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Araújo MJ, de Carvalho Neto JP, Santos CB, Marques CAT, da Costa Torreão JN, Freitas NE, Gurgel ALC, Dias-Silva TP, Itavo LCV, Bezerra LR, Edvan RL. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of rumen fluid of lactating goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from waste frying oil used in biodiesel production. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:295. [PMID: 37713030 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Crude glycerin from the biodiesel industry is a alternative energy source used to replace part of the energy components of the diet, since the nutritional value of glycerol makes it suitable for use in ruminant diets. The objective was to analyze the effects including crude glycerin (CG) derived from the production of biodiesel from residual frying oil, in diets of lactating goats on the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of rumen fluid. Eight 2-year-old goats weighting approximately 42.06 ± 3.5 kg of body weight (BW) were kept in individual stalls, receiving diets containing 0, 7, 14 and 21% of CG (% DM). The experiment was carried out according to a double 4 × 4 Latin square and lasted for 80 days. Orthogonal contrasts were tested to determine linear and quadratic effects, as well as the effects of 0% CG in the diet in comparison to the other treatments. There was a linear decreasing effect on DM intake (P = 0.001) and neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.0001), as well as a quadratic effect (P = 0.0002) on ether extract (EE) intake with increasing level of CG in the diet. Including CG affected motility and density of the protozoa (P = 0.0001). Treatments had no effect on pH, N-NH3 concentration and percentage of protozoa in the rumen liquid. There was increasing linear effect on sedimentation and flotation time (P = 0.001). Therefore, including 14 and 21% CG in the diet as a source of glycerol decreased nutrient intake and altered the ruminal microbiota, but pH and N-NH3 were not affected. Thus, to avoid impairment to the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the rumen liquid of goats, the inclusion of CG should not exceed 7% DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jácome Araújo
- Universidade Federal Do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Avenida Manoel Gracindo Km 1, Planalto Horizonte, Bom Jesus, Piauí, PI 64900-000, Brazil
| | - José Pires de Carvalho Neto
- Universidade Federal Do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Avenida Manoel Gracindo Km 1, Planalto Horizonte, Bom Jesus, Piauí, PI 64900-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Barbosa Santos
- Universidade Federal Do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Avenida Manoel Gracindo Km 1, Planalto Horizonte, Bom Jesus, Piauí, PI 64900-000, Brazil
| | | | - Jacira Neves da Costa Torreão
- Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Km 03 - Distrito de Jundiaí, Macaíba, Rio Grande Do Norte, 59280-000, Brazil
| | - Natylane Eufransino Freitas
- Universidade Federal Do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Avenida Manoel Gracindo Km 1, Planalto Horizonte, Bom Jesus, Piauí, PI 64900-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Leandro Chaves Gurgel
- Universidade Federal Do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Avenida Manoel Gracindo Km 1, Planalto Horizonte, Bom Jesus, Piauí, PI 64900-000, Brazil.
| | - Tairon Pannunzio Dias-Silva
- Universidade Federal Do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Avenida Manoel Gracindo Km 1, Planalto Horizonte, Bom Jesus, Piauí, PI 64900-000, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Vinhas Itavo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinára e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Do Mato Grosso Do Sul, Avenida Senador Filinto Muller, 2443, Vila Ipiranga, Campo Grande, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Leilson Rocha Bezerra
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenida Universitária, S/N - Santa Cecília, Patos, Paraíba, 58708-110, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Loiola Edvan
- Universidade Federal Do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Avenida Manoel Gracindo Km 1, Planalto Horizonte, Bom Jesus, Piauí, PI 64900-000, Brazil
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Bezerra HFC, Santos EM, de Carvalho GGP, de Oliveira JS, da Silva FF, Cassuce MR, Guerra RR, Pereira DM, Ferreira DDJ, Nascimento TVC, Zanine ADM. Metabolic profile of goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236542. [PMID: 37727773 PMCID: PMC10505958 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Feedlot finishing of goats is a growing practice, but the economic viability of this technology is compromised by the inclusion of ingredients such as corn and soybean. An alternative to minimize this barrier is the use of agroindustry coproducts as substitutes for those ingredients, such as crude glycerol. This study aimed to evaluated the metabolism of crossbred Boer finishing goats fed diets containing crude glycerin from biodiesel production. Thirty-two crossbred, castrated goat of age were distributed in a fully randomized experimental design with four treatments and eight replicates. The experiment lasted 69 days, and goats were fed sorghum silage and concentrate, with the inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet at levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 g/kg on a dry matter basis. The diets did not have an effect (p > 0.05) on the serum urea levels. Increasing dietary crude glycerin levels did not the influence the metabolic or urinary profiles (p > 0.05). The liver tissue of the goats fed diets containing the highest crude glycerin inclusion levels showed deleterious effects. The inclusion of crude glycerin with approximately 6.6 g/kg methanol caused deleterious effects to the liver tissue of Boer crossbred goats as the glycerin concentrations increased. However, glycerin levels did not cause deleterious effects on the liver tissue or on the serum or urinary profiles. The use of crude glycerin with lower methanol content is recommended for goat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edson Mauro Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Meiry Rodrigues Cassuce
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Romão Guerra
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Danillo Marte Pereira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, Maranhão, Brazil
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Melo TT, Bezerra L, Santos V, Ferreira M, Junior VL, Silva LA, Menezes M, Filho FS, Oliveira R. Effect of replacing soybean meal by a blend of ground corn and urea-ammonium sulphate on milk production and composition, digestibility and N balance of dairy Murrah buffaloes. J DAIRY RES 2022; 89:1-7. [PMID: 35438058 DOI: 10.1017/s002202992200036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of replacing soybean meal by a blend of ground corn and urea-ammonium sulphate (GCU-S) in the diet of lactating buffaloes on milk production and composition, digestibility, N balance and blood metabolites. Twelve multiparous dairy Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), at 100 ± 4 d in milk and yielding 10 ± 2.5 kg/d, were randomly distributed in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square, with four different inclusions of GCU-S at U-S levels: 0 (control), 8.0, 16.4 and 24.1 g/kg dry matter (DM) total. Replacing soybean meal with GC-US had a significant depressing effect on absolute DM intake, which was still numerically evident but no longer significant when expressed on a body weight-related basis. Intakes of crude protein (CP) and N as well as N-urinary excretion were also significantly depressed. Digestibility of dry matter was improved and, as a proportion of DMI, intake of total digestible nutrients increased significantly. Perhaps as a result, feed efficiency (kg DMI required per kg 6% fat-corrected milk) was significantly improved. Efficiency of protein use for milk production was significantly improved, but not when expressed as milk protein output. N transfer into milk, as a proportion of total N intake, also increased significantly. However, GC-US inclusion had no significant effect on milk production or milk composition, nor did it affect serum metabolites, digestibilities (apart from dry matter) or N measures of balance apart from those mentioned above. Inclusion of this blend of ground corn with urea and ammonium suplate can be recommended for dairy buffalo because, although it decreases DMI and N-excretion, it improves DM digestibility and feeding efficiency whilst maintaining milk production and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Tobit Melo
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Piaui, Rodovia Bom Jesus-Viana, km 135, 64900000, Bom Jesus, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Leilson Bezerra
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58710110, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Viviany Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Piaui, Rodovia Bom Jesus-Viana, km 135, 64900000, Bom Jesus, Piaui, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University Agricultural of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, s/n - Dois Irmãos, 52171900, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Valdi Lima Junior
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Luana Andressa Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Migson Menezes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Francisco Silva Filho
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitário Lagoa Nova, 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Adhemar de Barros, 500, Ondina, 40170-110, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Cônsolo NRB, Silva J, Buarque VM, Barbosa LC, H Padilla A, Colnago LA, Saran Netto A, Gerrard DE, L Silva S. Metabolomic signature of genetic potential for muscularity in beef cattle. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 33:1308-1317. [PMID: 34057399 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1894164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the serum and meat metabolomic changes according to the genetic potential for muscularity of non-castrated Nellore males and its association with phenotypic traits. Forty-eight non-castrated Nellore males were separated into two groups based on their genetic potential for post-weaning muscularity: high (HM) and low (LM). Selection for muscularity did not cause noticeable differences in the traits evaluated during the finishing phase and after slaughter. However, several metabolites in meat and serum, have changed according to the muscularity group. HM animals presented an over-abundance of glycerol, glutamine, choline, methylhistidine, betaine, creatinine and methionine in serum, compared with their LM counterparts. Similarly, the meat samples of HM animals were rich in glucose-6-phosphate, lactate, pyruvate, creatinine, betaine, choline, glycerol and arginine relative to LM bulls. Inosine monophosphate was the only metabolite over-abundant in LM animals. In conclusion, the genetic potential for post-weaning muscularity did not affect performance during the finishing phase, carcass traits and meat quality. However, multivariate analysis shows that the genetic potential of muscularity can be correlated with serum lipid and protein metabolites, and with energy metabolism in meat, providing a footprint of cattle muscularity metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara R B Cônsolo
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Juliana Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Vicente M Buarque
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Luis C Barbosa
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA - Instrumentação), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Angel H Padilla
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA - Instrumentação), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Colnago
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA - Instrumentação), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - David E Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Saulo L Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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Brant LMS, de Carvalho GGP, Pina DDS, de Araújo MLGML, Santos SA, Leite LC, Alba HDR, Bulcão LFDA, da Silva LO, de Freitas Júnior JE. Estimation of ruminal outflow in buffaloes fed diets with different energy and protein sources by use of reticular and omasal sampling. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:201. [PMID: 33687567 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different traditional or alternative energy and protein sources, associated or not, on feeding behavior, ruminal kinetics, and post-ruminal flow of nutrients. Besides, it was assessed diets' effects on different sites (reticulum and omasum) of buffaloes. Four ruminally cannulated male Murrah buffaloes (average initial weight of 637 ± 66.37 kg) were randomly distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged as 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor evaluated was the inclusion of energy sources (ground corn and crude glycerin), and the second factor was the inclusion of protein sources (soybean meal and cottonseed cake). Buffaloes fed cottonseed cake had a higher content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and potentially digestible detergent fiber (pdNDF) in the rumen environment than buffaloes fed soybean meal. There was a sampling site effect on rumen digestion rates of pdNDF, passage rates of indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), and pdNDF, and flow of iNDF. In this study, omasal collections were more representative. Total replacement of ground corn by crude glycerin promoted less NDF ruminal digestibility, and care should be taken to include this energy source. The cottonseed cake does not cause a difference in rumen dynamics and can totally replace soybean meal in feedlot buffaloes' diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Maria Santos Brant
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Douglas Dos Santos Pina
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | | | - Stefanie Alvarenga Santos
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Laudi Cunha Leite
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, 44.380-000, Brazil
| | - Henry Daniel Ruiz Alba
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Lucas Fialho de Aragão Bulcão
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - Liliane Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil
| | - José Esler de Freitas Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, 40.170-110, Brazil.
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Seankamsorn A, Cherdthong A, Wanapat M. Combining Crude Glycerin with Chitosan Can Manipulate In Vitro Ruminal Efficiency and Inhibit Methane Synthesis. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010037. [PMID: 31878076 PMCID: PMC7023013 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It was hypothesized that the combination of glycerin and chitosan improves ruminal fermentation efficiency via an enhanced propionate (C3) and reduces in vitro CH4 production. This was explored through in vitro gas production with substrates containing crude glycerin, which replaced cassava chips in the studied ration. The experimental design was organized following a 3 × 3 factorial in completely randomized design and the arrangement of treatments were different levels of crude glycerin supplementations 0, 10.5, and 21% of total mixed ration (TMR) and chitosan levels were added at 0, 1, and 2% dry matter (DM) of substrate. Then, 0.5 g of TMR substrates were added into 40 mL bottles, together with respective doses of chitosan and then incubated at 39 °C. The dietary treatments were performed in three replicates within the incubation, and incubations were repeated on three separate days (runs). No interactions were found between crude glycerin and chitosan doses in terms of theoretical maximum of asymptotic gas production (b), rate of gas production (c), the discrete lag time prior to gas production (L), or the cumulative gas production at 96 h of incubation (p > 0.05). Cumulative gas production at 96 h of incubation was similar among the doses of crude glycerin and levels of chitosan, which ranged from 64.27 to 69.66 mL/g DM basis of substrate (p > 0.05). The concentration of ruminal NH3-N after 2 and 4 h of incubation ranged from 14.61 to 17.10 mg/dL and did not change with the addition of crude glycerin with chitosan (p > 0.05). The concentration of CH4 after 2 h of incubation did not change among treatments (p > 0.05), whereas after 4 h of incubation, CH4 synthesis was significantly reduced by enhancing doses of crude glycerin and chitosan (p < 0.05). The combination of 21% of crude glycerin in TMR with 2% chitosan depressed CH4 production as much as 53.67% when compared to the non-supplemented group. No significant crude glycerin and chitosan interaction effect was detected for in vitro digestibility of nutrients after incubation for 12 and 24 h using the in vitro gas production technique (p > 0.05). In addition, no significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in total volatile fatty acids, acetate (C2) or butyrate content among treatments and between the main effects of crude glycerin with chitosan. At 4 h of incubation, ruminal C3 content and the C2 to C3 ratio changed significantly when crude glycerin and chitosan was added (p < 0.05). The 21% crude glycerin incorporate into TMR, in combination with 2% additional chitosan, increased C3 content by 26.41%, whereas the ratio of C2 to C3 was reduced by 31% when compared to the control group. Propionate concentration increased by 11.75% when increasing levels of chitosan at 2% of substrate, whereas the C2 to C3 ratio decreased by 13.99% compared to the 0% chitosan group. The inclusion of crude glycerin at 21% in TMR diets with chitosan supplementation at 2% enhanced ruminal propionate concentration and reduced methane production without causing any detrimental effect on the gas kinetics or nutrient digestibility.
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Kholif AE. Glycerol use in dairy diets: A systemic review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2019; 5:209-216. [PMID: 31528721 PMCID: PMC6739259 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the production of biodiesel as bio-renewable fuel source, with numerous biofuel byproducts becoming available. The annual productions of biodiesel and crude glycerol were 34.5 and 3.8 billion liters, respectively, in 2016 and that of biodiesel is expected to reach 41 billion liters in 2019. Glycerol is a sugar alcohol without a color or odor, but with a sweet taste and high solubility index in water. Experiments support the use of glycerol at low levels ranging from 5% to 8% of the diet dry matter as a transition cow therapy. Administration of glycerol increases serum glucose and decreases ketone bodies. Glycerol is very rapidly fermented in the rumen to propionate and butyrate, at the expense of acetate, resulting in a decreased milk fat. Because glycerol is highly fermented in the rumen, it requires an adaptation period at the beginning of feeding. Administration of glycerol in the diet of lactating animals was paralleled with a decreased or an unaffected feed intake in most experiments. Improved ruminal environment to enhance nutrient digestibility was observed in many experiments; however, others observed reduced digestion of dietary fiber with feeding glycerol. Enhanced, lowered, or unaffected milk production and composition were observed with the administration of glycerol in lactating animal diets; however, in most cases, glycerol decreased milk fat content. The inconsistencies between results of experiments are due to the level and the purity of glycerol, diets, production stage of the animals, and other factors. Therefore, further research should be conducted to establish the efficacy of different levels, purity and administration periods of glycerol, and production stage of dairy animals fed glycerol-based or supplemented diets.
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Kumar JP, Konwarh R, Kumar M, Gangrade A, Mandal BB. Potential Nanomedicine Applications of Multifunctional Carbon Nanoparticles Developed Using Green Technology. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:1235-1245. [DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jadi Praveen Kumar
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering
Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati−781039, Assam, India
| | - Rocktotpal Konwarh
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering
Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati−781039, Assam, India
| | - Manishekhar Kumar
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering
Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati−781039, Assam, India
| | - Ankit Gangrade
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering
Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati−781039, Assam, India
| | - Biman B. Mandal
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering
Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati−781039, Assam, India
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Effect of glycerol supplementation during early lactation on milk yield, milk composition, nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites of dairy buffaloes – RETRACTION. Animal 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117003718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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