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Silvestre AM, Souza JM, Millen DD. Adoption of adaptation protocols and feed additives to improve performance of feedlot cattle. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2023.2191679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. Silvestre
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johnny M. Souza
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo D. Millen
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
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Squizatti MM, Rigueiro ALN, Silvestre AM, Soares CHG, Assumpção AHPM, Dias EFF, Felizari LD, Silva LAF, Souza KLR, Carvalho VM, Demartini BL, Souza JM, Millen DD. Shortening the adaptation of Nellore cattle to high-concentrate diets using only virginiamycin as sole feed additive negatively impacts ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1089903. [PMID: 37065251 PMCID: PMC10090337 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1089903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Feedlot cattle are usually adapted to high-concentrate diets containing sodium monensin (MON) in more than 14 days. However, considering that the dry matter intake DMI is usually lower during adaptation when compared to the finishing period, the use of MON during adaptation may decrease even further the DMI, and virginiamycin (VM) may be an alternative. This study was designed to investigate the effects of shortening the adaptation length from 14 to 9 or 6 days on ruminal metabolism, feeding behavior, and nutrient digestibility of Nellore cattle fed high-concentrate diets containing only VM as the sole feed additive. The experimental design was a 5 × 5 Latin square, where each period lasted 21 days. Five 17 mo-old Nellore yearling bulls were used (415 ± 22 kg of body weight), which were assigned to five treatments: (1) MON (30 mg/kg) and adaptation for 14 days; (2) MON (30 mg/kg) + VM (25 mg/kg) and adaptation for 14 days; (3) VM (25 mg/kg) and adaptation for 14 days; (4) VM (25 mg/kg) and adaptation for 9 days, and (5) VM (25 mg/kg) and adaptation for 6 days. A quadratic effect for adaptation length when only VM was fed was observed for mean pH (P = 0.03), duration of pH below 5.2 (P = 0.01) and 6.2 (P = 0.01), where cattle consuming VM adapted for 9 days had higher mean pH and shorter period of pH below 5.2 and 6.2. Cattle that consumed only MON had a lower concentration of butyrate (P = 0.02) and a higher concentration of propionate (P = 0.04) when compared to those consuming VM and adapted for 14 days. As the adaptation length decreased for animals consuming only VM, the rumen degradability of dry matter (P < 0.01), neutral detergent fiber (P < 0.01), and starch (P < 0.01) decreased; however, protozoa numbers of Entodinium and total protozoa increased. It is not recommended to shorten the adaptation length of these animals to either 6 or 9 days without negatively impacting nutrient disappearance and ruminal fermentation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. Squizatti
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André L. N. Rigueiro
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio M. Silvestre
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos H. G. Soares
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alice H. P. M. Assumpção
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro F. F. Dias
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana D. Felizari
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro A. F. Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia L. R. Souza
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor M. Carvalho
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Breno L. Demartini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johnny M. Souza
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo D. Millen
- College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Danilo D. Millen
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Silva TIS, Souza JM, Acedo TS, Carvalho VV, Perdigão A, Silva LAF, Silvestre AM, Niehues MB, Schleifer WF, Casali DM, Martins CL, Arrigoni MDB, Millen DD. Feedlot performance, rumen and cecum morphometrics of Nellore cattle fed increasing levels of diet starch containing a blend of essential oils and amylase or monensin. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1090097. [PMID: 36950544 PMCID: PMC10026699 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1090097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Feed additives used in finishing diets improve energy efficiency in ruminal fermentation, resulting in increased animal performance. However, there is no report evaluating the effect of BEO associated with exogenous α-amylase in response to increased starch content in feedlot diets. Our objective was to evaluate increasing levels of starch in the diet associated with a blend of essential oils plus amylase or sodium Monensin on performance, carcass characteristics, and ruminal and cecal morphometry of feedlot cattle. 210 Nellore bulls were used (initial body weight of 375 ± 13.25), where they were blocked and randomly allocated in 30 pens. The experiment was designed in completely randomized blocks in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement: three starch levels (25, 35, and 45%), and two additives: a blend of essential oils plus α-amylase (BEO, 90 and 560 mg/kg of DM, respectively) or sodium Monensin (MON, 26 mg/kg DM). The animals were fed once a day at 08:00 ad libitum and underwent an adaptation period of 14 days. The diets consisted of sugarcane bagasse, ground corn, soybean hulls, cottonseed, soybean meal, mineral-vitamin core, and additives. The animals fed BEO35 had higher dry matter intake (P = 0.02) and daily weight gain (P = 0.02). The MON treatment improved feed efficiency (P = 0.02). The treatments BEO35 and BEO45 increased hot carcass weight (P < 0.01). Animals fed BEO presented greater carcass yield (P = 0.01), carcass gain (P < 0.01), rib eye area gain (P = 0.01), and final rib eye area (P = 0.02) when compared to MON. The MON25 treatment improved carcass gain efficiency (P = 0.01), final marbling (P = 0.04), and final subcutaneous fat thickness (P < 0.01). The use of MON reduced the fecal starch% (P < 0.01). Cattle-fed BEO increased rumen absorptive surface area (P = 0.05) and % ASA papilla area (P < 0.01). The MON treatment reduced the cecum lesions score (P = 0.02). Therefore, the use of BEO with 35 and 45% starch increases carcass production with similar biological efficiency as MON; and animals consuming MON25 improve feed efficiency and reduce lesions in the rumen and cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiano I. S. Silva
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Johnny M. Souza
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leandro A. F. Silva
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Antonio M. Silvestre
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Betania Niehues
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Werner F. Schleifer
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Daniel M. Casali
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Cyntia L. Martins
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario D. B. Arrigoni
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo D. Millen
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Danilo D. Millen
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DIXIT SONAM, KUMAR SACHIN, TYAGI AK. Changes in in vitro rumen fermentation parameters of crossbred cattle (Bos taurus) and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in response to diet at different time intervals. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v92i11.126763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the diet adaptation period is critical for feeding experiments in ruminants to have significant changes in the concerned parameters. An in vitro trial was conducted to investigate the impact of the sampling at different time periods (day 0, 11, 21, and 60) to determine the adaptation period of feed treatment over the ruminal fermentation parameters in crossbred Karan-Fries cattle (Bos taurus) and Murrah (Bubalus bubalis) heifers. Two types of total mixed rations (TMRs), viz. high forage diet (HFD) having roughage and concentrate ratio (R:C) as 70:30 and high concentrate diet (HCD) having R:C as 40:60 were formulated, and fed to cattle and heifers. Rumen liquors were collected from all the animals on 0, 11, 21, and 60 days. HFD and HCD diets were incubated with strained rumen liquor collected from cattle and buffalo adopting Menke’s in vitro gas procedure. The results showed that most of the in vitro rumen fermentation parameters, viz. total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs) (mM/ml), acetate (%), propionate (%), butyrate (%), acetate propionate ratio (A:P), partitioning factor (PF) and microbial biomass production (MBP) (mg), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) (%) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) (%) were significantly different at day 0 and 11 compared to day 21. Afterward, up to day 60, there were no effects reported except increased IVDMD and IVOMD for buffalo compared to day 21. As a result of our findings, it can be concluded that there are significant differences in rumen fermentation parameters at 11 and 21 days and that the time period for cattle and buffalo should not be reduced to 11 days from 21 days in order to achieve proper feed adaptation and stabilize the rumen fermentation process. Further research is needed to investigate the impacts of the adaption period at various time intervals.
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Zhou L, Raza SHA, Han L, Ma B, Althobaiti F, Kesba H, Shukry M, Ghamry HI, Gao Z, Hou S, Yang B, Wang Z, Gui LS. Effects of dietary concentrate: forage ratio on development of gastrointestinal tract in black Tibetan sheep. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2053131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, People’s Republic of China
| | - LiJuan Han
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - BoYan Ma
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fayez Althobaiti
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabi
| | - Hosny Kesba
- Zoology and Agricultural Nematology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Heba I. Ghamry
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - ZhanHong Gao
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengzhen Hou
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - BaoChun Yang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-sheng Gui
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, People’s Republic of China
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Rigueiro ALN, Squizatti MM, Silvestre AM, Pinto ACJ, Estevam DD, Felizari LD, Dias EFF, Demartini BL, Nunes ABPC, Costa VCM, Caixeta EL, Santi PF, Soares CHG, Arrigoni MDB, Millen DD. The Potential of Shortening the Adaptation of Nellore Cattle to High-Concentrate Diets Using Only Virginiamycin as Sole Feed Additive. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:692705. [PMID: 34409088 PMCID: PMC8366601 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.692705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedlot cattle are usually adapted to high-concentrate diets containing sodium monensin (MON) in more than 14 days. However, for finishing diets with lower energy content, the use of MON during adaptation may hold dry matter intake (DMI), and virginiamycin (VM) may be an alternative. This study was designed to determine the potential of shortening the adaptation of Nellore cattle to high-concentrate diets using only VM as a sole feed additive relative to feedlot performance, feeding behavior, and ruminal and cecum morphometrics. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block replicated six times (four animals/pen) in which 120 Nellore bulls (390.4 ± 19.0 kg) were fed in 30 pens for 111 days according to the following treatments: (1) MON and adaptation for 14 days (MON14), (2) MON + VM and adaptation for 14 days (MONVM14), (3) VM and adaptation for 14 days (VM14), (4) VM and adaptation for 9 days (VM9), and (5) VM and adaptation for 6 days (VM6). At the end of the adaptation, 30 animals (n = 1 per pen) were randomly slaughtered for rumen and cecum evaluations. The remaining 90 bulls were harvested at the end of the study. No effects of treatments were observed (P < 0.10) for final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), and hot carcass weight (HCW). Cattle fed VM14 presented a greater (P ≤ 0.03) DMI, expressed as percent of body weight (BW), than animals fed either MON14 or MONVM14; however, cattle fed either MON14 or MONVM14 improved (P ≤ 0.02) the gain-to-feed ratio (G/F) by 10.4 or 8.1%, respectively, when compared to bulls fed VM14. Bulls fed VM14 had smaller (P < 0.05) papillae area (0.34 vs. 0.42 cm2) and rumen absorptive surface area (28.9 vs. 33.8 cm2) than those fed MON14. The shortening of the adaptation period linearly decreased the 12th rib fat (P = 0.02) and biceps femoris fat daily gain (P = 0.02) of Nellore bulls fed only VM, which linearly decreased the final biceps femoris fat thickness (P < 0.01). Feedlot cattle fed VM as a sole feed additive should not be adapted to high-concentrate diets in less than 14 days. Regardless of either adaptation length or feed additive, feedlot cattle need at least 14 days to adapt to finishing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L N Rigueiro
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Squizatti
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Silvestre
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana C J Pinto
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Daniela D Estevam
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luana D Felizari
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Evandro F F Dias
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Breno L Demartini
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana B P C Nunes
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Victor C M Costa
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L Caixeta
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Pedro F Santi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Carlos H G Soares
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
| | - Mario D B Arrigoni
- Department of Breeding and Animal Nutrition, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Danilo D Millen
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agricultural and Technological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dracena, Brazil
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Watanabe DHM, Bertoldi GP, Dos Santos AA, da Silva Filho WI, de Oliveira LFR, Pinto ACJ, Ceola Stefano Pereira M, Estevam DD, Squizatti MM, Pinheiro RSB, Millen DD. Growth performance and rumen morphometrics of Nellore and ½ Angus/Nellore feedlot cattle adapted over 9 and 14 days to high-concentrate diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:12-23. [PMID: 33788347 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adapting Nellore and ½ Angus/Nellore (AN) feedlot cattle over periods of 9 and 14 days to high-concentrate diets on performance, feeding behaviour, carcass traits and rumen morphometrics. Seventy-two yearling bulls (313.5 kg ± 24.5), 36 Nellore and 36 AN, were randomly allocated in 24 pens (3 animals/pen; 24 m2 and 2.0 m of bunk space/animal) according to a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments as follows: Nellore adapted for 9 days, Nellore adapted for 14 days, AN adapted for 9 days, and AN adapted for 14 days. Each treatment was composed by 6 pens (considered the experimental unit in this study). The adaptation lasted either 9 or 14 days and consisted of 3 step-up diets. Therefore, yearling bulls received the finishing diet containing 86% concentrate either on day 10 or 15 of the study, which lasted 89 days taking into account adaptation and finishing periods. Cattle were slaughtered in a commercial abattoir, and two 1-cm2 -rumen fragments, one from cranial and another from ventral sac, were collected. The AN cattle outperformed Nellore in terms of average daily gain (1.71 kg/day vs. 1.27 kg/day, p < 0.01), gain:feed ratio (0.137 kg/kg vs. 0.127 kg/kg, p = 0.02) and hot carcass weight (243.64 kg vs. 228.98 kg, p < 0.01). No main effect of the adaptation period was observed for any of the feedlot performance and carcass traits variables evaluated. Compared to feedlot cattle adapted for 9 days, feedlot cattle adapted for 14 days sorted against long (0.68 vs. 0.91, p < 0.01) and for fine particles (1.04 vs. 1.00, p = 0.01). An interaction (p < 0.01) of genotype and adaptation period was observed for rumenitis, where Nellore bulls adapted for 14 days presented the highest scores. In conclusion, there was no evidence that either Nellore or AN cattle benefit from an adaptation period shorter than 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hideki Mariano Watanabe
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Dracena Experimental Campus, Dracena, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Perina Bertoldi
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Dracena Experimental Campus, Dracena, Brazil
| | - Anderson Augusto Dos Santos
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Dracena Experimental Campus, Dracena, Brazil
| | - Wilson Inacio da Silva Filho
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Dracena Experimental Campus, Dracena, Brazil
| | - Lucas Felipe Rebeschini de Oliveira
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Dracena Experimental Campus, Dracena, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Janssen Pinto
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Dracena Experimental Campus, Dracena, Brazil
| | - Murillo Ceola Stefano Pereira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Botucatu Campus, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Daniela Dutra Estevam
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Botucatu Campus, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mariana Martins Squizatti
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Dracena Experimental Campus, Dracena, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silvio Bonilha Pinheiro
- Department of Biology and Animal Science, College of Engineering, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Ilha Solteira Campus, Ilha Solteira, Brazil
| | - Danilo Domingues Millen
- College of Technology and Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University Julio de Mesquita Filho (Unesp) - Dracena Experimental Campus, Dracena, Brazil
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