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Abstract
The mechanism of charge transport by metal complexes confined in polymer matrices is reviewed. There are two possibilities, one where the charge propagates in the matrix by diffusion of redox center molecules, and the other where the charge propagates by hopping between redox center molecules. The mechanism can be decided by investigating the dependence of the charge propagation rate on the redox center concentration, since in the diffusion mechanism the rate is first-order with respect to the concentration, while in the hopping mechanism it is second-order. In the hopping mechanism the charge-hopping distance can be analyzed by assuming a random distribution of the redox center in the matrix. The mechanism of charge transport by typical redox centers such as metal porphyrins, metal phthalocyanines, [Formula: see text] and methylviologen confined in a polymer membrane is presented and the charge-hopping distance is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIAN ZHANG
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - FENG ZHAO
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - MASAO KANEKO
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
- The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Wako, Saitama 351-0106, Japan
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Chun-Hai F, Gen-Xi L, De-Xu Z, Jian-Qin Z. Redox reactions of cytochrome c facilitated by silver-imidazole complex. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20000180120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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3
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Yang Z, Zhao J, Xie Y, Bai Y, Du Z, Yang Z. Ultramicroelectrode Voltammetric Investigation of the Micellar Phase of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate in Aqueous Solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.217.9.1109.20403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ultramicroelectrode voltammetric measurements have been made on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) in aqueous solutions using K4Fe(CN)6 as the electroactive probe and H2SO4 as the supporting electrolyte. By extrapolation, the SDS micellar diffusion coefficient (D
m), hydrodynamic radius (R
m), aggregation number (n), and the molecular weight of SDS micellar in aqueous solutions at various surfactant concentrations are obtained. The partition coefficients, KD
, of the electroactive probe between micelle and water continuous phase are also estimated. The results suggest that the probe is sensitive to the surfactant concentration and reflect the changes of the structure and the hydrophobic nature of micelles.
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Tong S, Jin H, Zheng D, Wang W, Li X, Xu Y, Song W. Investigations on copper–titanate intercalation materials for amperometric sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:2404-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Lee SJ, Pyun SI, Lee SK, Kang SJL. Fundamentals of Rotating Disc and Ring-Disc Electrode Techniques and their Applications to Study of the Oxygen Reduction Mechanism at Pt/C Electrode for Fuel Cells. Isr J Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1560/ijc.48.3-4.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric detection of tRNA by labelling with osmium tetroxide. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Zejli H, Hidalgo‐Hidalgo de Cisneros JL, Naranjo‐Rodriguez I, Elbouhouti H, Choukairi M, Bouchta D, Temsamani KR. Electrochemical Analysis of Mercury Using a Kryptofix Carbon‐Paste Electrode. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701577906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Méndez MA, Súarez MF, Cortés MT, Sarria VM. Electrochemical properties and electro-aggregation of silver carbonate sol on polycrystalline platinum electrode and its electrocatalytic activity towards glyphosate oxidation. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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9
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Zhu M, Jiang Z, Jing W, Yang B. Radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Au and low temperature plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicon nitride for ring ultramicroelectrodes fabrication. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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10
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Zhu M, Jiang Z, Jing W. Development of disk ultramicroelectrodes based on low melting or softening point metal fibers by low temperature plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Swaddle TW. Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Self-Exchange Electron Transfer Reactions of Metal Complexes: Insights from Pressure Effects. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2573-608. [PMID: 15941222 DOI: 10.1021/cr030727g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Swaddle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Sun X, Yan J, Yang X, Wang E. Electrochemical detector based on sol-gel-derived carbon composite material for capillary electrophoresis microchips. Electrophoresis 2004; 25:3455-60. [PMID: 15490438 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200305967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An on-chip disk electrode based on sol-gel-derived carbon composite material could be easily and reproducibly fabricated. Unlike other carbon-based electrodes reported previously, this detector is rigid, convenient to fabricate, and amenable to chemical modifications. Based on the stable and reproducible characters of this detector, a copper particle-modified detector was developed for the detection of carbohydrates which extends the application of the carbon-based electrode. In our experiments, the performance of the new integrated detector for rapid on-chip measurement of epinephrine and glucose was illustrated. Experimental procedures including the fabrication of this detector, the configuration of separation channel outlet and electrode verge, and the performance characteristics of this new electrochemical detector were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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14
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Suzuki K, Shiroishi H, Hoshino M, Kaneko M. New Quasi-solid Materials as a Medium for Photochemical Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034099i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Suzuki
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan, and The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Shiroishi
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan, and The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan, and The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masao Kaneko
- Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan, and The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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Fanguy JC, Henry CS. The analysis of uric acid in urine using microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. Electrophoresis 2002; 23:767-73. [PMID: 11891710 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200203)23:5<767::aid-elps767>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have linked irregular concentrations of uric acid in urine to several diseases. Conventional methods for the measurement of uric acid are however temperature-dependent, expensive, and require labile reagents. The miniaturization of analytical techniques, specifically capillary electrophoresis, offers an ideal alternative for clinical analyses such as uric acid determination. The added benefits include reduced reagent and analyte consumption, decreased maintenance costs, and increased throughput and portability. A microchip capillary electrophoresis-electrochemical system for the analysis of uric acid in urine is described. The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/glass microchip utilizes amperometric detection via an off-chip platinum working electrode. Linear responses from 1 to 165 microM and 15 to 110 microM were found for dopamine and uric acid, respectively. The limit of detection for both compounds was 1 microM. Once characterized, the system was used to measure the concentration of uric acid in a dilute urine sample in less than 30 s. The measured uric acid concentration was verified with the uricase reaction and found to be acceptable. Six additional urine samples were evaluated with the microchip device and the uric acid concentration for each sample was found to be in the expected clinical concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Fanguy
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Gu HY, Yu AM, Yuan SS, Chen HY. AMPEROMETRIC NITRIC OXIDE BIOSENSOR BASED ON THE IMMOBILIZATION OF HEMOGLOBIN ON A NANOMETER-SIZED GOLD COLLOID MODIFIED AU ELECTRODE. ANAL LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120003167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Yao D, Prodromidis MI, Vlessidis AG, Karayannis MI, Evmiridis NP. Membrane sampler for interference-free flow injection NO determination in biological fluids with chemiluminescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Joo P, Varga K. Radiocolloid-modified electrodes: electroaggregation of silver radiosol. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(01)00743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Surface resistance measurements on thin gold film electrodes coated with poly(o-aminophenol) films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Hoyer B, Jensen N, Busch LP. Effect of the Pretreatment of Recast Nafion Membraneson Their Rejection of the Albumin Interferencein Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200106)13:10<843::aid-elan843>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Vidal JC, García-Ruiz E, Castillo JR. Design of a Multilayer Cholesterol Amperometric Biosensorfor Preparation and Use in Flow Systems. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200103)13:3<229::aid-elan229>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Electrochemical methods of analysis of inorganic substances. Publications for 1990–1999. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02757323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Fan C, Zhuang Y, Li G, Zhu J, Zhu D. Direct Electrochemistry and Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Hemoglobin in a Sodium Montmorillonite Film. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200010)12:14<1156::aid-elan1156>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Anderson JL, Coury LA, Leddy J. Dynamic electrochemistry: methodology and application. Anal Chem 2000; 72:4497-520. [PMID: 11008788 DOI: 10.1021/ac0007837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-2556, USA
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Wang J, Gründler P, Flechsig GU, Jasinski M, Rivas G, Sahlin E, Paz JL. Stripping analysis of nucleic acids at a heated carbon paste electrode. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3752-6. [PMID: 10959959 DOI: 10.1021/ac000286q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new electrically heated carbon paste electrode has been developed for performing adsorptive stripping measurements of trace nucleic acids. Such coupling of electrochemistry at electrically heated electrodes with adsorptive constant-current stripping chronopotentiometry offers distinct advantages for trace measurements of nucleic acids. The application of increased temperatures during the deposition step results in dramatic (4-34-fold, depending on temperature applied) enhancement of the stripping signal. Such improvement is attributed to the accumulation step at the heated electrode. Forced thermal convection near the electrode surface facilitates the use of quiescent solutions and hence of ultrasmall volumes. Using an electrode temperature of 32 degrees C and a quiescent solution during the 1-min accumulation, the response is linear over the 1-8 mg/L range tested, with a detection limit of 0.5 mg/L. Such electrode heating technology offers great promise for various applications involving thermal manipulations of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003, USA.
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28
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Albert KJ, Lewis NS, Schauer CL, Sotzing GA, Stitzel SE, Vaid TP, Walt DR. Cross-reactive chemical sensor arrays. Chem Rev 2000; 100:2595-626. [PMID: 11749297 DOI: 10.1021/cr980102w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K J Albert
- The Max Tishler Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, and Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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Muguruma H, Hiratsuka A, Karube I. Thin-film glucose biosensor based on plasma-polymerized film: simple design for mass production. Anal Chem 2000; 72:2671-5. [PMID: 10857654 DOI: 10.1021/ac000014n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We propose a simple thin-film glucose biosensor based on a plasma-polymerized film. The film is deposited directly onto the substrate under dry conditions. The resulting films are extreme thin, adhere well onto the substrate (electrode), and have a highly cross-linked network structure and functional groups, such as amino groups, which enable a large amount of enzyme to be immobilized. Since this design allows fabrication through a dry process, with the exception of the enzyme immobilization, which is the last stage of the process, the chip fabrication can be designed as a full-wafer process to achieve mass production compatibility. The resulting sensors produced using this film are more reproducible, exhibit lower noise, and reduce the effect of interference to a greater degree than sensors made using conventional immobilization methods, e.g., via 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. The obtained film is a good interfacial design between enzyme and electrode; enzyme two-dimensionally locates very close to the electrode in a manner that is quite reproducible. Therefore, a wide dynamic range (up to 60 mM) and rapid response time (11.5+/-0.8 s) were obtained. Because of its highly cross-linking network structure, the amperometric response due to interferences such as ascorbic acid and acetaminophen was reduced by size discrimination of plasma-polymerized films.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Muguruma
- Department of Environmental Systems Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada, Japan.
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Florou AB, Prodromidis MI, Karayannis MI, Tzouwara-Karayanni SM. Electrochemical Behavior and Analytical Utility of a Controlled Porosity Cellulose Acetate Film Bearing 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol. ELECTROANAL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(20000301)12:5<361::aid-elan361>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji KANO
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Tokuji IKEDA
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003, USA
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Wang J, Bollo S, Lopez Paz JL, Sahlin E, Mukherjee B. Ultratrace Measurements of Nucleic Acids by Baseline-Corrected Adsorptive Stripping Square-Wave Voltammetry. Anal Chem 1999; 71:1910-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ac981432j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Soledad Bollo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Jose Luis Lopez Paz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Eskil Sahlin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
| | - Baidehi Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003
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