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Schmidt AH, Stanic M, Parr MK. ICH Q14-inspired novel approach to establish an SFC-based purity method for carbamazepine. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:680-691. [PMID: 38225737 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The proposed ICH Q14 guideline "Analytical procedure development" describes science and risk-based approaches for development and maintenance of analytical procedures suitable for the assessment of the quality of drug substances and drug products. As a case study, the systematic development and validation of a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC)-based purity method for carbamazepine is presented. Systematic analytical quality by design (AQbD) principles were applied using the software package Fusion QbD to the method development approach. The relationship between chromatographic parameters and the responses of interest were examined to improve the reliability of the method by understanding, reducing, and controlling sources of variability. Method performance qualification in terms of method robustness was finally carried out with the parameters that were classified as critical after method development and a validation study met previously set acceptance criteria. The developed SFC purity method for carbamazepine demonstrated readiness as a viable alternative to the official HPLC method published in the Ph.Eur. with improved peak resolution, improved peak symmetry, and faster analysis times (3 min vs. 80 min for the official method). Its inherent reliability illustrates the superiority of AQbD in method development and application for drug quality assurance.
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Siqueira Sandrin VS, Oliveira GM, Weckwerth GM, Polanco NLDH, Faria FAC, Santos CF, Calvo AM. Analysis of Different Methods of Extracting NSAIDs in Biological Fluid Samples for LC-MS/MS Assays: Scoping Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080751. [PMID: 36005622 PMCID: PMC9416228 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic investigation and analysis of different drug extraction methods, specifically non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in biological fluid samples, for Liquid Chromatography in Mass Spectrometry assays (LC-MS/MS). A search was carried out in the main databases between 1999 and 2021, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Data were obtained through PubMed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the Boolean operators AND and OR. Studies were pre-selected by title and abstract by two independent reviewers. The selected texts were read in full, and only those that were complete and compatible with the inclusion and exclusion criteria were eligible for this research. A total of 248 references were obtained in the databases. After removing the duplicates and analyzing the titles and abstracts, 79 references were evaluated and passed to the next phase, which comprised the complete reading of the article. A total of 39 publications were eligible for this study. In 52% of the studies, the authors used the liquid–liquid extraction method (LLE), while in 41%, the solid-phase extraction method (SPE) was used. A total of 5% used microextraction methods and 2% used less-conventional techniques. The literature on the main methods used, the LLE and SPE methods, is extensive and consolidated; however, we found other studies that reported modifications of these traditional techniques, which were equally validated for use in LC-MS/MS. From this review, it is concluded that the diversity of techniques, reliability, and practical information about each analytical method used in this study can be adapted to advances in LC-MS/MS techniques; however, more ecological, economic, and sustainable approaches should be explored in the future.
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Gazárková T, Plachká K, Svec F, Nováková L. Current state of supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Ali I, Raja R, Alam SD, Shirsath V, K. Jain A, Locatelli M, David V. A comparison of chiral separations by supercritical fluid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1979037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rupak Raja
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, Noida, India
| | | | | | - Arvind K. Jain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Victor David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Romania
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Mueller F, Losacco GL, Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Thomas A, Grata E. Enantiomeric methadone quantitation on real post-mortem dried matrix spots samples: Comparison of liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1177:122755. [PMID: 34107411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study describes two bioanalytical methods for the quantitation of the two methadone enantiomers in dried matrix spots using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and high performance supercritical chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPSFC-MS/MS). Dried matrix spots were obtained by spotting 10 µL of each sample fluid on a Whatman paper. Methadone and its main metabolite, EDDP, were extracted with 100 µL methanol and subsequently injected into the LC-MS/MS and SFC-MS/MS systems. Enantiomeric separation was achieved with AGP-column for the LC conditions and with Chiralpak IH-3 in SFC. The two methods were fully validated and 93 post-mortem samples were analysed with both analytical methods. Results from validation parameters and results obtained for all post-mortem samples were compared with a significant spearman correlation of rs = 0.9978 for R-methadone and rs = 0.9981 for S-methadone. The LC method provided better results in terms of uncertainty, retention factor and resolution, whereas SFC provides better sensitivity, with lower LOD. Median R-/S-methadone ratio in peripheral blood was found equal to 1.60 (N = 32), varying from 0.79 to 4.23. The reported values were in good agreement with previously published results. Based on the results obtained here, SFC-MS/MS can be considered a reliable alternative to the widely used LC-MS/MS for the quantitation of methadone enantiomers in bioanalysis and should be evaluated for other bioanalytical methods. Both methods can be easily and quickly used in toxicological routine analysis for the methadone quantitation in human fluids matrices, even if considering that the polysaccharide coated column IH-3 used in SFC does not allow the enantiomeric EDDP separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mueller
- Alpine Foundation for Life Sciences (FASV), 6718 Olivone, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - G L Losacco
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - R Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne & Gevena, Lausanne University Hospital & University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - A Thomas
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, CURML, Lausanne University Hospital-Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland; Faculty Unit of Toxicology, CURML, Lausanne University Hospital, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E Grata
- Alpine Foundation for Life Sciences (FASV), 6718 Olivone, Switzerland
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van de Velde B, Guillarme D, Kohler I. Supercritical fluid chromatography - Mass spectrometry in metabolomics: Past, present, and future perspectives. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1161:122444. [PMID: 33246285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics, which consists of the comprehensive analysis of metabolites within a biological system, has been playing a growing role in the implementation of personalized medicine in modern healthcare. A wide range of analytical approaches are used in metabolomics, notably mass spectrometry (MS) combined to liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE). However, none of these methods enable a comprehensive analysis of the metabolome, due to its extreme complexity and the large differences in physico-chemical properties between metabolite classes. In this context, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) represents a promising alternative approach to improve the metabolome coverage, while further increasing the analysis throughput. SFC, which uses supercritical CO2 as mobile phase, leads to numerous advantages such as improved kinetic performance and lower environmental impact. This chromatographic technique has gained a significant interest since the introduction of advanced instrumentation, together with the introduction of dedicated interfaces for hyphenating SFC to MS. Moreover, new developments in SFC column chemistry (including sub-2 µm particles), as well as the use of large amounts of organic modifiers and additives in the CO2-based mobile phase, significantly extended the application range of SFC, enabling the simultaneous analysis of a large diversity of metabolites. Over the last years, several applications have been reported in metabolomics using SFC-MS - from lipophilic compounds, such as steroids and other lipids, to highly polar compounds, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, or nucleosides. With all these advantages, SFC-MS is promised to a bright future in the field of metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van de Velde
- VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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Applications of supercritical fluid chromatography technique in current bioanalysis and pharmaceutical analysis. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1347-1351. [PMID: 32975435 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Parr MK, Wüst B, Teubel J, Joseph JF. Splitless hyphenation of SFC with MS by APCI, APPI, and ESI exemplified by steroids as model compounds. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1091:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Guillarme D, Desfontaine V, Heinisch S, Veuthey JL. What are the current solutions for interfacing supercritical fluid chromatography and mass spectrometry? J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:160-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Calcaterra A, D’Acquarica I. The market of chiral drugs: Chiral switches versus de novo enantiomerically pure compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:323-340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Kang GW, Ko JH, Cheong WJ. Thermodynamic Study of Enantioseparation of Arylpropionic Acids with a Chiralcel OJ‐H Stationary Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200047202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyoung Won Kang
- a Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Research , Inha University , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Joung Ho Ko
- a Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Research , Inha University , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- a Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Research , Inha University , Incheon , South Korea
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12
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Heart-cut achiral-chiral LC-LC method development using factorial design: application to the chiral separation of ketoprofen. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1135-1144. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Khater S, Lozac’h MA, Adam I, Francotte E, West C. Comparison of liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography mobile phases for enantioselective separations on polysaccharide stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:463-472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Lemasson E, Bertin S, West C. Use and practice of achiral and chiral supercritical fluid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis and purification. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:212-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lemasson
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Univ Orleans, CNRS; Orléans cedex France
| | | | - Caroline West
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA); Univ Orleans, CNRS; Orléans cedex France
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15
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Supercritical fluid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:56-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Płotka JM, Biziuk M, Morrison C, Namieśnik J. Pharmaceutical and forensic drug applications of chiral supercritical fluid chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Supercritical fluid chromatography as a tool for enantioselective separation; A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 821:1-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Srinivas NR. Role of Stereoselective Assays in Bioequivalence Studies of Racemic Drugs: Have We Reached a Consensus? J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 44:115-9. [PMID: 14747419 DOI: 10.1177/0091270003262098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The existence of stereoselectivity in metabolism and drug disposition, coupled with the existence of genetic polymorphisms and modulation of enantiomeric kinetics via special delivery systems, provides some compulsion to assess bioequivalence using stereoselective data. However, examination of the literature suggests that nonstereoselective data are commonly used for the bioequivalence assessment of drug racemates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Dr. Reddy's Research Laboratories-Discovery Research, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad, India
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19
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Direct coupling of packed column supercritical fluid chromatography to continuous corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1272:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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De Klerck K, Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Supercritical fluid chromatography for the enantioseparation of pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:77-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Analyses of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by on-line concentration capillary electrochromatography using poly(stearyl methacrylate–divinylbenzene) monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:350-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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KUO YL, LIU WL, HSIEH SH, HUANG HY. Analyses of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs in Environmental Water Samples with Microemulsion Electrokinetic Chromatography. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:703-7. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling KUO
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Technology at CYCU, Chung Yuan Christian University
| | - Wan-Ling LIU
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Technology at CYCU, Chung Yuan Christian University
| | - Shih-Huan HSIEH
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Technology at CYCU, Chung Yuan Christian University
| | - Hsi-Ya HUANG
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Nano Technology at CYCU, Chung Yuan Christian University
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Abstract
The bioanalytical applications of supercritical fluid techniques, such as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), are of increasing interest. The main role of these techniques is in the sample preparation and separation of biologically active compounds, particularly drugs and their metabolites, as well as endogenous compounds. An insight is given into the different types of extracting fluids and modifiers, detectors, stationary phases, mobile phases and collection strategies. A critical discussion is presented on the existing state of the art concerning the applications of SFC and SFE with a specific focus on its advantages and limitations in the bioanalytical field. New developments and the possibilities for routine work in the near future are also covered.
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Lavison-Bompard G, Thiébaut D, Beziau JF, Carrazé B, Valette P, Duteurtre X, Tabet JC. Hyphenation of atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry to supercritical fluid chromatography for polar car lubricant additives analysis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:837-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mangelings D, Vander Heyden Y. Chiral separations in sub- and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1252-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Abbott E, Veenstra TD, Issaq HJ. Clinical and pharmaceutical applications of packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1223-30. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Li F, Hsieh Y. Supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry for chemical analysis. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1231-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Felix G, Berthod A. Part II: From Dermatologicals to Sensory Organ and Various Drugs. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15422110701873007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Kang GW, Ko JH, Cheong WJ. Thermodynamic Study of Enantioseparation of Arylpropionic Acids with the Chirex 3001 Stationary Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120028251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyoung Won Kang
- a Department of Chemistry, Institute for Basic Research , Inha University , Incheon , 402‐751 , South Korea
| | - Joung Ho Ko
- a Department of Chemistry, Institute for Basic Research , Inha University , Incheon , 402‐751 , South Korea
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- a Department of Chemistry, Institute for Basic Research , Inha University , Incheon , 402‐751 , South Korea
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30
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Kang GW, Ko JH, Cheong WJ. A Simplified Molecular Mechanics Calculation of Enantioseparation of Arylpropionic Acids in Chirex 3001 Stationary Phase. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200038568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyoung Won Kang
- a Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Research , Inha University , Incheon, 402‐751, South Korea
| | - Joung Ho Ko
- a Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Research , Inha University , Incheon, 402‐751, South Korea
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- a Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Research , Inha University , Incheon, 402‐751, South Korea
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31
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Pickl KE, Magnes C, Bodenlenz M, Pieber TR, Sinner FM. Rapid online-SPE-MS/MS method for ketoprofen determination in dermal interstitial fluid samples from rats obtained by microdialysis or open-flow microperfusion. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:432-9. [PMID: 17227721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic studies of topical ketoprofen formulations using continuous sampling techniques such as microdialysis (MD) or open-flow microperfusion (OFM) require sensitive assays due to small sample volumes. A simple and easy online-SPE-MS/MS method for ketoprofen analysis was developed for both MD and OFM samples obtained from rat dermal tissue. The quantification range is 25-5000 ng/ml with a limit of detection of 3 ng/ml using only 10 microl sample volume. The method is characterized by a simple setup using a short polymeric SPE column (OASIS HLB) for desalting with 1.5 min run times in combination with a sensitive MS detection in negative ESI MRM mode. An easy sample workup procedure was used which enables high throughput analysis of a large number of samples for pharmacokinetic studies. In addition, a commercial available (fenoprofen) as well as an isotopically labelled (deuterated ketoprofen) standard were investigated as potential internal standards. The method was validated according to FDA guidelines for bioanalytical validation in terms of accuracy, intra-batch and inter-batch precision, linearity, matrix effect, recovery and stability for both internal standards. Accuracies were 98-113% (fenoprofen) and 95-108% (deuterated ketoprofen), intra-batch precision was 2-3% R.S.D. (fenoprofen) and 2-6% R.S.D. (deuterated ketoprofen), and inter-batch precision was 2-6% R.S.D. (fenoprofen) and 3-6% R.S.D. (deuterated ketoprofen) over the entire quantification range. The presented method was applied to dermal interstitial fluid samples obtained in a topical administration study of ketoprofen in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin E Pickl
- Institute of Medical Technologies and Health Management, Joanneum Research, Auenbruggerplatz 20/3, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Eichhold TH, McCauley-Myers DL, Khambe DA, Thompson GA, Hoke SH. Simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, and guaifenesin in human plasma using semi-automated liquid/liquid extraction and gradient liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:586-600. [PMID: 16930908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan (DEX), dextrorphan (DET), and guaifenesin (GG) in human plasma was developed, validated, and applied to determine plasma concentrations of these compounds in samples from six clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. Semi-automated liquid handling systems were used to perform the majority of the sample manipulation including liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) of the analytes from human plasma. Stable-isotope-labeled analogues were utilized as internal standards (ISTDs) for each analyte to facilitate accurate and precise quantification. Extracts were analyzed using gradient liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Use of semi-automated LLE with LC-MS/MS proved to be a very rugged and reliable approach for analysis of more than 6200 clinical study samples. The lower limit of quantification was validated at 0.010, 0.010, and 1.0 ng/mL of plasma for DEX, DET, and GG, respectively. Accuracy and precision of quality control (QC) samples for all three analytes met FDA Guidance criteria of +/-15% for average QC accuracy with coefficients of variation less than 15%. Data from the thorough evaluation of the method during development, validation, and application are presented to characterize selectivity, linearity, over-range sample analysis, accuracy, precision, autosampler carry-over, ruggedness, extraction efficiency, ionization suppression, and stability. Pharmacokinetic data are also provided to illustrate improvements in systemic drug and metabolite concentration-time profiles that were achieved by formulation optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Eichhold
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Health Care Research Center, 8700 Mason-Montgomery Road, Mason, OH 45040, USA
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33
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Coe RA, Rathe JO, Lee JW. Supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for fast bioanalysis of R/S-warfarin in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 42:573-80. [PMID: 16875793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral separation for the analysis of enantiomers in biological fluids by HPLC often takes relatively long chromatography time compared to achiral analysis. The advantage of fast mass transfer in packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography (pSFC) and the high-flow compatibility of APCI-MS/MS were applied to develop a fast bioanalytical method for R/S-warfarin in human plasma. Presented here are the main challenges encountered during method development of a semi-automated liquid extraction SFC-MS/MS method. The selection of internal standard, robustness of the SFC equipment, and carryover issues are discussed. The method has high-throughput: the chromatography time is at least two-fold faster than the our fastest previous method; and the liquid/liquid extraction time of 96 samples is less than 20 min using a Tecan Genesis RSP 100 pipetting station and a Tomtec Quadra-96 workstation. The standard curve range was 13.6-2500 ng/ml. Precision of QC concentrations from four validation runs was 7.0% for R-warfarin and 6.0% C.V. for S-warfarin; and the bias was 3.7 and 3.2% R.E., respectively. The method is sensitive, accurate, selective and robust, and was applied to a drug-interaction clinical study with rapid turnaround of sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Coe
- MDS Pharma Services, 621 Rose Street, Lincoln, NE 68502, USA.
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34
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Lausecker B, Fischer G. Determination of the enantiomeric composition of a new insulin sensitizer in plasma samples from non-clinical and clinical investigations using chiral HPLC with electrospray tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 835:40-6. [PMID: 16567137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two drug assays were developed and applied to assess the enantiomeric composition of an insulin sensitizer drug in plasma after administration of its racemate to man, and in human and animal plasma and serum samples generated after in vitro experiments. The sample preparation for the assays consisted either of protein precipitation and column-switching, or liquid-liquid extraction and direct injection. Subsequently, both assays employed chiral HPLC coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. An interconversion of the racemate to a mixture enriched with the (+)-enantiomer could be confirmed for all species and biological matrices. The individual enantiomers could be quantified in the concentration range 0.5-500 ng/ml, starting with a 100-microl plasma aliquot. Inter- and intra-assay precision and accuracy were in the range 0.1-7.9 and 88.8-106.0%, respectively. Run times of 5 min for a single sample allows the analysis of more than 200 samples overnight.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lausecker
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharmaceuticals Division, Non-Clinical Drug Safety, P.O. Box, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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35
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Suenami K, Lim LW, Takeuchi T, Sasajima Y, Sato K, Takekoshi Y, Kanno S. Rapid and simultaneous determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in human plasma by LC–MS with solid-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1501-5. [PMID: 16534573 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, selective and sensitive analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 16 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in human plasma was carried out using Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction (SPE), followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization operated in the negative ion mode. The recoveries of NSAIDs from human plasma by SPE were greater than 76.7%. The use of a short column packed with small particles enabled rapid and simultaneous determination within 7 min. The detection limits for the NSAIDs were 0.01-0.9 mug/ml using the selected ion monitoring mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Suenami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
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36
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De Nardi C, Bonelli F. Moving from fast to ballistic gradient in liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry pharmaceutical bioanalysis: Matrix effect and chromatographic evaluations. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2709-16. [PMID: 16921566 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The paper describes the steps taken by the authors to move from a fast to a ballistic gradient in routine liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis of plasma samples from pharmacokinetic (PK) profiling of new chemical entities. The reduction of column dimensions from 50 x 4.6 mm to 30 x 2.1 mm followed by optimization of chromatographic separation led to a decrease in the typical runtime from 5 (fast) to 2 min (ballistic) using an API4000 tandem mass spectrometer in Turbo Ionspray mode for detection. Three analytical standards representing typical molecular structures from our sample repository were used to spike plasma from four different species (rat, dog, human and mouse). Two different approaches were used to evaluate matrix effect: post-column infusion and comparison of the peak areas of neat standards and standards spiked after extraction into different pools of plasma; the influence of PEG400 as a typical dosing vehicle was also considered. Two different protein precipitation procedures were taken into account for sample extraction prior to injection. Peak shape, width and height, selectivity and sensitivity of the method were taken into account for chromatographic evaluation. The ballistic method was successfully cross-validated with the conventional fast gradient chromatographic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio De Nardi
- Department of Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P. Angeletti (IRBM), Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Via Pontina km 30.600, 00040 Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
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37
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Phinney KW. Enantioselective separations by packed column subcritical and supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:639-45. [PMID: 15717170 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective separations have been one of the most successful applications of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Although analytical scale separations have dominated the literature, the use of SFC for preparative chiral separations is growing. Both analytical and preparative scale SFC separations seek to take advantage of the high efficiency, high throughput, and rapid method development associated with the technique. This review will cover recent developments in the application of SFC to enantioseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Phinney
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8392, USA.
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38
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Hsieh Y, Favreau L, Cheng KC, Chen J. Chiral supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of pindolol and propranolol in metabolic stability samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:3037-41. [PMID: 16193537 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A chiral packed-column supercritical fluid chromatographic (pSFC) system coupled to tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS) for the rapid measurements of (R,S)-propranolol and (+/-)-pindolol in metabolic stability samples was developed. The effects of the eluent flow rates and compositions, as well as of the nebulizer temperature, on the chromatographic performance and the ionization efficiency of the analytes in positive ion mode under pSFC conditions were studied. The ionization mechanism of the analytes in the CO2/methanol atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) environments with or without the use of an additive was studied. The chiral pSFC-APCI-MS/MS approach requiring approximately 2 min per sample was applied for the simultaneous determination of two pairs of racemic drugs in in vitro samples at low nanogram per milliliter concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Hsieh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Pinkston JD, Stanton DT, Wen D. Elution and preliminary structure-retention modeling of polar and ionic substances in supercritical fluid chromatography using volatile ammonium salts as mobile phase additives. J Sep Sci 2003; 27:115-23. [PMID: 15335067 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography has primarily been applied to relatively nonpolar analytes, even when polar organic solvents are used as modifiers. Here, we show that low levels of volatile ammonium salts as mobile-phase additives allow the elution of polar and even ionic organic materials such as sulfonate salts, carboxylate salts, polyamines, and quaternary ammonium salts. Also, volatile ammonium salts are compatible with mass spectrometric detection, in contrast to other common additives. We have performed preliminary structure-activity-relationship modeling for retention in the CO2/methanol/NH4OAc/Deltabond Cyano system. We have developed a three-descriptor model, where one descriptor, the "relative negative charged surface" explains over 61% of the variance in the retention values. We suggest that two mechanisms have the greatest influence on retention in this system. One is related to the presence of a volatile ammonium salt, the other is related to the ability of a molecule to "hide" its atom with the greatest partial negative charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Pinkston
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Laboratories, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, OH 45253, USA.
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40
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Daeseleire E, Mortier L, De Ruyck H, Geerts N. Determination of flunixin and ketoprofen in milk by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Hopfgartner G, Bourgogne E. Quantitative high-throughput analysis of drugs in biological matrices by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2003; 22:195-214. [PMID: 12838545 DOI: 10.1002/mas.10050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To support pharmacokinetic and drug metabolism studies, LC-MS/MS plays more and more an essential role for the quantitation of drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices. With the new challenges encountered in drug discovery and drug development, new strategies are put in place to achieve high-throughput analysis, using serial and parallel approaches. To speed-up method development and validation, generic approaches with the direct injection of biological fluids is highly desirable. Column-switching, using various packing materials for the extraction columns, is widely applied. Improvement of mass spectrometers performance, and in particular triple quadrupoles, also strongly influences sample preparation strategies, which remain a key element in the bioanalytical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Hopfgartner
- University of Geneva, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry, 20 Bd d'Yvoy, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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42
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Chapter 5 Automation tools and strategies for bioanalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1464-3456(03)80007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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43
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Mullangi R, Yao M, Srinivas NR. Resolution of enantiomers of ketoprofen by HPLC: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2003; 17:423-34. [PMID: 14598325 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Today, a heightened awareness of the applicability of enantiomers in medicine and clinical practice has been gene-rated due to the continuous evolvement of the field of chirality. In this context, this article provides a review of separation of ketoprofen, an important drug, in a popular class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. profens). This review highlights various methodologies, logistical considerations for separation and provides an exhaustive list of applications mainly focusing on the pharmacokinetic aspects. Clearly, the application of enantioselective methods for drug racemates paves the way to understand the in vivo behavior of individual enantiomer and hence an opportunity for an alternate and/or better option for treating the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Mullangi
- Bioanalysis, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Discovery Research, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Miyapur, Hyderabad-500 050, India
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44
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Williams MG, Shobe EM, Bothwell BE, Zhong WZ. Development of a sensitive bioanalytical method for determination of PNU-83757 in rat, monkey and human plasma: from LC-UV to LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 30:429-41. [PMID: 12367667 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To support pre-clinical pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic (PK/TK) evaluation, a sensitive bioanalytical method for determination of N-cyano-N'-(tert-pentyl)-N"-(3-pyridinyl) guanidine (PNU-83757), in rat and monkey plasma was required. Although the UV response of PNU-83757 was quite decent and the extracts using solid phase extraction (SPE) were very selective and concentrated, the best limit of quantitation (LOQ) achieved was 0.4 ng ml(-1) using 0.5 ml plasma for extraction and 2 ng ml(-1) using 0.1 ml plasma for extraction, which was insufficient for PK/TK evaluation at lower doses. When using liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-APCI-MS/MS, positive ions) and SPE, a LOQ of 0.045 ng ml(-1) for PNU-83757 was reached. Quantitation was accomplished using the precursor --> product ion combinations of m/z 232 --> 162 for PNU-83757 and m/z 236 --> 166 for the internal standard, [2H(4)]PNU-83757, in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. This method has been successfully utilized for PK/TK evaluation in pre-clinical studies and proved to have sufficient sensitivity to determine plasma concentrations for a dose level as low as 1 microg kg(-1) day(-1) in the rat and monkey. Further improvement of this method by using electrospray mass spectrometric detection (LC-ESI-MS/MS, positive ions) and automated membrane SPE, gave an LOQ of 0.008 ng ml(-1), and allowed analysis of large numbers of samples to support clinical PK studies in microg dose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Williams
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalytical Research, Pharmacia, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007-4940, USA
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45
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Szymura-Oleksiak J, Bojarski J, Aboul-Enein HY. Recent applications of stereoselective chromatography. Chirality 2002; 14:417-35. [PMID: 11984758 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some recent applications of stereoselective chromatography in the fields of clinical pharmacy, drug analysis, food, and natural products are reviewed. The review is documented with up-to-date literature, which will assist further expansion of research in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szymura-Oleksiak
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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46
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Abstract
Recent advances in mass spectrometry have rendered it an attractive and versatile tool in industrial and academic research laboratories. As a part of this rapid growth, a considerable body of literature has been devoted to the application of mass spectrometry in studies involving enantioselectivity, molecular recognition, and supramolecular chemistry. In concert with separation techniques such as capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry allows rapid characterization of a large array of molecules in complex mixtures. A majority of these findings have been made possible by the introduction of 'soft-ionization' techniques such as electrospray ionization interface. Other techniques such as atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry have been widely used as a rugged interface for quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Herein, we present a brief overview of the above techniques accompanied with several examples of enantioselective capillary electrophoresis- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in drug discovery and development. Although the emphasis of this article is on quantitative enantiomeric chromatography-mass spectrometry, we envisage that similar strategies are adaptable in qualitative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bakhtiar
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA.
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47
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Wang T, Barber M, Hardt I, Kassel DB. Mass-directed fractionation and isolation of pharmaceutical compounds by packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:2067-2075. [PMID: 11746870 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An automated packed-column semi-preparative supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry (SFC/MS) system incorporating mass-directed fraction collection has been designed and implemented as an alternative to preparative HPLC and preparative HPLC/MS (PrepLC/MS) for the purification of pharmaceutical compounds. The system incorporates a single quadrupole mass spectrometer and a supercritical fluid chromatograph. Separations were achieved using a binary solvent system consisting of carbon dioxide and methanol. Purification of SFC-separated compounds was achieved incorporating mass-directed fraction collection, enabling selective isolation of the target molecular weight compound and eliminating the collection of undesired compounds (e.g., by-products, excess starting materials, etc.). Cross contamination between fractions and recoveries of the system were investigated. Mass spectrometer ionization with basic mobile additives is discussed, and examples of preparative SFC/MS chiral separations are presented. Early experiences suggest SFC will be a powerful and complementary technique to HPLC for the purification of pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Dupont Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Executive Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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48
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1474-1485. [PMID: 11180639 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200012)35:12<1474::aid-jms985>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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