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Kondzior M, Grabowska I. Antibody-Electroactive Probe Conjugates Based Electrochemical Immunosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E2014. [PMID: 32260217 PMCID: PMC7180895 DOI: 10.3390/s20072014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Suitable immobilization of a biorecognition element, such as an antigen or antibody, on a transducer surface is essential for development of sensitive and analytically reliable immunosensors. In this review, we report on (1) methods of antibody prefunctionalization using electroactive probes, (2) methods for immobilization of such conjugates on the surfaces of electrodes in electrochemical immunosensor construction and (3) the use of antibody-electroactive probe conjugates as bioreceptors and sensor signal generators. We focus on different strategies of antibody functionalization using the redox active probes ferrocene (Fc), anthraquinone (AQ), thionine (Thi), cobalt(III) bipyridine (Co(bpy)33+), Ru(bpy)32+ and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In addition, new possibilities for antibody functionalization based on bioconjugation techniques are presented. We discuss strategies of specific, quantitative antigen detection based on (i) a sandwich format and (ii) a direct signal generation scheme. Further, the integration of different nanomaterials in the construction of these immunosensors is presented. Lastly, we report the use of a redox probe strategy in multiplexed analyte detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iwona Grabowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
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2
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Apoferritin protein nanoparticles dually labeled with aptamer and horseradish peroxidase as a sensing probe for thrombin detection. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 759:53-60. [PMID: 23260676 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel and ultrasensitive sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor has been developed for the detection of thrombin, based on dual signal-amplification using HRP and apoferritin. Core/shell Fe(3)O(4)/Au magnetic nanoparticles (AuMNPs) loading aptamer1 (Apt1) was used as recognition elements, and apoferritin dually labeled with Aptamer2 (Apt2) and HRP was used as a detection probe. Sandwich-type complex, Apt1/thrombin/Apt2-apoferritin NPs-HRP was formed by the affinity reactions between AuMNPs-Apt1, thrombin, and Apt2-apoferritin-HRP. The complex was anchored on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to monitor the electrode response. The proposed aptasensor yielded a linear current response to thrombin concentrations over a broad range of 0.5-100 pM with a detection limit of 0.07 pM (S/N=3). The detection signal was amplified by using apoferritin and HRP. This nanoparticle-based aptasensor offers a new method for rapid, sensitive, selective, and inexpensive quantification of thrombin, and offers a promising potential in protein detection and disease diagnosis.
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3
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Wilson R, Schiffrin DJ. Chemiluminescence of luminol catalyzed by electrochemically oxidized ferrocenes. Anal Chem 2012; 68:1254-7. [PMID: 21619157 DOI: 10.1021/ac951023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocenes oxidized at an indium tin oxide-coated glass electrode catalyze the chemiluminescent reaction of luminol with hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic reaction has been studied with ferrocene derivatives in solution and covalently attached to ovalbumin adsorbed on the electrode. It is shown that chemiluminescence is initiated by electrochemical oxidation of the ferrocene derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, England
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4
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Ettlinger J, Schenk JA, Micheel B, Ehrentreich-Förster E, Gajovic-Eichelmann N. A Direct Competitive Homogeneous Immunoassay for Progesterone - the Redox Quenching Immunoassay. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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5
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Wang G, Huang H, Wang B, Zhang X, Wang L. A supersandwich multienzyme–DNA label based electrochemical immunosensor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:720-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15383h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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6
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Disposable immunosensor array for ultrasensitive detection of tumor markers using glucose oxidase-functionalized silica nanosphere tags. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3782-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Jiang W, Yuan R, Chai YQ, Yin B. Amperometric immunosensor based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes/Prussian blue/nanogold-modified electrode for determination of α-fetoprotein. Anal Biochem 2010; 407:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Kim GI, Kim KW, Oh MK, Sung YM. Electrochemical detection of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) using VEGF antibody fragments modified Au NPs/ITO electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:1717-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Highly sensitive electrochemical detection of immunospecies based on combination of Fc label and PPD film/gold nanoparticle amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 24:129-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Ou C, Yuan R, Chai Y, Tang M, Chai R, He X. A novel amperometric immunosensor based on layer-by-layer assembly of gold nanoparticles–multi-walled carbon nanotubes-thionine multilayer films on polyelectrolyte surface. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 603:205-13. [PMID: 17963841 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 08/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Seiwert B, Karst U. Ferrocene-based derivatization in analytical chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:181-200. [PMID: 17934723 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocene-based derivatization has raised considerable interest in many fields of analytical chemistry. This is due to the well-established chemistry of ferrocenes, which allows rapid and easy access to a large number of reagents and derivatives. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of ferrocenes are attractive with respect to their detection. This paper summarizes the available reagents, the reaction conditions and the different approaches for detection. While electrochemical detection is still most widely used to detect ferrocene derivatives, e.g., in the field of DNA analysis, the emerging combination of analytical separation methods with electrochemistry, mass spectrometry and atomic spectroscopy allows ferrocenes to be applied more universally and in novel applications where strongly improved selectivity and limits of detection are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Seiwert
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 30, 48149, Münster, Germany
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12
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Halámek J, Wollenberger U, Stöcklein WFM, Warsinke, A, Scheller FW. Signal Amplification in Immunoassays Using Labeling via Boronic Acid Binding to the Sugar Moiety of Immunoglobulin G: Proof of Concept for Glycated Hemoglobin. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701327096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Zhang C, Qi H, Zhang M. Homogeneous electrogenerated chemiluminescence immunoassay for the determination of digoxin employing Ru(bpy)(2)(dcbpy)NHS and carrier protein. LUMINESCENCE 2007; 22:53-9. [PMID: 16874850 DOI: 10.1002/bio.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive homogeneous electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay for the determination of anti-digoxin antibody and digoxin hapten was developed employing Ru(bpy)(2)(dcbpy)NHS (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl; dcbpy = 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid; NHS = N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) as an electrochemiluminescent label and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein. A digoxin hapten was indirectly heavily labelled with Ru(bpy)(2)(dcbpy)NHS through BSA to form Ru(bpy)(2)(dcbpy)NHS-BSA-digoxin conjugate. The ECL intensity of the immunocomplex of the conjugate with anti-digoxin antibody markedly decreased when the immunoreaction between Ru(bpy)(2)(dcbpy)NHS-BSA-digoxin conjugate and anti-digoxin antibody took place. Two formats, direct homogeneous immunoassay for anti-digoxin antibody and competitive immunoassay for digoxin, were developed to determine anti-digoxin antibody and digoxin, respectively. The anti-digoxin antibody concentration in the range 7.6 x 10(-8)-7.6 x 10(-6) g/mL was determined by direct homogeneous format. Digoxin hapten was determined throughout the range 4.0 x 10(-10)-1.0 x 10(-7) g/mL with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10(-10) g/mL by competitive format. The relative standard derivation for 6.0 x 10(-9) g/mL was 4.3%. The method has been applied to assaying digoxin in control human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Shumakovich GP, Shleev SV, Morozova OV, Gonchar MV, Yaropolov AI. Oxygen can be replaced by artificial electron acceptors in reactions catalyzed by alcohol oxidase. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683807010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Zhang N, Wilkop T, Lee S, Cheng Q. Bi-functionalization of a patterned Prussian blue array for amperometric measurement of glucose via two integrated detection schemes. Analyst 2007; 132:164-72. [PMID: 17260077 DOI: 10.1039/b611357e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel amperometric sensor that integrates two independent measurement schemes into a single chip for detection of glucose is fabricated. The sensor uses micro-patterned Prussian blue (PB) and ferrocene modified glucose oxidase covered by a thin Nafion membrane. We have developed an amperometric sensor for the detection of glucose that integrates two measurement schemes into a single chip. For fabrication of the sensing interface, micro-contact printing was used to transfer a self-assembled monolayer template onto a gold substrate, allowing selective electrochemical deposition of a PB array. The protective layer of the PB array was subsequently removed and replaced with a layer of redox-functionalized glucose oxidase (GOx), while the entire surface was finally covered with a perm-selective GOx-Nafion membrane. A variety of surface analytical techniques, including atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance imaging and spectroscopic ellipsometry were employed to characterize the composite PB array electrode. The hybrid sensing interface allowed amperometric measurements of glucose to be carried out with two independent schemes at different potentials. The cathodic current was obtained with the PB array functioning as the electrocatalyst, while the anodic current was measured at a higher potential via a mediation mechanism using the ferrocene-modified GOx. For the quantitative detection of glucose, flow-injection analysis was used, and both the operating conditions and the design parameters were optimized. Linear responses were obtained for both anodic and cathodic signals over a concentration range from 0.1 to 50 mM, with a detection limit of 75 microM. The specificity of the sensor was demonstrated with respect to ascorbic and lactic acid. The implementation of integrated detection mechanisms allows the independent measurement of amperometric signals at two separate potentials. This improves the information gathering and opens up new avenues for developing novel methods that potentially eliminate false signal readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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16
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Qiang Z, Yuan R, Chai Y, Wang N, Zhuo Y, Zhang Y, Li X. A new potentiometric immunosensor for determination of α-fetoprotein based on improved gelatin–silver complex film. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Funabashi H, Tanaka Y, Imamura Y, Mie M, Manabe T, Tanaka H, Takahashi T, Handa H, Aizawa M, Kobatake E. Glucose oxidase assisted homogeneous electrochemical receptor binding assay for drug screening. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1675-83. [PMID: 16169211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Revised: 07/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the idea of homogeneous electrochemical immunoassay using antibody and an electroactive modified antigen as a probe looks to be very useful for high-throughput drug screening, there have been few reports. One reason for this is the difficulty experienced making an electroactive probe, because the introduction of electroactive compounds to antigens often interferes with the antigen-antibody interaction. To apply a homogeneous electrochemical assay to drug screening, we have designed new probes referring to the information of immobilization on beads which could identify the drug receptor. FK506 (also called Tacrolimus), immunosuppressive agent is modified with ferrocene derivatives as an electron mediator between glucose oxidase and an electrode, at a non-obstructing part. One of the probes still indicated the electrochemical activity as a mediator and had the specific binding capability for FKBP12 (FK506 binding protein). The current decrease in response to the additional FKBP12, detected with constant voltage amperometry using the probe, was observed within 5 min. Then, free FK506 as a leader drug, rapamycin and cyclosporine A as unknown drugs were used as a model for drug screening. Since the order of response currents at the same concentration of each drug reflected their binding constants, it was shown that binding capacity of an unknown drug candidate could be estimated by comparison of response currents between the leader drug and the unknown drug candidate. Thus, this glucose oxidase assisted homogeneous electrochemical drug-receptor binding assay has been proved to be a useful tool for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakage Funabashi
- Department of Biological Information, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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18
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Cho JH, Han SM, Paek EH, Cho IH, Paek SH. Plastic ELISA-on-a-Chip Based on Sequential Cross-Flow Chromatography. Anal Chem 2006; 78:793-800. [PMID: 16448053 DOI: 10.1021/ac051453v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A plastic chip that can perform immunoassays using an enzyme as signal generator, i.e., ELISA-on-a-chip, was developed by incorporating an immunostrip into channels etched on the surfaces of the chip. To utilize an analytical concept of cross-flow chromatography, the chip consisted of two cross-flow channels in the horizontal and vertical directions. In the vertical channel, we placed a 2-mm-wide immunostrip for cardiac troponin I (cTnI), which was identical to a conventional rapid test kit except for the utilization of an enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), as tracer. An enzyme substrate supply channel and a horizontal flow absorption pad compartment were transversely arranged on each lateral side of the signal generation pad of the strip, respectively. Upon application of a sample containing cTnI, it migrated vertically through the membrane strip by capillary action, and antigen-antibody binding occurred. After 15 min, the horizontal flow was initiated by the addition of a chromogenic substrate solution for HRP into the supply channel and by partial superimposition of the horizontal flow absorption pad onto the signal generation pad. A color signal proportional to the analyte concentration was produced on this pad, measured after 5 min as optical densities using a digital camera-based detector, and quantified by integration of the densities under the peak after normalization. Its calibration curve indicated that the detection limit of the chip was approximately 0.1 ng/mL and its quantification limit was 0.25 ng/mL. In measuring blindly prepared samples, the chip performance correlated with that of a reference system, Beckman Coulter Access, within 2.5-fold discrepancy at the detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung-Hwan Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Sungbuk-ku, Seoul
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19
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Hromadová M, Salmain M, Fischer-Durand N, Pospísil L, Jaouen G. Electrochemical microbead-based immunoassay using an (eta5-cyclopentadienyl)tricarbonylmanganese redox marker bound to bovine serum albumin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:506-11. [PMID: 16378466 DOI: 10.1021/la052188b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A first example of the solid-phase immunoassay of a high-weight antigen bovine serum albumin (BSA) using an (eta(5)-cyclopentadienyl)tricarbonylmanganese (cymantrene) redox probe is presented. The electrochemical detection is based on the impedance measurements of a one-electron reversible reduction of the organometallic probe. The microbead-based immunoassay is discussed for two types of microbeads with different diameters (2.5 and 90 microm) and capabilities to bind the immunoglobulins (2.4 and 10 microg/mg of beads). The use of larger agarose microbeads allows the formation of an antigen-antibody complex at the surface of microbeads directly dispersed in the analyzed solution. No additional separation step is necessary for the electrochemical competitive immunoassay analysis of BSA. The presence of agarose beads in the analyzed solution has no effect on the electrochemical signal from labeled BSA released from the antigen-antibody complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Hromadová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dolejskova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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Okochi M, Ohta H, Tanaka T, Matsunaga T. Electrochemical probe for on-chip type flow immunoassay: Immunoglobulin G labeled with ferrocenecarboaldehyde. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 90:14-9. [PMID: 15736166 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Labeling of ferrocenecarboaldehyde (Fc-CHO) to immunoglobulin G (IgG) via formation of Schiff-base and its reduction was investigated for construction of an electrochemical probe for miniaturized amperometric flow immunoassay. Approximately eight molecules of Fc-CHO were labeled to IgG and the reversible redox property of ferrocene was observed. Labeling efficiency improved by over three times as compared to the conventional method using ferrocenemonocarboxylic acid (Fc-COOH). Also, binding affinity of IgG labeled with Fc-CHO to its antigen, IgE, was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance assay. IgG labeled with Fc-CHO that retained eight ferrocene moiety showed sufficient binding affinity to its antigen and the current response obtained in the flow electrochemical detection system increased by 14-fold as compared with IgG labeled with Fc-COOH when applying the potential of 390 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. The minimum detectable concentration of IgG labeled with Fc-CHO was 0.06 microM. IgG labeled with Fc-CHO demonstrate biochemical and electrochemical properties that are useful for electrochemical immunosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Okochi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave R van Staveren
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Homogeneous electrogenerated chemiluminescence immunoassay for the determination of digoxin. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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TRANSITION METAL CHEMISTRY OF GLUCOSE OXIDASE, HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE, AND RELATED ENZYMES. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(03)55004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Salmain M, Jaouen G. Side-chain selective and covalent labelling of proteins with transition organometallic complexes. Perspectives in biology. CR CHIM 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1631-0748(03)00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Zhang C, Zhang H, Feng M. Homogeneous Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Immunoassay Using a Luminol-Labeled Digoxin Hapten. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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26
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Gündogan‐Paul M, Özyörük H, Çelebi S, Yildiz A. Amperometric Enzyme Electrode for Hydrogen Peroxide Determination Prepared with Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized in Polyvinylferrocenium (PVF
+
). ELECTROANAL 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200204)14:7/8<505::aid-elan505>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Haluk Özyörük
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06532 Beytepe‐Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serdar S. Çelebi
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 06532 Beytepe‐Ankara, Turkey
| | - Attila Yildiz
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06532 Beytepe‐Ankara, Turkey
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27
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Labeling Digoxin Antibody with Colloidal Gold and Ferrocene for Its Use in a Membrane Immunostrip and Immunosensor. Microchem J 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/mchj.1999.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Xu JJ, Zhou DM, Chen HY. A Reagentless Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on the Coimmobilization of Thionine and Horseradish Peroxidase by Their Cross-Linking with Glutaraldehyde on Glassy Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4109(199808)10:10<713::aid-elan713>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Ghindilis AL, Atanasov P, Wilkins M, Wilkins E. Immunosensors: electrochemical sensing and other engineering approaches. Biosens Bioelectron 1998; 13:113-31. [PMID: 9519454 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(97)00031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article overviews the engineering approaches and the recent trends in the development of alternative immunoassay systems. A brief description of the main principles and limitations of conventional immunoassay is given. Immunosensing approaches overcoming these limitations are discussed. Alternatives to traditional immunoassay systems are discussed in terms of the enhancement of immunointeraction processes and in terms of the various detection principles. Applications of flow-injection techniques to the development of immunosensing systems are presented. Immunosensors are categorized based on the detection principle employed, as immunoelectrodes (electrochemical immunosensors), piezoelectric immunosensors, or as sensors based on optical detection of the immunointeraction. The discussion focuses on electrochemical immunosensors. In conclusion, the engineering issues involved in immunosensor development are outlined and trends towards practical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Ghindilis
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, School of Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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30
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Abstract
In contrast to optical immunosensors, the electrochemical detection of an immunanalytical reaction does require a labeling, but allows an easier discrimination of specific and non-specific binding. We present a concept and first results for a multivalent amperometric immunosensor system which is based on silicon technology. The capture molecule streptavidin, covalently immobilized on silica, allows the immobilization of biotinylated antigens at a defined density. A nanostructured gold electrode serving as a stable network of nanowires is expected to be beneficial for the electrochemical detection of bound ferrocene-labeled antibody molecules. The results presented focus on site-specific immobilization of streptavidin on silica and reduction of non-specific binding of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L X Tiefenauer
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Micro- and Nanostructures Laboratory, Villigen, Switzerland.
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Wendzinski F, Gründig B, Renneberg R, Spener F. Highly sensitive determination of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase with tetrathiafulvalene-based electrodes and the application in immunosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 1997; 12:43-52. [PMID: 8976051 DOI: 10.1016/0956-5663(96)89088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Redox mediators enable an efficient electron transfer between redox enzymes and the electrochemical surface of amperometric sensors. A stable and highly sensitive signal was obtained using a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-modified graphite electrode. In the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was monitored with a detection limit of 7 nM at a potential of +20 mV versus a saturated calomel electrode (SCE). With a constant concentration of H2O2, the detection limit for HRP was found to be 150 pM. The accuracy of consecutive measurement of HRP in flow-through systems was improved by short-time polarizing the TTF-modified graphite electrode at +100 mV versus Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl. Using the TTF-modified graphite electrode in an immuno-sandwich approach, rabbit-immunoglobulin G was monitored in the range 5-100 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wendzinski
- Institut für Chemo- und Biosensorik, Münster, Germany
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32
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Fernández-Sánchez C, Costa-García A. Adsorption of immunoglobulin G on carbon paste electrodes as a basis for the development of immunoelectrochemical devices. Biosens Bioelectron 1997; 12:403-13. [PMID: 9228732 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(96)00075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) to a carbon paste electrode is investigated in this work. Studies of the immobilization of the immunoglobulin on this electrode were carried out. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) has been used as an enzyme label, linked to the antibody, for the determination of the adsorbed immunoglobulin. Various substrates for this enzyme have been tested and alpha-naphthyl phosphate was found to be the best because of the lower oxidation potential of the enzymatic product, alpha-naphthol, and greater sensitivity under the same experimental conditions. An electrodic pretreatment based on an anodic oxidation of the electrode surface in a phosphate media pH 9 was carried out prior to the adsorption step. This activation is also suitable for the removal of the IgG layer and the regeneration of the electrodic surface after each determination, with the intention of using the same electrode in the subsequent assays. A good reproducibility of the signal was achieved in this way (Relative Standard Deviation, R.S.D. = 3.7%). Using cyclic voltammetry, IgG labelled with AP has been quantified in a range from 2 x 10(-12) to 7 x 10(-11) M and a detection limit of 2.3 x 10(-12) M (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) was found. Finally, human IgG was quantified under non-optimized conditions on the electrodic surface through the reaction with AP labelled IgG using two different immunological designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Anderson JL, Bowden EF, Pickup PG. Dynamic Electrochemistry: Methodology and Application. Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/a1960015y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James L. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Edmond F. Bowden
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Peter G. Pickup
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3X7
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Abstract
Major developments continue to be reported in key areas of immunoassay technology. Following the development of excellent signal generation methods, attention has shifted to the development of immunochemical methods and instrumentation to provide convenient systems of high performance. Important advances have been made in the design of immunochemical approaches that permit the replacement of competitive format assays for small molecules, such as drugs, metabolites and pollutants, with non-competitive formats, bringing advantages previously seen only with large molecular analytes. Bispecific antibodies and recombinant proteins are also beginning to impact immunodiagnostics, with the promise of even more highly specified reagents. Improvements in automation have brought the facility of homogeneous systems to high-throughput and high-performance heterogeneous systems. Similarly, 'point of need' testing continues to progress. Through all of these advances, systems are evolving according to the needs of users in terms of operator convenience, accuracy, specificity, speed, robustness, and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Self
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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