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DuPriest EA, Lin B, Kupfer P, Sekiguchi K, Bhusari A, Quackenbush A, Celebic A, Morgan TK, Purnell JQ, Bagby SP. Effects of postweaning calorie restriction on accelerated growth and adiponectin in nutritionally programmed microswine offspring. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R354-R368. [PMID: 29924631 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00162.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Poor prenatal development, followed by rapid childhood growth, conveys greater cardiometabolic risk in later life. Microswine offspring exposed to perinatal maternal protein restriction [MPR; "low protein offspring" (LPO)] grow poorly in late-fetal/neonatal stages. After weaning to an ad libitum (AL) diet, LPO-AL exhibit accelerated growth and fat deposition rates with low adiponectin mRNA, despite low-normal body fat and small intra-abdominal adipocytes. We examined effects of caloric restriction (CR) on growth and metabolic status in LPO and normal protein offspring (NPO) randomized to AL or CR diets from weaning. CR transiently reduced growth in both LPO and NPO, delaying recovery in female LPO-CR. Over 7.5-12.5 weeks, linear growth rates in LPO-CR were slower than LPO-AL ( P < 0.001) but exceeded NPO-AL; body weight growth rates fell but were lower in LPO-CR versus NPO-CR. Linear acceleration ceased after 12 weeks. At 16 weeks, percent catch-up in LPO-CR was reduced versus LPO-AL ( P < 0.001). Plasma growth hormone was low in LPO ( P < 0.02). CR normalized fat deposition rate, yet adiponectin mRNA remained low in LPO-CR ( P < 0.001); plasma adiponectin was low in all LPO-AL and in female LPO-CR. Insulin sensitivity improved during CR. We conclude that in LPO: 1) CR delays onset of, but does not abolish, accelerated linear growth, despite low growth hormone; 2) CR yields stunting via delayed onset, plus a finite window for linear growth acceleration; 3) MPR lowers adiponectin mRNA independently of growth, adiposity, or adipocyte size; and 4) MPR reduces circulating adiponectin in LPO-AL and female LPO-CR, potentially enhancing cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A DuPriest
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon.,Division of Natural Sciences and Health, Warner Pacific University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Baoyu Lin
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Philipp Kupfer
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kaiu Sekiguchi
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Amruta Bhusari
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexandra Quackenbush
- Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Almir Celebic
- Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon.,Division of Natural Sciences and Health, Warner Pacific University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Terry K Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Jonathan Q Purnell
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Susan P Bagby
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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Liu X, Pan S, Li X, Sun Q, Yang X, Zhao R. Maternal low-protein diet affects myostatin signaling and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of offspring piglets at weaning stage. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:971-9. [PMID: 25266448 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0773-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that maternal low-protein (LP) diet during gestation and lactation can program myostatin (MSTN) signaling and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of offspring at weaning stage (35 days). METHODS Fourteen Meishan sows were fed either LP or standard-protein diets throughout gestation and lactation, male offspring piglets were killed at weaning stage and longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were taken. The cross-sectional areas (CSA) of LD muscles were measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of free amino acids in plasma were measured by amino acid auto-analyzer. Proteins and mRNA were determined by Western blot and RT-qPCR, respectively. RESULTS Body weight, LD muscle weight and the myofiber CSA were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in LP piglets; meanwhile, the concentration of branched-chain amino acids was also significantly decreased (P < 0.001). MSTN protein content tended to be higher (P = 0.098) in LP piglets, while the expression of MSTN receptors, activin type II receptor-beta and transforming growth factor type-beta type I receptor kinase, was significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). Furthermore, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, the downstream signaling factor of MSTN, was also enhanced significantly (P < 0.05). In addition, key factors of translation initiation, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and the 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase, were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in LP piglets. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that maternal LP diet during gestation and lactation affects MSTN signaling and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of offspring at weaning stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
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Maternal malnutrition and placental insufficiency induce global downregulation of gene expression in fetal kidneys. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 2:124-33. [PMID: 25140926 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174410000632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Malnutrition during pregnancy causes intrauterine growth restriction and long-term changes in the offspring's physiology and metabolism. To explore molecular mechanisms by which the intrauterine environment conveys programming in fetal kidneys, an organ known to undergo substantial changes in many animal models of late gestational undernutrition, we used a microswine model of maternal protein restriction (MPR) in which sows were exposed to isocaloric low protein (LP) diet during late gestation/early lactation to encompass the bulk of nephrogenesis. To define general v. model-specific effects, we also used a sheep model of placental insufficiency. In kidneys from near-term fetal and neonatal microswine LP offspring, per cell levels of total RNA, poly(A)+ mRNA and transcripts of several randomly chosen housekeeping genes were significantly reduced compared to controls. Microarray analysis revealed only a few MPR-resistant genes that escape such downregulation. The ratio of histone modifications H3K4m3/H3K9m3 (active/silenced) was reduced at promoters of downregulated but not MPR-resistant genes suggesting that transcriptional suppression is the point of control. In juvenile offspring, on a normal diet from weaning, cellular RNA levels and histone mark patterns were recovered to near control levels, indicating that global repression of transcription is dependent on ongoing MPR. Importantly, cellular RNA content was also reduced in ovine fetal kidneys during placental insufficiency. These studies show that global repression of transcription may be a universal consequence of a poor intrauterine environment that contributes to fetal restriction.
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Altered adipocyte structure and function in nutritionally programmed microswine offspring. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 3:198-209. [PMID: 25102010 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction links obesity of any cause with cardiometabolic disease, but whether early-life nutritional deficiency can program adipocyte dysfunction independently of obesity is untested. In 3-5-month-old juvenile microswine offspring exposed to isocaloric perinatal maternal protein restriction (MPR) and exhibiting accelerated prepubertal fat accrual without obesity, we assessed markers of acquired obesity: adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels and adipocyte size in intra-abdominal (ABD-AT) and subcutaneous (SC-AT) adipose tissues. Plasma cortisol, leptin and insulin levels were measured in fetal, neonatal and juvenile offspring. In juvenile low-protein offspring (LPO), adipocyte size in ABD-AT was reduced 22% (P = 0.011 v. controls), whereas adipocyte size in SC-AT was increased in female LPO (P = 0.05) and normal in male LPO; yet, adiponectin mRNA in LPO was low in both sexes and in both depots (P < 0.001). Plasma leptin (P = 0.004) and cortisol (P < 0.05) were reduced only in neonatal LPO during MPR. In juveniles, correlations between % body fat and adiponectin mRNA, TNF-α mRNA or plasma leptin were significant in normal-protein offspring (NPO) but absent in LPO. Plasma glucose in juvenile LPO was increased in males but decreased in females (interaction, P = 0.023); plasma insulin levels and insulin sensitivity were unaffected. Findings support nutritional programming of adipocyte size and gene expression and subtly altered glucose homeostasis. Reduced adiponectin mRNA and adipokine dysregulation in juvenile LPO following accelerated growth occurred independently of obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy or inflammatory markers; thus, perinatal MPR and/or growth acceleration can alter adipocyte structure and disturb adipokine homeostasis in metabolically adverse patterns predictive of enhanced disease risk.
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