1
|
Soininen EM, Neby M. Small rodent population cycles and plants - after 70 years, where do we go? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:265-294. [PMID: 37827522 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Small rodent population cycles characterise northern ecosystems, and the cause of these cycles has been a long-lasting central topic in ecology, with trophic interactions currently considered the most plausible cause. While some researchers have rejected plant-herbivore interactions as a cause of rodent cycles, others have continued to research their potential roles. Here, we present an overview of whether plants can cause rodent population cycles, dividing this idea into four different hypotheses with different pathways of plant impacts and related assumptions. Our systematic review of the existing literature identified 238 studies from 150 publications. This evidence base covered studies from the temperate biome to the tundra, but the studies were scattered across study systems and only a few specific topics were addressed in a replicated manner. Quantitative effects of rodents on vegetation was the best studied topic, and our evidence base suggests such that such effects may be most pronounced in winter. However, the regrowth of vegetation appears to take place too rapidly to maintain low rodent population densities over several years. The lack of studies prevented assessment of time lags in the qualitative responses of vegetation to rodent herbivory. We conclude that the literature is currently insufficient to discard with confidence any of the four potential hypotheses for plant-rodent cycles discussed herein. While new methods allow analyses of plant quality across more herbivore-relevant spatial scales than previously possible, we argue that the best way forward to rejecting any of the rodent-plant hypotheses is testing specific predictions of dietary variation. Indeed, all identified hypotheses make explicit assumptions on how rodent diet taxonomic composition and quality will change across the cycle. Passing this bottleneck could help pinpoint where, when, and how plant-herbivore interactions have - or do not have - plausible effects on rodent population dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eeva M Soininen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, Tromsø, 9037, Norway
| | - Magne Neby
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology, Høyvangvegen 40, Ridabu, 2322, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Kang Y, Yao B, An K, Pu Q, Wang Z, Sun X, Su J. Increased availability of preferred food and decreased foraging costs from degraded grasslands lead to rodent pests in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.971429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased population density of rodent species during ongoing grassland degradation further deteriorates its conditions. Understanding the effects of grassland degradation on rodent feeding habits is of great value for optimizing grassland management strategies. In this study, lightly degraded (LD), moderately degraded (MD), severely degraded (SD), and reseeded grassland (RG) were selected and their plant resources and soil physical properties were investigated. In addition, the study used ITS2 barcode combined with the Illumina MiSeq sequencing method to analyze the food composition and proportion of plateau zokors in different grassland conditions. The results showed that, with grassland degradation, plant biomass decreased, but the relative proportion of forbs increased (LD: 32.05 ± 3.89%; MD: 28.97 ± 2.78%; SD: 49.16 ± 4.67% and RG: 10.93 ± 1.53%). Forbs were the main food of the plateau zokor, accounting for more than 90% of their diet, and the animal had a clear preference for Potentilla species; the soil compaction of feeding habits showed a decreasing trend in the 10–25 cm soil layer, suggesting a decreased foraging cost. Nutritional analysis showed that the stomach content of crude protein in zokors feeding on MD grassland was significantly higher than that of animals feeding on the other grassland types. Structural equation modeling showed that soil physical properties and the relative biomass of forbs had significant (P < 0.05) and extremely significant (P < 0.001) impacts on the population density of plateau zokors, with direct impact contribution rates of 0.20 and 0.63. As the severity of grassland degradation increased, although the aboveground and underground biomass of the plants decreased, the proportion of food preferred by the plateau zokor increased, and the corresponding changes in the feeding environment resulted in decreased foraging energy expenditure, thereby increasing the suitability of the degraded grassland for the plateau zokor. Compared with degraded grassland, the food diversity and evenness of zokors increased, the food niche width enlarged, and the proportion of weeds decreased in RG, which increased the difficulty of obtaining food. Reseeding in grassland management is therefore an effective way to control plateau zokors.
Collapse
|
3
|
Beale PK, Connors PK, Dearing MD, Moore BD, Krockenberger AK, Foley WJ, Marsh KJ. Warmer Ambient Temperatures Depress Detoxification and Food Intake by Marsupial Folivores. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.888550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient temperature is an underappreciated determinant of foraging behaviour in wild endotherms, and the requirement to thermoregulate likely influences food intake through multiple interacting mechanisms. We investigated relationships between ambient temperature and hepatic detoxification capacity in two herbivorous marsupials, the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) that regularly feed on diets rich in plant toxins. As an indicator of hepatic detoxification capacity, we determined the functional clearance rate of an anaesthetic agent, Alfaxalone, after possums were acclimated to 10°C [below the thermoneutral zone (TNZ)], 18°C [approximately lower critical temperature (LCT)], and 26°C [approximately upper critical temperature (UCT)] for either 7 days or less than 24 h. We then measured intake of foods with high or low plant secondary metabolite (PSM) concentrations under the same temperature regimes. After 7 days of acclimation, we found a positive correlation between the functional clearance rate of Alfaxalone and ambient temperature, and a negative relationship between ambient temperature and intake of foods with high or low PSM concentrations for both species. The effect of ambient temperature on intake of diets rich in PSMs was absent or reduced when possums were kept at temperatures for less than 24 h. Our results underscore the effects of ambient temperature in hepatic metabolism particularly with respect intake of diets containing PSMs. Given that the planet is warming, it is vital that effects of ambient temperature on metabolism, nutrition and foraging by mammalian herbivores is taken into account to predict range changes of species and their impact on ecosystems.
Collapse
|
4
|
Nielsen DP, Matocq MD. Differences in dietary composition and preference maintained despite gene flow across a woodrat hybrid zone. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4909-4919. [PMID: 33976858 PMCID: PMC8093690 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecotones, characterized by adjacent yet distinct biotic communities, provide natural laboratories in which to investigate how environmental selection influences the ecology and evolution of organisms. For wild herbivores, differential plant availability across sharp ecotones may be an important source of dietary-based selection.We studied small herbivore diet composition across a sharp ecotone where two species of woodrat, Neotoma bryanti and N. lepida, come into secondary contact with one another and hybridize. We quantified woodrat dietary preference through trnL metabarcoding of field-collected fecal pellets and experimental choice trials. Despite gene flow, parental N. bryanti and N. lepida maintain distinct diets across this fine spatial scale, and across temporal scales that span both wet and dry conditions. Neotoma bryanti maintained a more diverse diet, with Frangula californica (California coffeeberry) making up a large portion of its diet. Neotoma lepida maintains a less diverse diet, with Prunus fasciculata (desert almond) comprising more than half of its diet. Both F. californica and P. fasciculata are known to produce potentially toxic plant secondary compounds (PSCs), which should deter herbivory, yet these plants have relatively high nutritional value as measured by crude protein content. Neotoma bryanti and N. lepida consumed F. californica and P. fasciculata, respectively, in greater abundance than these plants are available on the landscape-indicating dietary selection. Finally, experimental preference trials revealed that N. bryanti exhibited a preference for F. californica, while N. lepida exhibited a relatively stronger preference for P. fasciculata. We find that N. bryanti exhibit a generalist herbivore strategy relative to N. lepida, which exhibit a more specialized feeding strategy in this study system.Our results suggest that woodrats respond to fine-scale environmental differences in plant availability that may require different metabolic strategies in order to balance nutrient acquisition while minimizing exposure to potentially toxic PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny P. Nielsen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
- Graduate Program in EECBUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
| | - Marjorie D. Matocq
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
- Graduate Program in EECBUniversity of NevadaRenoNVUSA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Matsubayashi M, Kinoshita M, Kobayashi A, Tsuchida S, Shibahara T, Hasegawa M, Nakamura H, Sasai K, Ushida K. Parasitic development in intestines and oocyst shedding patterns for infection by Eimeria uekii and Eimeria raichoi in Japanese rock ptarmigans, Lagopus muta japonica, protected by cages in the Southern Japanese Alps. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:19-24. [PMID: 32368488 PMCID: PMC7186262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The population of Japanese rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta japonica), an endangered species with a habitat above the timberline of the southern Japanese Alps, has declined. As one of the recent conservation strategies for this species, cage protection for broods (hens and chicks) has been introduced in their habitats. Two species of Eimeria have frequently been detected in these birds, but little is known about the parasitic circulation in the region, including among birds and in the environment. Here, we conducted histopathology examinations of dead chicks collected under cage protection in 2018, and examined the feces of the hens and chicks of three broods and environmental soils for parasites in 2019 in order to assess the potential sources of infection and pathogenicity. Developmental zoites were found in the epithelial mucosa and/or the submucosa from the duodenum to the colon of all dead chicks. Fecal examination revealed oocysts of E. uekii and/or E. raichoi in all hens and chicks. Oocysts of Eimeria spp. per gram of feces in chicks increased within 2 weeks after hatching and then gradually deceased. Following infection of the chicks, oocysts could accumulate within the cage areas, and oocyst density exceeded more than 1000 oocysts per gram of cage soils. Based on having sporulated morphologies, oocysts could be infective and therefore, be direct or indirect potential sources of infection. However, based on our findings that not all chicks were clinically affected by the infections, other factors such as microbial flora in the chicks established by coprophagy or from the habitat environment, including climate, might be associated with the pathogenicity of Eimeria spp., although further studies are needed to assess these correlations. Cage protection is effective on conservation of Japanese rock ptarmigans. Hens caring chicks were highly infected with Eimeria spp. and shedded the oocysts. Potential sources of the infection could be contaminated soils but not coprophagy behaviors of chicks. Pathogenicity of Eimeria might be also associated with factors like establishment of gut microbiota or habitat conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Moemi Kinoshita
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Sayaka Tsuchida
- Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masami Hasegawa
- Department of Biology, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakamura
- General Foundation Hiroshi Nakamura International Institute for Ornithology, Nakagosho, Nagano, 380-0934, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazunari Ushida
- Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
- Corresponding author. Academy of Emerging Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
KOBAYASHI A, TSUCHIDA S, UEDA A, YAMADA T, MURATA K, NAKAMURA H, USHIDA K. Role of coprophagy in the cecal microbiome development of an herbivorous bird Japanese rock ptarmigan. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1389-1399. [PMID: 31406033 PMCID: PMC6785603 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transgenerational maintenance of symbiotic microbes that benefit host nutrition and health is evolutionarily advantageous. In some vertebrate lineages, coprophagy is used as a strategy for effectively transmitting microbes across generations. However, this strategy has still not been studied in birds. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of maternal cecal feces consumption by Japanese rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta japonica) chicks as a strategy for acquiring essential gut microbes. Both the duration of coprophagy behavior by the chicks and the development process of the chick cecal microbiome (n=20 one- to three-week-old chicks, from three broods) were investigated. In all three broods, coprophagy behavior was only observed from 3 to 18 days of age. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the number of bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in 1-week-old chicks (n=651) and adults (n=609), and most of the main OTUs observed in the adults were already present in the 1-week-old chicks. These results indicate that, in this precocial bird species, coprophagy may contribute to the early establishment of cecal bacteria that are essential for food digestion and, thus, chick survival. In fact, Japanese rock ptarmigan chicks consume the same food as their hens from the time of hatching. This behavior may have applications to ex-situ conservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayaka TSUCHIDA
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Chubu University, Academy of Emerging Sciences, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Atsushi UEDA
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takuji YAMADA
- Department of Life Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Koichi MURATA
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa 252-0800, Japan
| | - Hiroshi NAKAMURA
- General Foundation Hiroshi Nakamura International Institute for Ornithology, Nagano 380-0934, Japan
| | - Kazunari USHIDA
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
- Chubu University, Academy of Emerging Sciences, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|