feed intake per visit during the finisher period. By increasing sainfoin intake, the levels of C18:3n-3 and long-chain homologs linearly increased (P < 0.01) in the backfat and intramuscular fat (IMF), whereas in the backfat, but not the IMF, the 18:2n-6 levels decreased (P < 0.01). The latter triggered a greater (P < 0.01) desaturation rate (C18:1n-9/C18:0) of the saturated fatty acids, resulting in a greater (P < 0.01) proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid. Apart from a linear decrease (P = 0.02) in the androstenone levels in the longissimus thoracis (LT), increasing the sainfoin intake had no effect on the level of boar taint in the LT and backfat. As determined by the elevated correlation coefficient, skatole and indole levels, but not androstenone levels, in the adipose tissue seem to be reliable proxies for their respective levels in LT and, therefore, in pork. In conclusion, sainfoin is a suitable homegrown protein source for grower finisher pigs and can be included at up to 15% in the diet to replace 7% of soybean in a diet without producing any noteworthy effects on growth, whereas the impact of CTs on boar taint was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Seoni
- Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland; Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - G Battacone
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - G Bee
- Agroscope, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland.
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Caprarulo V, Giromini C, Rossi L. Review: Chestnut and quebracho tannins in pig nutrition: the effects on performance and intestinal health. Animal 2020; 15:100064. [PMID: 33516022 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural extracts are frequently adopted as a valuable alternative to antibiotics in intensive animal farming. Their diverse bioactive constituents such as phytosterols, glucosinolates, carotenoids and polyphenols have shown antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. Tannins are the largest class of polyphenol compounds of plant extracts, which can be classified into two hydrolysable or condensed subgroups. Poultry and swine nutrition are the most important sectors in which tannins have been used, firstly adopting tannin-rich feedstuffs and more recently, using tannin extracts from different plants. Several commercial products are available containing tannins extracted from the European chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill.) and the American quebracho (Schinopsis spp.). Tannins extracted from these plants have been applied on intensive swine farms due to their ability to improve animal performance and health. These positive and prominent effects are frequently associated with the antinutritional effects in reducing feed palatability, digestibility and protein utilization of feed. Some criticisms and contrasting results regarding pig performance and intestinal health have been reported. This paper provides an overview of the effects of chestnut and quebracho tannins on growth performance and intestinal health of pigs in order to clarify the appropriate dosage and response in the various physiological stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Caprarulo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - C Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Center: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - L Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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16
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Basit MA, Kadir AA, Loh TC, Abdul Aziz S, Salleh A, Zakaria ZA, Banke Idris S. Comparative Efficacy of Selected Phytobiotics with Halquinol and Tetracycline on Gut Morphology, Ileal Digestibility, Cecal Microbiota Composition and Growth Performance in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112150. [PMID: 33227911 PMCID: PMC7699210 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) are banned in Europe but still used in many countries including Asia. However, their indiscriminate use resulted in antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains that possibly transfer the resistant genes to the microorganisms pertinent to human health. Hence, it is essential to find alternatives that can improve the production performance in broiler chickens. In this scenario, phytobiotics or phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) are widely investigated to evaluate their influence on improving gut health, increasing digestibility, and thereby the growth performance. The present study is a continuity of our experiments on dietary inclusion of Piper betle and Persicaria odorata leaf meal and the first of its kind to evaluate the comparative efficacy of phytobiotics (Piper betle and Persicaria odorata leaf meal), with halquinol and tetracycline in broiler chickens. The current experiment findings indicated that, in comparison with the control group, either of the dietary treatments positively modulated the gut morphology, improved ileal digestibility, maintained the intestinal population of Lactobacillus and reduced the pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium spp., thus improved the growth performance in broiler chickens. Abstract The current experiment was designed to estimate the comparative efficacy of selected phytobiotics Persicaria odorata leaf meal (POLM) and Piper betle leaf meal (PBLM) with halquinol, and tetracycline in broiler chickens. The 150-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five dietary groups. The dietary supplementation groups were the basal diet (BD), which served as the negative control (NC), and BD + 0.2 g/kg tetracycline, which served as the positive control (PC); BD + 0.03 g/kg halquinol (HAL), BD + 8 g/kg POLM (Po8), and BD + 4 g/kg PBLM (Pb4) were the treatment groups. Growth performance, gut morphology, ileal digestibility, and cecal microbiota composition were measured. On day 21, the body weight gain (BWG) was enhanced (p < 0.05) in the broiler chickens fed on phytobiotics (Po8 and Pb4) relative to the NC group, however, on day 42 and in terms of overall growth performance, BWG was enhanced (p < 0.05 in diets (Po8, Pb4, HAL and PC) in comparison with the NC group. Conversely, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded reduced (p < 0.05) in Pb4, Po8, HAL, and PC group in comparison with the NC group. Supplementation of phytobiotics (Po8 and Pb4), HAL and PC, positively improved the gut morphology compared to the NC group. Furthermore, the maximum (p < 0.05) villus height (VH) in duodenum and jejunum was observed in broilers fed on diet Pb4. Supplementation of phytobiotics, HAL and PC, improved (p < 0.05) the digestibility of dry matter (DM) (except for HAL), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and ash compared to the NC group. Dietary supplementation of phytobiotics (Po8 and Pb4), HAL and PC, significantly reduced the E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus (except for HAL) counts compared to the NC group. However, supplementation of Pb4 resulted in significantly decreased total anaerobic bacteria and Clostridium spp. counts compared to the NC group. In addition, supplementation of phytobiotics significantly increased the Lactobacillus count compared to HAL, PC, and NC groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of phytobiotics improved the gut morphology, positively modulated and maintained the dynamics of cecal microbiota with enhanced nutrient digestibility, thus, increased the growth performance. Based on current results, phytobiotics could be used as an alternative to AGPs for sustainable broiler chicken production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdul Basit
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Punjab, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (A.A.K.); Tel.: +60-3-9769-3403 (A.A.K.)
| | - Arifah Abdul Kadir
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.B.); (A.A.K.); Tel.: +60-3-9769-3403 (A.A.K.)
| | - Teck Chwen Loh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Saleha Abdul Aziz
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Annas Salleh
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sherifat Banke Idris
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Skoto 2346, Nigeria
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Bee G, Quiniou N, Maribo H, Zamaratskaia G, Lawlor PG. Strategies to Meet Nutritional Requirements and Reduce Boar Taint in Meat from Entire Male Pigs and Immunocastrates. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1950. [PMID: 33114075 PMCID: PMC7690666 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the current knowledge on the nutritional requirements of entire male and immunocastrated pigs to obtain an efficient growth, low boar taint level, and good carcass and meat quality. We present the reasons for offering entire males ad libitum access to the diets in order to optimize their protein deposition potential. Boar taint is one of the major issues in the production of entire males; therefore, the impact of various skatole- and indole-reducing feed ingredients is discussed regarding their efficiency and the possible mechanism affecting skatole and indole production in the hindgut. Entire males have lean carcasses, so their intramuscular fat content can be lower than that of surgical castrates or females and the adipose tissue can be highly unsaturated. The possible nutritional strategies to counteract these effects are summarized. We conclude that immunocastrates can be fed similarly to entire males until the second vaccination. However, due to the metabolic changes occurring shortly after the second vaccination, the requirements for essential amino acids are markedly lower in immunocastrates than in entire males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bee
- Agroscope, Institute for Livestock Sciences, La Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Quiniou
- IFIP-Institut du Porc, La Motte au Vicomte, 35650 Le Rheu, France;
| | - Hanne Maribo
- Pig Research Centre, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7015, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Peadar G. Lawlor
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland;
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Caprarulo V, Hejna M, Giromini C, Liu Y, Dell’Anno M, Sotira S, Reggi S, Sgoifo-Rossi CA, Callegari ML, Rossi L. Evaluation of Dietary Administration of Chestnut and Quebracho Tannins on Growth, Serum Metabolites and Fecal Parameters of Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1945. [PMID: 33105748 PMCID: PMC7690424 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In pig livestock, alternatives to in-feed antibiotics are needed to control enteric infections. Plant extracts such as tannins can represent an alternative as a natural source of functional compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro digestibility and in vivo effects of oral supplementation of combined chestnut (Ch) and quebracho (Qu) tannins in order to establish if they can induce a positive effect on weaned piglets' performance, metabolic status and fecal parameters. In vitro digestibility (dry matter, DM) of diets was calculated using a multi-step enzymatic technique. In vitro digested diet samples were further tested on an intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2). Weaned piglets (n = 120; 28 ± 2 day old) were randomly allotted to two groups (12 pens in total with 10 pigs per pen): control (Ctrl) and treatment (Ch/Qu). After one week of adaptation (day 0), 35-day-old piglets in the Ctrl group were fed a Ctrl diet and the Ch/Qu group were fed with 1.25% Ch/Qu for 40 days. Body weight and feed intake per pen were recorded weekly. At day 40, blood and fecal samples were collected. Principal metabolic parameters were evaluated from blood samples by enzymatic colorimetric analysis. Total phenolic compounds, urea, and ammonia in feces were analyzed (Megazyme International, Bray, Ireland). In vitro digestibility and cell viability assays showed that the inclusion of 1.25% Ch/Qu slightly reduced diet digestibility compared with the Ctrl diet, while intestinal cell viability was not altered with low concentrations of Ch/Qu digesta compared with Ctrl. In vivo results did not show any adverse effects of Ch/Qu on feed intake and growth performance, confirming that dietary inclusion of Ch/Qu at a concentration of 1.25% did not impair animal performance. The decreased diet DM digestibility in the Ch/Qu diet may cause increased serum concentration of albumin (Ctrl: 19.30 ± 0.88; Ch/Qu: 23.05 ± 0.88) and albumin/globulin ratio (Ctrl: 0.58 ± 0.04; Ch/Qu: 0.82 ± 0.04), but decreased creatinine (Ctrl: 78.92 ± 4.18; Ch/Qu: 54.82 ± 4.18) and urea (Ctrl: 2.18 ± 0.19; Ch/Qu: 0.95 ± 0.19) compared with Ctrl. Pigs in the Ch/Qu group contained higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of fecal phenolic compounds and nitrogen than the Ctrl group, while fecal ammonia and urea were not affected by tannins. In conclusion, Ch/Qu tannin supplementation did not influence growth performance. Although lower digestibility was observed in the diet supplemented with Ch/Qu tannins, Ch/Qu supplementation did not show any adverse effect on intestinal epithelial cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caprarulo
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Monika Hejna
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Carlotta Giromini
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Matteo Dell’Anno
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Stefania Sotira
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Serena Reggi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Carlo Angelo Sgoifo-Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
| | - Maria Luisa Callegari
- Department of sustainable food process, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Luciana Rossi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (C.G.); (M.D.); (S.S.); (S.R.); (C.A.S.-R.); (L.R.)
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19
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Hassan ZM, Manyelo TG, Selaledi L, Mabelebele M. The Effects of Tannins in Monogastric Animals with Special Reference to Alternative Feed Ingredients. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204680. [PMID: 33066367 PMCID: PMC7587385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, the monogastric animal industry has witnessed an increase in feed prices due to several factors, and this trend is likely to continue. The hike in feed prices is mostly due to extreme competition over commonly used conventional ingredients. For this trend to be subdued, alternative ingredients of both plant and animal origin need to be sourced. These types of ingredients are investigated with the aim of substituting all or some of the conventional compounds. However, alternative ingredients often have a double-edged sword effect, in that they can supply animals with the necessary nutrients although they contain antinutritional factors such as tannins. Tannins are complex secondary metabolites commonly present in the plant kingdom, known to bind with protein and make it unavailable; however, recently they have been proven to have the potential to replace conventional ingredients, in addition to their health benefits, particularly the control of zoonotic pathogens such as Salmonella. Thus, the purpose of this review is to (1) classify the types of tannins present in alternative feed ingredients, and (2) outline the effects and benefits of tannins in monogastric animals. Several processing methods have been reported to reduce tannins in diets for monogastric animals; furthermore, these need to be cost-effective. It can thus be concluded that the level of inclusion of tannins in diets will depend on the type of ingredient and the animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mohammed Hassan
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
| | - Tlou Grace Manyelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Letlhogonolo Selaledi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Monnye Mabelebele
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (Z.M.H.); (T.G.M.); (L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-471-3983
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20
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Tannic acid prevents post-weaning diarrhea by improving intestinal barrier integrity and function in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:87. [PMID: 32884745 PMCID: PMC7460753 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tannic acid (TA) is potential to reduce diarrhea in weaning pigs, but knowledge about the influence of TA on intestinal barrier integrity and function is still scarce. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary TA supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea rate, intestinal barrier integrity and function of weaned pigs. Methods A total of 108 crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) piglets, with an initial average body weight of 6.60 ± 0.27 kg, were allotted to 3 groups (6 pigs/pen and 6 replicates/group) in a randomized complete block design according to their gender and body weight. Piglets were fed the basal diet with 0 (control, CON), 0.2% and 1.0% TA, respectively. The trial lasted for 28 d. Results Compared with the CON group, dietary 0.2% and 1.0% TA supplementation didn’t affect ADFI, ADG and F:G (P > 0.05), but reduced diarrhea rate, diarrhea index and diarrhea score of piglets (P < 0.05), reduced diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and D-lactic acid concentration in serum (P < 0.01). The higher occludin expression and localization were observed in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum after supplementation with 0.2% or 1.0% TA (P < 0.05). Adding 0.2% TA to diet significantly decreased crypt depth, increased villus height/crypt depth ratio in the duodenum (P < 0.05), and dietary 1.0% TA tended to decrease crypt depth (P < 0.10) and significantly decreased villus height (P < 0.05) of the ileum. Moreover, lower malondialdehyde content in the ileum was detected in the pigs fed 1.0% TA (P < 0.05). In the duodenum, both 0.2% and 1.0% TA groups had higher occludin (OCLN) mRNA and 0.2% TA group had higher zonula occludens-2 (ZO-2) level (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, dietary 1.0% TA supplementation tended to up-regulate OCLN mRNA levels in the jejunum (P < 0.10) and 0.2% TA supplementation tended to up-regulate zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) mRNA levels in the ileum (P < 0.10). Conclusion In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.2% or 1.0% TA could effectively alleviate post-weaning diarrhea without altering growth performance in weaned piglets, which might be achieved by improving intestinal barrier integrity and function.
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Basit MA, Arifah AK, Loh TC, Saleha AA, Salleh A, Kaka U, Idris SB. Effects of graded dose dietary supplementation of Piper betle leaf meal and Persicaria odorata leaf meal on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, and gut morphology in broilers. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:1503-1513. [PMID: 32489287 PMCID: PMC7254159 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to antimicrobial resistance and the public health hazard of antibiotic growth promoters, there is a grave need to find potential alternatives for sustainable poultry production. Piper betle (PB) and Persicaria odorata (PO) are herbs, which have been reported for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to estimate the influence of different dose supplementation of Piper betle leaf meal (PBLM) and Persicaria odorata leaf meal (POLM) on growth performance, ileal digestibility and gut morphology of broilers chickens. A total of 210 one day-old broiler chicks were randomly grouped into 7 treatments, and each treatment group has 3 replicates (n = 10) with a total number of 30 chicks. The treatments included T1 control (basal diet (BD) with no supplementation), T2 (BD + 2 g/kg PBLM); T3 (BD + 4 g/kg PBLM), T4 (BD + 8 g/kg PBLM), T5 (BD + 2 g/kg POLM), T6 (BD + 4 g/kg POLM), T7 (BD + 8 g/kg POLM). Growth performance, gut morphology and ileal digestibility were measured. Except for T4 (8 g/kg PBLM), graded dose inclusion of PBLM and POLM increased (P < 0.05) the body weight gain (BWG), positively modulated the gut architecture and enhanced nutrient digestibility in both stater and finisher growth phases of broiler chickens. Birds fed on PBLM 4 g/kg (T3), and POLM 8 g/kg (T7) had significantly higher (P < 0.05) BWG with superior (P < 0.05) feed efficiency in the overall growth period. Chickens fed on diets T3 and T7 had longer (P < 0.05) villi for duodenum as well as for jejunum. Furthermore, the birds fed on supplementations T3 and T7 showed improved (P < 0.05) digestibility of ether extract (EE), and dry matter (DM) compared to the control group. However, least (P < 0.05) crude protein (CP) digestibility was recorded for T4. In conclusion, dietary supplementations of PBLM 4 g/kg and POLM 8 g/kg were positively modulated the intestinal microarchitecture with enhanced nutrient digestibility, resulted in maximum body weight gain, thus improved the growth performance of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abdul Basit
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Kadir Arifah
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teck Chwen Loh
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Saleha
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Annas Salleh
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sherifat Banke Idris
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria
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22
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Tretola M, Maghin F, Silacci P, Ampuero S, Bee G. Effect of Supplementing Hydrolysable Tannins to a Grower-Finisher Diet Containing Divergent PUFA Levels on Growth Performance, Boar Taint Levels in Back Fat and Intestinal Microbiota of Entire Males. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121063. [PMID: 31810259 PMCID: PMC6940899 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective data analysis suggested that the levels of boar taint compounds depend on the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level of the adipose tissue (AT) being significantly greater in the unsaturated AT. In addition, we recently reported that hydrolysable tannins (HTs) offered to entire males (EMs) reduce skatole and, to a greater extent, indole levels in the AT. Thus, the objective of the study was to determine the impact of HTs and a high dietary level of PUFA on growth performance and board taint compounds in EMs. In addition, the interaction between PUFA and HTs on gut microbiota and its link to intestinal skatole and indole production was investigated. At 25 kg BW, 44 EM originating from 11 litters were randomly assigned within litter to four dietary treatments. Two basal grower (25-60 kg BW) and finisher (60-105 kg BW) diets containing either 2% soy oil (H = high PUFA level) or 2% tallow (L = low PUFA level) were formulated. The H and L diets were either supplemented (H+/L+) or not (H-/L-) with 3% chestnut extract containing 50% HTs. The pigs had ad libitum access to the diets and were slaughtered at 170 days of age. The microbiota composition was investigated through the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained by next-generation sequencing (Illumia MiSeq platform, San Diego, CA, USA) and analyzed with a specific packages in R, version 3.5.0. Regardless of the PUFA content, the EMs fed the H+ diets were 2% (p < 0.01) less feed efficient overall. This was due to the slower (p = 0.01) growth in the finisher period despite similar feed intake. Carcass characteristics were not affected by the diets. Regardless of HT feeding, the PUFA level in the AT of the H pigs was 10% greater (p = 0.05) than in the L pigs. The indole level tended (p = 0.08) to be 50% lower in the H+ group. Surprisingly, the pigs that were fed diet H- had greater skatole levels than those fed diet L-, with intermediate skatole levels in the H+ and L+. Independent of the PUFA level, the HTs decreased bacteria abundance and qualitatively affected the microbiota composition. In conclusion, these data do not confirm that boar taint compound levels were related to PUFA levels in the AT. However, HTs can be considered to be a promising alternative to conventional antibacterial additives, with no detrimental effects on pig gut health and with appealing properties for reducing the synthesis of the main components of boar taint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tretola
- Agroscope, Institute for Livestock Sciences, La Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland; (M.T.); (P.S.); (S.A.)
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Federica Maghin
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Paolo Silacci
- Agroscope, Institute for Livestock Sciences, La Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland; (M.T.); (P.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Ampuero
- Agroscope, Institute for Livestock Sciences, La Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland; (M.T.); (P.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Bee
- Agroscope, Institute for Livestock Sciences, La Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland; (M.T.); (P.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Galassi G, Mason F, Rapetti L, Crovetto GM, Spanghero M. Digestibility and metabolic utilisation of diets containing chestnut tannins and their effects on growth and slaughter traits of heavy pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1570361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Galassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Mason
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Luca Rapetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Gianni M. Crovetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroAlimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Burkina V, Rasmussen MK, Oliinychenko Y, Zamaratskaia G. Porcine cytochrome 2A19 and 2E1. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 124:32-39. [PMID: 30171805 PMCID: PMC7379952 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is a major group of enzymes, which conduct Phase I metabolism. Among commonly used animal models, the pig has been suggested as the most suitable model for investigating drug metabolism in human beings. Moreover, porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 are responsible for the biotransformation of both endogenous and exogenous compounds such as 3‐methylindole (skatole), sex hormones and food compounds. However, little is known about the regulation of porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1. In this MiniReview, we summarise the current knowledge about the regulation of porcine CYP2A19 and CYP2E1 by environmental, biological and dietary factors. Finally, we reflect on the need for further research, to clarify the interaction between active feed components and the porcine CYP system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Burkina
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Vodnany, Czech Republic.,Department of Molecular Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Huang Q, Liu X, Zhao G, Hu T, Wang Y. Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 4:137-150. [PMID: 30140753 PMCID: PMC6104569 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring plant compounds including tannins, saponins and essential oils are extensively assessed as natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. Tannins are a group of polyphenolic compounds that are widely present in plant region and possess various biological activities including antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, etc. Therefore, tannins are the major research subject in developing natural alternative to in-feed antibiotics. Strong protein affinity is the well-recognized property of plant tannins, which has successfully been applied to ruminant nutrition to decrease protein degradation in the rumen, and thereby improve protein utilization and animal production efficiency. Incorporations of tannin-containing forage in ruminant diets to control animal pasture bloat, intestinal parasite and pathogenic bacteria load are another 3 important applications of tannins in ruminant animals. Tannins have traditionally been regarded as "anti-nutritional factor" for monogastric animals and poultry, but recent researches have revealed some of them, when applied in appropriate manner, improved intestinal microbial ecosystem, enhanced gut health and hence increased productive performance. The applicability of plant tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics depends on many factors that contribute to the great variability in their observed efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Veterinary Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tianming Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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26
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Rezar V, Salobir J, Levart A, Tomažin U, Škrlep M, Batorek Lukač N, Čandek-Potokar M. Supplementing entire male pig diet with hydrolysable tannins: Effect on carcass traits, meat quality and oxidative stability. Meat Sci 2017; 133:95-102. [PMID: 28666110 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential impact on carcass and meat quality of a sweet chestnut wood extract (SCWE)diet supplement for pigs, in particular on oxidative stability and fatty acid composition. Entire (non-castrated) male pigs (n=24) were assigned to treatment groups within litter and offered one of 4 finisher diets on an ad libitum basis: T0 (control), T1, T2 or T3, supplemented with 0, 1, 2 or 3% of commercially available SCWE, respectively. The highest SCWE supplementation reduced carcass fat deposition and water holding capacity of meat (higher thawing loss). In fresh meat, SCWE supplementation increased lipid (malondialdehyde) and protein oxidation (carbonyl groups in myofibril isolates). With regard to fat tissue, SCWE supplementation increased the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Rezar
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Janez Salobir
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Levart
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Urška Tomažin
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Batorek Lukač
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova Ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Maribor, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia.
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