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An ZX, Shi LG, Hou GY, Zhou HL, Xun WJ. Genetic diversity and selection signatures in Hainan black goats revealed by whole-genome sequencing data. Animal 2024; 18:101147. [PMID: 38843669 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic characteristics of indigenous goat breeds is crucial for their conservation and breeding efforts. Hainan black goats, as a native breed of south China's tropical island province of Hainan, possess distinctive traits such as black hair, a moderate growth rate, good meat quality, and small body size. However, they exhibit exceptional resilience to rough feeding conditions, possess high-quality meat, and show remarkable resistance to stress and heat. In this study, we resequenced the whole genome of Hainan black goats to study the economic traits and genetic basis of these goats, we leveraged whole-genome sequencing data from 33 Hainan black goats to analyze single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density, Runs of homozygosity (ROH), Integrated Haplotype Score (iHS), effective population size (Ne), Nucleotide diversity Analysis (Pi) and selection characteristics. Our findings revealed that Hainan black goats harbor a substantial degree of genetic variation, with a total of 23 608 983 SNPs identified. Analysis of ROHs identified 53 710 segments, predominantly composed of short fragments, with inbreeding events mainly occurring in ancient ancestors, the estimates of inbreeding based on ROH in Hainan black goats typically exhibit moderate values ranging from 0.107 to 0.186. This is primarily attributed to significant declines in the effective population size over recent generations. Moreover, we identified 921 candidate genes within the intersection candidate region of ROH and iHS. Several of these genes are associated with crucial traits such as immunity (PTPRC, HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, CENPE and PKN1), heat tolerance (GNG2, MAPK8, CAPN2, SLC1A1 and LEPR), meat quality (ACOX1, SSTR1, CAMK2B, PPP2CA and PGM1), cashmere production (AKT4, CHRM2, OXTR, AKT3, HMCN1 and CDK19), and stress resistance (TLR2, IFI44, ENPP1, STK3 and NFATC1). The presence of these genes may be attributed to the genetic adaptation of Hainan black goats to local climate conditions. The insights gained from this study provide valuable references and a solid foundation for the preservation, breeding, and utilization of Hainan black goats and their valuable genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X An
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - L G Shi
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - G Y Hou
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, China
| | - H L Zhou
- Zhanjiang Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - W J Xun
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Cooke AS, Machekano H, Ventura-Cordero J, Louro-Lopez A, Joseph V, Gwiriri LC, Takahashi T, Morgan ER, Lee MRF, Nyamukondiwa C. Opportunities to improve goat production and food security in Botswana through forage nutrition and the use of supplemental feeds. Food Secur 2024; 16:607-622. [PMID: 38770158 PMCID: PMC11102351 DOI: 10.1007/s12571-024-01452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Goats fulfil a central role in food and nutritional security across Africa with over half of households owning or rearing goats in rural areas. However, goat performance is poor and mortality high. This study assessed the nutritional quality of commonly used feeds and proposes feed-baskets to enhance goat nutrition and health. Feeds were collected from 11 areas within the Central District of Botswana, and macronutrient analyses were conducted, including crude protein, fibre fractions, ash, and metabolizable energy (ME). Forage nutrition was compared across seasons and soil types. Additionally, seasonal supplementation trials were conducted to evaluate consumption rates of various supplements, including crop residues, pellets, Lablab purpureus, and Dichrostachys cinerea. Each supplement was provided ad libitum for a 24-h period, and consumption rates determined. Findings revealed significant differences in nutrition among various feed sources, across seasons, and in relation to soil types (p < 0.001). Consumption rates of supplements were higher during the dry season, possibly due to reduced forage availability. Supplement consumption rates varied across supplement type, with crop residues accounting for approximately 1% of dry matter intake, compared to up to 45% for pellets, 13% for L. purpureus, and 15% for D. cinerea. While wet season feed baskets exhibited higher ME values compared to dry-season feed-baskets, the relative impact of supplementation was more pronounced during the dry season. These results highlight the potential for optimizing goat diets through improved grazing and browsing management, especially during the reduced nutritional availability in the dry season in Botswana. Such diet optimisation may improve goat health and productivity, which may positively impact the food and financial security of smallholders by providing both increased yields and increased resilience. Importantly, rural communities can experience some of the lowest food security levels in the region. The interventions explored in this study utilise natural capital, often freely available, which can be deployed through existing husbandry systems, potentially making them accessible and practical to smallholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Cooke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
- Net-Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, UK
| | - Honest Machekano
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Javier Ventura-Cordero
- Escuela Superior de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, México
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Virgil Joseph
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Lovemore C. Gwiriri
- Net-Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, UK
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Taro Takahashi
- Net-Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, UK
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Eric R. Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Michael R. F. Lee
- Net-Zero and Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, UK
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
- School of Sustainable Food and Farming, Harper Adams University, Edgmond, UK
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makandla, 6140 South Africa
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3
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Liu J, Han L, Hou S, Gui L, Yuan Z, Sun S, Wang Z, Yang B. Integrated metabolome and microbiome analysis reveals the effect of rumen-protected sulfur-containing amino acids on the meat quality of Tibetan sheep meat. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345388. [PMID: 38389537 PMCID: PMC10883651 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study investigated the effects of rumen-protected sulfur-containing amino acids (RPSAA) on the rumen and jejunal microbiota as well as on the metabolites and meat quality of the longissimus lumborum (LL) in Tibetan sheep. Methods By combining 16S rDNA sequencing with UHPLC-Q-TOF MS and Pearson correlation analysis, the relationship between gastrointestinal microbiota, muscle metabolites and meat quality was identified. Results The results showed that feeding RPSAA can increase the carcass weight, abdominal fat thickness (AP-2 group), and back fat thickness (AP-2 and AP-3 group) of Tibetan sheep. The water holding capacity (WHC), texture, and shear force (SF) of LL in the two groups also increased although the fatty acids content and brightness (L*) value significantly decreased in the AP-2 group. Metabolomics and correlation analysis further showed that RPSAA could significantly influence the metabolites in purine metabolism, thereby affecting L* and SF. In addition, RPSAA was beneficial for the fermentation of the rumen and jejunum. In both groups, the abundance of Prevotella 1, Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group, Prevotella UCG-003, Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group in the rumen as well as the abundance of Eubacterium nodatum group and Mogibacterium group in the jejunum increased. In contrast, that of Turicibacter pathogens in the jejunum was reduced. The above microorganisms could regulate meat quality by regulating the metabolites (inosine, hypoxanthine, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, etc.) in purine and fatty acids metabolism. Discussion Overall, reducing the levels of crude proteins in the diet and feeding RPSAA is likely to improve the carcass quality of Tibetan sheep, with the addition of RPMET (AP-2) yielding the best edible quality, possibly due to its ability to influence the gastrointestinal microbiota to subsequently regulate muscle metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiQian Liu
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Lijuan Han
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shengzhen Hou
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Linsheng Gui
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yuan
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Shengnan Sun
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Baochun Yang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Weber SL, Hustedt K, Schnepel N, Visscher C, Muscher-Banse AS. Modulation of GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 Pathway in the Liver and Induction of FGF21 in Young Goats Fed a Protein- and/or Phosphorus-Reduced Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087153. [PMID: 37108315 PMCID: PMC10138370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammals respond to amino acid (AA) deficiency by initiating an AA response pathway (AAR) that involves the activation of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), and activation of transcription factor 4 (ATF4). In this study, the effects of protein (N) and/or phosphorus (P) restriction on the GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway in the liver and the induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in young goats were investigated. An N-reduced diet resulted in a decrease in circulating essential AA (EAA) and an increase in non-essential AA (NEAA), as well as an increase in hepatic mRNA expression of GCN2 and ATF4 and protein expression of GCN2. Dietary N restriction robustly increased both hepatic FGF21 mRNA expression and circulating FGF21 levels. Accordingly, numerous significant correlations demonstrated the effects of the AA profile on the AAR pathway and confirmed an association. Furthermore, activation of the AAR pathway depended on the sufficient availability of P. When dietary P was restricted, the GCN2/eIF2α/ATF4 pathway was not initiated, and no increase in FGF21 was observed. These results illustrate how the AAR pathway responds to N- and/or P-reduced diets in ruminants, thus demonstrating the complexity of dietary component changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Weber
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Hustedt
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Schnepel
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Visscher
- Institute for Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra S Muscher-Banse
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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Pilajun R, Lunsin R, Yeanpet C, Lunpha A, Paengkoum P, Jekmadan C. Protein requirement for maintenance of growing Boer crossbred doe. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:127. [PMID: 36949212 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03548-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of protein intake on nutrient metabolism and growth performance of female ≥ 50% Boer crossbred goats was investigated, along with protein requirements for their maintenance. Sixteen does were divided into four groups that were fed different levels of crude protein relative to the level recommended for purebred Boer by NRC (2007): 85% (0.85 M), 100% (1.00 M), 115% (1.15 M), and 130% (1.30 M). The experiment was conducted with does at 4-9 months of age. Feed intake, growth rate, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis of the does were determined. The relationship between crude protein intake (g/kg0.75 BW) and average daily gain (g/day) was tested using linear regression. It was found that crude protein intake, average daily gain, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein supply increased with dietary crude protein. Nutrient digestibility and nitrogen excreted via urine were not affected by treatments. At 4-6 months of age, Boer crossbred does require crude protein for maintenance to be ingested and absorbed at levels of 3.81 and 1.99 g/kg0.75 BW, respectively, while at 7-9 months of age, does require 4.68 g/kg0.75 BW ingested crude protein. Overall, growing does require 4.26 g/kg0.75 BW ingested crude protein for maintenance during 4-9 months of age, which is 6.78% lower than the recommendation of NRC (2007).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruangyote Pilajun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand.
| | - Ratchataporn Lunsin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34000, Thailand
| | - Chitraporn Yeanpet
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand
| | - Areerat Lunpha
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand
| | - Pramote Paengkoum
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Jekmadan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, 34190, Thailand
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Kim HJ, Kim HJ, Kim KW, Lee J, Lee SH, Lee SS, Choi BH, Shin DJ, Jeon KH, Choi JY, Jang A. Effect of Feeding Alfalfa and Concentrate on Meat Quality and Bioactive Compounds in Korean Native Black Goat Loin during Storage at 4°C. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:517-535. [PMID: 35611072 PMCID: PMC9108953 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding alfalfa: Concentrate at different ratios (8:2 or 2:8) to Korean native black goats (KNBG) for 90 days on meat quality and bioactive compound content. Feeding KNBG alfalfa and concentrate at different ratios did not impact meat pH, color, microorganism composition, volatile basic nitrogen levels, or lipid oxidation. The low alfalfa (KLA) group exhibited increased oleic acid and monosaturated fatty acid levels, both of which impact the palatability traits of meat. The abundance of bioactive compounds increased in the loin meat of the KLA group, leading to an increase in antioxidant activities. Our results suggest that feeding alfalfa and concentrate at a 2:8 ratio to KNBG can increase taste-related fatty acids and bioactive compounds in loin meat, relative to that achieved by feeding at an 8:2 ratio. Further investigation is required to evaluate the quality and the metabolites of bioactive compounds in KNBG meat and the effect of the different dietary ratios of forage and concentrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology,
Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kim
- Poultry Research Institute, National
Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25342, Korea
| | - Kwan-Woo Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center,
National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Hamyang 50000, Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center,
National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Hamyang 50000, Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Lee
- Grassland and Forages Division, National
Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration,
Cheonan 30801, Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Lee
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center,
National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Hamyang 50000, Korea
| | - Bong-Hwan Choi
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center,
National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development
Administration, Hamyang 50000, Korea
| | - Dong-Jin Shin
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ki-Hong Jeon
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- Department of Division of Food Science and
Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu 11644,
Korea
| | - Aera Jang
- Department of Applied Animal Science,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Zhu W, Liu T, Deng J, Wei CC, Zhang ZJ, Wang DM, Chen XY. Microbiome-metabolomics analysis of the effects of decreasing dietary crude protein content on goat rumen mictobiota and metabolites. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1535-1544. [PMID: 35240019 PMCID: PMC9449381 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of decreasing dietary crude protein content on rumen fermentation, mictobiota, and metabolites in goats. Methods In an 84-day feeding trial, a total of twelve male Anhui white goat kids with initial body weight 15.9±1.13 kg were selected and randomly classified into two groups, feeding a normal crude protein diet (14.8% CP, NCP) or a low crude protein diet (12.0% CP, LCP). At the end of the experimental trial (on day 84), six animals were randomly selected from each group and were slaughtered to collect rumen fluid samples for the analysis of rumen fermentation parameters, microbiome, and metabolome. Results The concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, total volatile fatty acid, acetate, and propionate were decreased (p<0.05) in the LCP group in comparison with those in the NCP group. The abundances of genera Prevotella, Campylobacter, Synergistetes, and TG5, which were associated with nitrogen metabolism, were lower (p<0.05) in the LCP group compared with those in the NCP group. The levels of 78 metabolites (74 decreased, 4 increased) in the rumen fluid were altered (p<0.05) by the treatment. Most of the ruminal metabolites that showed decreased levels in the LCP group were substrates for microbial protein synthesis. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that vitamin B6 metabolism was significantly different (p<0.05) in rumen fluid between the two treatments. Conclusion Decreased dietary protein level inhibited rumen fermentation through microbiome and metabolome shifts in goat kids. These results enhance our understanding of ruminal bacteria and metabolites of goat fed a low protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianwei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jian Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Cong Cong Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zi Jun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Di Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutirtion, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang university, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Yong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Mi H, Ren A, Zhu J, Ran T, Shen W, Zhou C, Zhang B, Tan Z. Effects of different protein sources on nutrient disappearance, rumen fermentation parameters and microbiota in dual-flow continuous culture system. AMB Express 2022; 12:15. [PMID: 35142936 PMCID: PMC8831666 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarce high-quality protein feed resources has limited the development of animal husbandry. In this study, we used a dual-flow continuous culture system to evaluate effects of difference dietary protein sources including soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), and rapeseed meal (RSM), on nutrient disappearance, rumen fermentation, and microbiota of XiongDong black goats. Dietary proteins of either CSM, RSM or SBM had no effect on nutrient disappearance (P > 0.05). CSM or RSM significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the pH and enhanced (P < 0.01) the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration in fermentation liquid compared to SBM. The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) contents were greater (P = 0.05) and acetate was lower (P < 0.01) in SBM than those in RSM and CSM, whereas propionate was greater (P < 0.01) in RSM than that in SBM, consequently reducing the acetate to propionate ratio (A/P) in RSM. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were detected as the dominant phyla, and the relative abundances of Spirochaetae (P < 0.01) and Chlorobi (P < 0.05) declined in the CSM and RSM groups as compared to those in the SBM group. At the genus level, Prevotella_1 was the dominant genus; as compared to SBM, its relative abundance was greater (P < 0.01) in CSM and RSM. The abundances of Prevotellaceae_Ga6A1 and Christensenellaceae_R7 were lower (P < 0.05) in CSM, whereas Eubacterium_oxidoreducens_group, and Treponema_2 were lower (P < 0.01) in both CSM and RSM, and other genera were not different (P > 0.10). Although the bacterial community changed with different dietary protein sources, the disappearances of nutrients were not affected, suggesting that CSM and RSM could be used by rumen bacteria, as in case with SBM, and are suitable protein sources for ruminant diets.
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