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Trojanowicz M. Flow Chemistry in Contemporary Chemical Sciences: A Real Variety of Its Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:E1434. [PMID: 32245225 PMCID: PMC7146634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry is an area of contemporary chemistry exploiting the hydrodynamic conditions of flowing liquids to provide particular environments for chemical reactions. These particular conditions of enhanced and strictly regulated transport of reagents, improved interface contacts, intensification of heat transfer, and safe operation with hazardous chemicals can be utilized in chemical synthesis, both for mechanization and automation of analytical procedures, and for the investigation of the kinetics of ultrafast reactions. Such methods are developed for more than half a century. In the field of chemical synthesis, they are used mostly in pharmaceutical chemistry for efficient syntheses of small amounts of active substances. In analytical chemistry, flow measuring systems are designed for environmental applications and industrial monitoring, as well as medical and pharmaceutical analysis, providing essential enhancement of the yield of analyses and precision of analytical determinations. The main concept of this review is to show the overlapping of development trends in the design of instrumentation and various ways of the utilization of specificity of chemical operations under flow conditions, especially for synthetic and analytical purposes, with a simultaneous presentation of the still rather limited correspondence between these two main areas of flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03–195 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02–093 Warsaw, Poland
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ROCHA FÁBIOR, BATISTA ALEXD, MELCHERT WANESSAR, ZAGATTO ELIASA. Solid-phase extractions in flow analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:803-824. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Miró M, Estela JM, Cerdà V. Application of flowing stream techniques to water analysis Part III. Metal ions: alkaline and alkaline-earth metals, elemental and harmful transition metals, and multielemental analysis. Talanta 2012; 63:201-23. [PMID: 18969420 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2003] [Revised: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the earlier parts of this series of reviews [1,2], the most relevant flowing stream techniques (namely, segmented flow analysis, continuous flow analysis, flow injection (FI) analysis, sequential injection (SI) analysis, multicommuted flow injection analysis and multisyringe flow injection analysis) applied to the determination of several core inorganic parameters for water quality assessment, such as nutrients and anionic species including nitrogen, sulfur and halogen compounds, were described. In the present paper, flow techniques are presented as powerful analytical tools for the environmental monitoring of metal ions (alkaline and alkaline-earth metals, and elemental and harmful transition metals) as well as to perform both multielemental and speciation analysis in water samples. The potentials of flow techniques for automated sample treatment involving on-line analyte separation and/or pre-concentration are also discussed in the body of the text, and demonstrated for each individual ion with a variety of strategies successfully applied to trace analysis. In this context, the coupling of flow methodologies with atomic spectrometric techniques such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) or hydride-generation (HG)/cold-vapor (CV) approaches, launching the so-called hyphenated techniques, is specially worth mentioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Miró
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Zhou Q, Henoumont C, Vander Elst L, Laurent S, Muller R. NMR determination of free gallium(III) ions in aqueous solutions of Ga complexes, “cold” analogs of PET/SPECT tracers. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2011; 6:165-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q. Zhou
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory; University of Mons; Mons; B-7000; Mons; Belgium
| | - C. Henoumont
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory; University of Mons; Mons; B-7000; Mons; Belgium
| | - L. Vander Elst
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory; University of Mons; Mons; B-7000; Mons; Belgium
| | - S. Laurent
- Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory; University of Mons; Mons; B-7000; Mons; Belgium
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Kara D. Separation and Removal of Mercury(II) from Water Samples Using (Acetylacetone)‐2‐Thiol‐Phenyleneimine Immobilized on Anion‐Exchange Resin Prior to Determination by Cold Vapor Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. ANAL LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710500259185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sung YH, Huang SD. On-line preconcentration system coupled to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of bismuth, cadmium, and lead in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lemos VA, Santos WNLD, Santos JS, de Carvalho MB. On-line preconcentration system using a minicolumn of polyurethane foam loaded with Me-BTABr for zinc determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Automated flow analysis system based on multicommutation for Cd, Ni and Pb on-line pre-concentration in a cationic exchange resin with determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Slingsby RW, Bordunov A, Grimes M. Removal of metallic impurities from mobile phases in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography by the use of an in-line chelation column. J Chromatogr A 2001; 913:159-63. [PMID: 11355809 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)01203-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An in-line stripper column packed with iminodiacetate chelation resin is placed between the pump and injection valve and shown to remove metallic impurities from an HPLC system. We used a test procedure based on assessing the relative peak asymmetries of 2,2'-bipyridyl, a chelating analyte and 4,4'-bipyridyl, a non-chelating analyte. Results from use of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and stainless steel pumps are evaluated. Analytical columns with titanium/PEEK and stainless steel frits are used to assess the role of frits in metallic contamination. We demonstrated that although metal-free pumping systems contribute significantly lower metallic impurities than stainless steel systems, metal is nevertheless present in the mobile phase and the chelating stripper columns were found useful in protecting the analytical columns from contamination. The stainless steel frits were not found to be significant contributors to the contamination.
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Pesavento M, Baldini E. Study of sorption of copper(II) on complexing resin columns by solid phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Trojanowicz M, Alexander PW, Brynn Hibbert D. Flow-injection potentiometric determination of free cadmium ions with a cadmium ion-selective electrode. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cardellicchio N, Ragone P, Cavalli S, Riviello J. Use of ion chromatography for the determination of transition metals in the control of sewage-treatment-plant and related waters. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Teresa M, Vasconcelos S, Azenha MA. Additional evidence of the operational character of the lability of complexes of copper(II) with simple organic ligands. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vasconcelos M, Leal MC, Soares HM. Influence of the ratio copper(II) to ligand concentrations and the nature of entering and leaving ligands on the lability of copper(II) complexes. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sule P, Ingle J. Determination of the speciation of chromium with an automated two-column ion-exchange system. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Campanella L, Pyrzyńska K, Trojanowicz M. Chemical speciation by flow-injection analysis. A review. Talanta 1996; 43:825-38. [DOI: 10.1016/0039-9140(95)01831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/1995] [Accepted: 11/17/1995] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cooper E, Haas M, Mattie J. Studies of the speciation of plutonium and other actinides in natural groundwater using anion exchange resin. Appl Radiat Isot 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0969-8043(95)00159-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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A new chelating polyelectrolyte for preconcentration and separation of trace metals employing resin-impregnated paper chromatography and determination by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Chromatographia 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02290270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Three-column system for preconcentration and speciation determination of trace metals in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)00228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shibata N, Fudagawa N, Kubota M. Determination of trace metals in potassium hydrogenphthalate by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)85159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Literature survey of the on-line preconcentration in flow-injection atomic spectrometric analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00321909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Martinotti W, Queirazza G, Realini F, Ciceri G. In-flow speciation of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in fresh waters by diffential-pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Anal Chim Acta 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)80209-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brenner IB, Taylor HE. A Critical Review of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for Geoanalysis, Geochemistry, and Hydrology. Part I. Analytical Performance. Crit Rev Anal Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1080/10408349208051650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Trojanowicz M, Benson RL, Worsfold PJ. Recent developments in water quality monitoring by flow injection analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-9936(91)85039-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Beinrohr E, Čakrt M, Garaj J, Rapta M. On-line preconcentration of trace copper for flame atomic absorption spectrometry using a spherical cellulose sorbent with chemically bound quinolin-8-ol. Anal Chim Acta 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)82775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu Y, Ingle J. Measurement and compensation for metal complex dissociation in speciation studies with an automated two-column ion-exchange system. Anal Chim Acta 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)81903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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