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Ribeiro JA, Silva AF, Girault HH, Pereira CM. Electroanalytical applications of ITIES - A review. Talanta 2024; 280:126729. [PMID: 39180876 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Over the last decades, the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) attracted considerable attention of the scientific community due to their vast applications, such as extraction, catalysis, partition studies and sensing. The aim of this Review is to highlight the potential of electrochemistry at the ITIES for analytical purposes, focusing on ITIES-based sensors for detection and quantification of chemically and biologically relevant (bio)molecules. We start by addressing the evolution of ITIES in terms of number of publications over the years along with an overview of their main applications (Chapter 1). Then, we provide a general historical perspective about pioneer voltammetric studies at water/oil systems (Chapter 2). After that, we discuss the most impacting improvements on ITIES sensing systems from both perspectives, set-up design (interface stabilization and miniaturization, selection of the organic solvent, etc.) and optimization of experimental conditions to improve selectivity and sensitivity (Chapter 3). In Chapter 4, we discuss the analytical applications of ITIES for electrochemical sensing of several types of analytes, including drugs, pesticides, proteins, among others. Finally, we highlight the present achievements of ITIES as analytical tool and provide future challenges and perspectives for this technology (Chapter 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Ribeiro
- CIQUP/Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
| | - A Fernando Silva
- CIQUP/Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - H H Girault
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlos M Pereira
- CIQUP/Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal.
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2
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Ahmed AAEH, Korany MA, Khalil MM. Electrochemical determination of verapamil hydrochloride using carbon nanotubes/TiO2 nanocomposite based potentiometric sensors in surface water and urine samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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3
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Lee HJ, Arrigan DWM, Karim MN, Kim H. Amperometric Ion Sensing Approaches at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces for Inorganic, Organic and Biological Ions. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has become an invaluable tool for the selective and sensitive detection of cationic and anionic species, including charged drug molecules and proteins. In addition, neutral molecules can also be detected at the ITIES via enzymatic reactions. This chapter highlights recent developments towards creating a wide spectrum of sensing platforms involving ion transfer across the ITIES. As well as outlining the basic principles needed for performing these sensing applications, the development of ITIES-based detection strategies for inorganic, organic, and biological ions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Md. Nurul Karim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
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4
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Yamini Y, Seidi S, Rezazadeh M. Electrical field-induced extraction and separation techniques: promising trends in analytical chemistry--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 814:1-22. [PMID: 24528839 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in chemical analysis. So, the major incentive for the recent research has been to attain faster, simpler, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. The use of auxiliary energies, such as heat, ultrasound, and microwave, is one of the strategies that have been employed in sample preparation to reach the above purposes. Application of electrical driving force is the current state-of-the-art, which presents new possibilities for simplifying and shortening the sample preparation process as well as enhancing its selectivity. The electrical driving force has scarcely been utilized in comparison with other auxiliary energies. In this review, the different roles of electrical driving force (as a powerful auxiliary energy) in various extraction techniques, including liquid-, solid-, and membrane-based methods, have been taken into consideration. Also, the references have been made available, relevant to the developments in separation techniques and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. All aspects of electrical driving force in extraction and separation methods are too specific to be treated in this contribution. However, the main aim of this review is to provide a brief knowledge about the different fields of analytical chemistry, with an emphasis on the latest efforts put into the electrically assisted membrane-based sample preparation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches as well as the new achievements in these areas have been discussed, which might be helpful for further progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Using active carbon as counter electrodes: A two-electrode configuration for pulse amperometric detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Hossain MM, Lee SH, Girault HH, Devaud V, Lee HJ. Voltammetric studies of hexachromic anion transfer reactions across micro-water/polyvinylchloride-2-nitrophenyloctylether gel interfaces for sensing applications. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode. Talanta 2012; 63:21-32. [PMID: 18969401 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the development in ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode (ISE). The concept of polarizability of ITIES in a multi-ion system is outlined. Principle aspects of ion amperometry at ITIES are discussed including the use of amperometry as a tool for the clarification of the ion sensing mechanism, and for determining the concentrations of ions in the solution. The reference is made to recent amperometric measurements at the supported liquid membrane (SLM) and polymer composite liquid membranes (PCLM), which, together with the micro-hole supported ITIES, appear to be particularly suitable for realization of the amperometric ISE.
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Kivlehan F, Garay F, Guo J, Chaum E, Lindner E. Toward feedback-controlled anesthesia: voltammetric measurement of propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) in serum-like electrolyte solutions. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7670-6. [PMID: 22900668 DOI: 10.1021/ac3006878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Propofol is a widely used, potent intravenous anesthetic for ambulatory anesthesia and long-term sedation. The target steady state concentration of propofol in blood is 0.25-10 μg/mL (1-60 μM). Although propofol can be oxidized electrochemically, monitoring its concentration in biological matrixes is very challenging due to (i) low therapeutic concentration, (ii) high concentrations of easily oxidizable interfering compounds in the sample, and (iii) fouling of the working electrode. In this work we report the performance characteristics of an organic film coated glassy carbon (GC) electrode for continuous monitoring of propofol. The organic film (a plasticized PVC membrane) improved the detection limit and the selectivity of the voltammetric sensor due to the large difference in hydrophobicity between the analyte (propofol) and interfering compounds of the sample, e.g., ascorbic acid (AA) or p-acetamidophenol (APAP). Furthermore, the membrane coating prevented electrode fouling and served as a protective barrier against electrode passivation by proteins. Studies revealed that sensitivity and selectivity of the voltammetric method is greatly influenced by the composition of the PVC membrane. The detection limit of the membrane-coated sensor for propofol in PBS is reported as 0.03 ± 0.01 μM. In serum-like electrolyte solutions containing physiologically relevant levels of albumin (5%) and 3 mM AA and 1 mM APAP as interfering agents, the detection limit was 0.5 ± 0.4 μM. Both values are below the target concentrations used clinically during anesthesia or sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Kivlehan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Tennessee 38152, USA
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9
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Hossain MM, Girault HH, Lee HJ. Voltammetric Studies of Anion Transfer Reactions Across a Microhole Array-Water/PVC-NPOE Gel Interface. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.5.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Pulsed chronopotentiometric membrane electrodes based on plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) with covalently bound ferrocene functionalities as solid contact transducer. PURE APPL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-11-09-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ion-selective membrane materials based on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-containing covalently attached redox-active ferrocene (Fc) groups are characterized here as all-solid-state pulsed voltammetric ion sensors. The redox capacity of the membrane increases 7-fold with a doubling of the Fc content and 3-fold with the addition of 10 wt % of the lipophilic electrolyte ETH 500, tetradodecylammonium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl)borate. This salt improves the ionic conductivity of the membrane and appears to make the Fc groups electrochemically more accessible. A too high content of the two, on the other hand, was found to cause undesired sensitivity to redox-active species present in the sample solution. Dilution of the membrane with a plasticizer eliminated this redox sensitivity while preserving its high redox capacity. A practical application of the designed electrodes in electrochemical analysis was demonstrated with a multi-pulse protocol that includes a current-controlled ion uptake pulse, followed by an open-circuit potential (OCP) measurement and a regeneration pulse. Potentiometric calibration curves obtained with this protocol exhibited a linear response with near-Nernstian slopes for acetate, nitrate, chloride, and perchlorate ions with the selectivity expected for an ion-exchanging membrane.
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11
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Deryabina MA, Hansen SH, Jensen H. Versatile Flow-Injection Amperometric Ion Detector Based on an Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions: Numerical and Experimental Characterization. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7388-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201387r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Deryabina
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen H. Hansen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Jensen
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zhang J, Harris AR, Cattrall RW, Bond AM. Voltammetric ion-selective electrodes for the selective determination of cations and anions. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1624-33. [PMID: 20121252 DOI: 10.1021/ac902296r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A general theory has been developed for voltammetric ion sensing of cations and anions based on the use of an electrode coated with a membrane containing an electroactive species, an ionophore, and a supporting electrolyte dissolved in a plasticizer. In experimental studies, a membrane coated electrode is fabricated by the drop coating method. In one configuration, a glassy carbon electrode is coated with a poly(vinyl chloride) based membrane, which contains the electroactive species, ionophore, plasticizer and supporting electrolyte. In the case of a cation sensor, ionophore facilitated transfer of the target cation from the aqueous solution to the membrane phase occurs during the course of the reduction of the electroactive species present in the membrane in order to maintain charge neutrality. The formal potential is calculated from the cyclic voltammogram as the average of the reduction and oxidation peak potentials and depends on the identity and concentration of the ion present in the aqueous solution phase. A plot of the formal potential versus the logarithm of the concentration exhibits a close to Nernstian slope of RT/F millivolts per decade change in concentration when the concentration of K(+) and Na(+) is varied over the concentration range of 0.1 mM to 1 M when K(+) or Na(+) ionophores are used in the membrane. The slope is close to RT/2F millivolts for a Ca(2+) voltammetric ion-selective electrode fabricated using a Ca(2+) ionophore. The sensor measurement time is only a few seconds. Voltammetric sensors for K(+), Na(+), and Ca(2+) constructed in this manner exhibit the sensitivity and selectivity required for determination of these ions in environmentally and biologically important matrixes. Analogous principles apply to the fabrication of anion voltammetric sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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13
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Scanlon MD, Berduque A, Strutwolf J, Arrigan DW. Flow-injection amperometry at microfabricated silicon-based μ-liquid–liquid interface arrays. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Molina Á, Ortuño JA, Serna C, Torralba E. Physical insights of salt transfer through solvent polymeric membranes by means of electrochemical methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:13296-303. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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15
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Faisal SN, Pereira CM, Rho S, Lee HJ. Amperometric proton selective sensors utilizing ion transfer reactions across a microhole liquid/gel interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:15184-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Collins CJ, Berduque A, Arrigan DWM. Electrochemically Modulated Liquid−Liquid Extraction of Ionized Drugs under Physiological Conditions. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8102-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800646b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Berduque
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, University College, Cork, Ireland
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17
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Ortuño JA, Gil A, Sánchez-Pedreño C. Flow-Injection Coulometric Detection Based on Ion Transfer and Its Application to the Determination of Chlorpromazine. SENSORS 2008; 8:3678-3688. [PMID: 27879901 PMCID: PMC3714659 DOI: 10.3390/s8063678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A flow-injection coulometric method for the determination of chlorpromazine based on ion transfer into a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane, was developed. The detector used consists of a flow-through cell that incorporates a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane which contains tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate as electrolyte. The membrane is located between the flowing solution and an inner aqueous electrolyte solution. Two pairs of electrodes, each pair formed by a reference electrode and a working electrode, are used, one pair in each solution. The potential between the reference electrodes was controlled by a four-electrode potentiostat with ohmic drop compensation. A potential step capable of producing the transfer of the chlorpromazine ion into the membrane was applied during the passage of a wide portion of sample plug through the cell and the corresponding quantity of the electricity was measured. In the selected conditions, a linear relationship was observed between the quantity of electricity and chlorpromazine concentrations over a range of 1×10-6 −1×10-4 M. The detection limit was 2 × 10-7 M. Good repeatability and between-day reproducibility was obtained. No interference was observed on the part of some common ions and pharmaceutical excipients. The method proposed was applied satisfactorily to the determination of chlorpromazine in pharmaceuticals and human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín A Ortuño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30071-Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Gil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30071-Murcia, Spain
| | - Concepción Sánchez-Pedreño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30071-Murcia, Spain
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18
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Flow-Injection Amperometric Determination of Tacrine based on Ion Transfer across a Water–Plasticized Polymeric Membrane Interface. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7071185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Dryfe RAW. Modifying the liquid/liquid interface: pores, particles and deposition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:1869-83. [PMID: 16633673 DOI: 10.1039/b518018j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The modification of the liquid/liquid interface with solid phases is discussed in this article. Modified interfaces can be formed with molecular assemblies, but here attention is focussed on solid materials such as mesoscopic particles, or microporous and mesoporous membranes. Charge transfer across the modified liquid/liquid interface is considered in particular. The most obvious consequence of the introduction of such modifying components is their effect on the transport to, and the transfer of material across, the liquid/liquid interface, as measured voltammetrically for example. One particularly interesting reaction is interfacial metal deposition, which can also be studied under electrochemical control: the initial formation of metal nuclei at the interface transforms it from the bare, pristine state to a modified state with very different reactivity. Deposition at interfaces between liquids is compared and contrasted with the cases of metal deposition in bulk solution and conventional heterogeneous deposition on conducting solid surfaces. Comparison is also made with work on the assembly of pre-formed micron and nanometre scale solids at the liquid/liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A W Dryfe
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK M13 9PL.
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Flow-injection pulse amperometric detection based on ion transfer across a water-plasticized polymeric membrane interface for the determination of verapamil. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Laaksonen T, Ahonen P, Kontturi K, Murtomäki L. Charge transfer at an electrified liquid|liquid interface immobilised in fibre. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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23
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Ionode detection and capillary electrophoresis integrated on a polymer micro-chip. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)00706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Nishizawa S, Yokobori T, Kato R, Shioya T, Teramae N. Chloride Transfer across the Liquid–Liquid Interface Facilitated by a Mono-Thiourea as a Hydrogen-Bonding Ionophore. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2001. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.74.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Nishizawa S, Yokobori T, Shioya T, Teramae N. Facilitated Transfer of Hydrophilic Anions across the Nitrobenzene–Water Interface by a Hydrogen-Bonding Ionophore: Applicability for Multianalyte Detection. CHEM LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2001.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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26
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Application of electrodes modified with ion-exchange polymers for the amperometric detection of non-redox cations and anions in combination to ion chromatography. Electrochim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(01)00636-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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