Sodium and chloride requirements of yellow-feathered chickens between 22 and 42 days of age

The optimal dietary sodium and chloride level for broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet between 1 and 21 d of age

The experiment was conducted to estimate the ideal dietary sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) level for broilers during day 1 to 21 using a corn-soybean meal diet under a dietary Na:Cl ratio of 1:1. A total of 490 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allotted by body weight to one of seven treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment consisted of seven replicate cages with 10 chicks per cage. Broilers were fed a Na and Cl-unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet (control, containing 0.02% Na and 0.08% Cl) and the Na and Cl-supplemented basal diets containing 0.14%, 0.20%, 0.26%, 0.32%, 0.38%, and 0.44% Na and Cl levels, respectively for 21 d. The results indicated that average daily gain, average daily feed intake, blood partial pressure of CO2 and concentrations of HCO3-, total CO2, Na+, Cl-, base excess and anion gap, tibial ash, and ash Na contents of broilers were affected (P < 0.001) by dietary Na and Cl level, and increased linearly (P < 0.001) and quadratically (P < 0.001) with increasing Na and Cl levels. Feed/gain ratio, mortality, blood K+ concentration, serum osmotic pressure and K+, glucose and uric acid concentrations as well as heart, liver, and kidney indices of broilers were affected (P < 0.01) by dietary Na and Cl level, and decreased linearly (P < 0.001) and quadratically (P < 0.001) with increasing Na and Cl levels. The estimates of dietary optimal Na and Cl levels were 0.07% to 0.16% according to the best-fitted broken-line or asymptotic models (P < 0.001) of the above sensitive indicators. Therefore, the optimal dietary Na and Cl level was suggested to be 0.16% to support all of the above Na and Cl metabolic requirements of broilers fed the corn-soybean meal diet during day 1 to 21, which is lower than the 0.20% recommendation by the Chinese Feeding Standard of Chicken (2004).

An optimal dietary sodium chloride supplemental level of broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is usually added to diets to meet the Na and Cl requirements of broilers in the Chinese poultry industry, but the optimal dietary NaCl supplemental level was not well-established. The present study was conducted to estimate the optimal dietary NaCl supplemental level of broilers fed a corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 490, 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were fed a NaCl-unsupplemented corn-soybean meal basal diet (control) and the basal diet supplemented with 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50 or 0.60% NaCl for 21 days. Regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the optimal dietary NaCl level using the best fitted broken-line or asymptotic models. As dietary supplemental NaCl levels increased, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), blood partial pressure of CO₂, total CO₂, base excess and anion gap, blood concentrations of HCO₃, Na and Cl, serum Na concentration, jejunal villus height (VH) and tibia ash content increased linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05), while feed/gain ratio, relative weights of heart, liver and kidney, blood K concentration, serum concentrations of K, uric acid and glucose, and osmotic pressure decreased linearly and quadratically (P < 0.05). The estimates of optimal dietary NaCl levels were 0.20-0.22% based on the best fitted broken-line or asymptotic models (P < 0.0001) of ADG, ADFI and feed/gain ratio, and 0.08-0.24% based on the best fitted broken-line or asymptotic models (P < 0.0001) of blood gas indices, serum parameters, jejunal VH, tibia ash content and organ indices. These results suggested that the optimal dietary NaCl supplemental level would be 0.24% for broilers fed the corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age, which is lower than the current dietary NaCl supplemental level (0.30%) in the Chinese broiler production.

The effect of different dietary levels of sodium and chloride on performance, blood parameters and excreta quality in goslings at 29 to 70 days of age

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the appropriate levels of dietary sodium (Na⁺ ) and chloride (Cl^- ) for 29- to 70-day-old goslings and to investigate the effects of different levels of Na⁺ and Cl^- on the growth performance, water consumption, blood parameters and excreta quality of goslings to provide a reference for the healthy production of goslings. In Experiment 1, a total of 432 29-day-old male Jiangnan White goslings were randomly allotted to nine treatments according to a 3 × 3 factorial design, with six pens containing eight birds per treatment. The goslings were fed diets with three concentrations of Na⁺ (0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20%) and three concentrations of Cl^- (0.15%, 0.20% and 0.25%). The experimental period was 42 days. In Experiment 2, a total of 24 70-day-old Jiangnan White goslings were selected for four treatments (0.10% Na⁺  × 0.15% Cl^- ; 0.10% Na⁺  × 0.25% Cl^- ; 0.20% Na⁺  × 0.15% Cl^- and 0.20% Na⁺  × 0.25% Cl^- ) and housed separately in metabolic cages. The faeces were collected for 3 consecutive days. In Experiment 1, the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed/gain (F/G) ratio of goslings were unaffected by the treatments. However, low levels of Na⁺ and Cl^- significantly reduced the water consumption of goslings in the later growth period (p < 0.05). The average water consumption of goslings fed with 0.10% Na⁺  × 0.15% Cl^- was significantly lower than that of the goslings fed with 0.20% Na⁺  × 0.25% Cl^- (56 days, 1304.2 ml vs. 1471.7 ml; 63 days, 1452.8 ml vs. 1610.8 ml; 70 days, 1540.0 ml vs. 1775.4 ml; p < 0.05). The interaction between Na⁺ and Cl^- (Na⁺  × Cl^- ) had a significant impact on the blood haemoglobin (HGB) and haematocrit (HCT) levels in the goslings (p < 0.05). HGB increased linearly with increasing levels of Na⁺ . HGB and HCT first increased and then decreased with increasing levels of Cl^- . In Experiment 2, Na⁺ and Cl^- levels had significant effects on the excreta moisture content (p < 0.05). Goslings fed with 0.10% Na⁺  × 0.15% Cl^- had a low moisture content of 5.58% compared to the goslings fed with 0.20% Na⁺  × 0.25% Cl^- (87.51% vs. 93.09%; p < 0.05). The levels of dietary Na⁺ had a significant effect on the retention ratio of Na (p < 0.05), with the value for the 0.20% Na⁺ group being significantly higher than that for the 0.10% Na⁺ group (p < 0.05). In summary, different levels of Na⁺ and Cl^- did not affect the growth of goslings. To reduce the water consumption and moisture content of excreta, the Na⁺ and Cl^- levels in the diet can be as low as 0.10% and 0.15%, respectively.