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Deller Z, Grist S, Giustozzi F, Maniam S. Multimethod Approach to Investigate the Factors Influencing High-Temperature Fuming of Bitumen. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:3217-3228. [PMID: 38284018 PMCID: PMC10809709 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Bitumen is heated at high temperatures during asphalt paving applications. In these circumstances, there is the possibility for fuming. These fumes can vary in intensity and, if significant, may attract complaints. The bitumen's chemical composition depends on the crude oil from which it originates. A tool to screen bitumen and evaluate its potential to release fumes would be highly beneficial. In this study, three methods have been employed to investigate a series of bitumen samples that were known to produce complaints by (a) quantifying benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m, o, p-xylene (BTEX), (b) measuring the partition coefficients of these analytes, and (c) measuring the volatile mass of bitumen exposed to isothermal heating. It was found that the concentration of BTEX varied significantly between bitumen samples. The partition coefficients of these analytes are substantially the same between samples. Finally, the volatile mass of each sample varies significantly between samples, independent of bitumen grade or country of origin. These volatile masses correlate strongly with fuming complaints from bitumen and can be used as predictors of bitumen fuming risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Deller
- Applied
Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Stephen Grist
- Applied
Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Filippo Giustozzi
- Civil
and Infrastructure, School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Subashani Maniam
- Applied
Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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Deller Z, Maniam S, Giustozzi F. Sample Preparation and Analytical Methods for Identifying Organic Compounds in Bituminous Emissions. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165068. [PMID: 36014307 PMCID: PMC9416622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitumen is a major construction material that can emit harmful fumes when heated. These fumes pose health risks to workers and communities near construction projects or asphalt mixing plants. The chemical complexity of bitumen fumes and the increasing use of additives add to the difficulty of analytically quantifying the harmful chemicals emitted using a single technique. Research on bitumen emissions consists of numerous sample preparation and analytical methods. There are a range of considerations to be made when deciding on an appropriate sample preparation method and instrumental configuration to optimise the analysis of specific organic contaminants in emissions. Researchers investigating emissions from bituminous materials may need to consider a range of analytical techniques to quantify harmful chemicals and assess the efficacy of new additives. This review summarises the primary methodologies for sample preparation and analytical techniques used in bitumen research and discusses future challenges and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Deller
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Subashani Maniam
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Filippo Giustozzi
- Civil and Infrastructure, School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Chang X, Xiao Y, Long Y, Wang F, You Z. Temperature dependency of VOCs release characteristics of asphalt materials under varying test conditions. JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtte.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Evaluation of Reductions in Fume Emissions (VOCs and SVOCs) from Warm Mix Asphalt Incorporating Natural Zeolite and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement for Sustainable Pavements. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12229546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional asphalt mixtures used for road paving require high manufacturing temperatures and therefore high energy expenditure, which has a negative environmental impact and creates risk in the workplace owing to high emissions of pollutants, greenhouse gases, and toxic fumes. Reducing energy consumption and emissions is a continuous challenge for the asphalt industry. Previous studies have focused on the reduction of emissions without characterizing their composition, and detailed characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in asphalt fumes is scarce. This communication describes the characterization and evaluation of VOCs and SVOCs from asphalt mixtures prepared at lower production temperatures using natural zeolite; in some cases, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) was used. Fumes were extracted from different asphalt mix preparations using a gas syringe and then injected into hermetic gas sample bags. The compounds present in the fumes were sampled with a fiber and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In general, the preparation of warm mix asphalts (WMA) using RAP and natural zeolite as aggregates showed beneficial effects, reducing VOCs and SVOCs compared to hot mix asphalts (HMA). The fumes captured presented a similar composition to those from HMA, consisting principally of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds but with few halogenated compounds and no polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thus, the paving mixtures described here are a friendlier alternative for the environment and for the health of road workers, in addition to permitting the re-use of RAP.
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Cargnin RS, Nascimento PCD, Ferraz LM, Barichello MM, Brudi LC, Rosa MBD, de Carvalho LM, do Nascimento DB, Cravo MC, do Nascimento LAH. Investigation of Extraction and Collection of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Aqueous Solutions at Different Temperatures. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1353529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rejane S. Cargnin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luis M. Ferraz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Márcia M. Barichello
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia C. Brudi
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B. da Rosa
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Antonini JM, Roberts JR, Taylor MD, Yin X, Stone S, Moseley A, Ma JKH, Frazer DG, Castranova V, Ma JYC. Effect of Asphalt Fume Inhalation Exposure at Simulated Road Paving Conditions Prior to Bacterial Infection on Lung Defense Responses in Rats. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 15:1347-68. [PMID: 14569497 DOI: 10.1080/08958370390241830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Asphalt fume inhalation has been suspected of affecting immune function in exposed workers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of asphalt exposure on lung immune responses in rats using a bacterial infectivity model. Pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by inhalation to asphalt fumes (72.6 +/- 4.95 mg/m3) or filtered air for 6 h/day for 5 days. One day after the final asphalt exposure, rats were intratracheally inoculated with 5 x 10(5) Listeria monocytogenes. At 0 (prior to bacterial inoculation), 3, and 7 days after L. monocytogenes instillation, the lungs of each animal were divided. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on right lungs. The recovered BAL cells were then differentiated and counted, and alveolar macrophage (AM) function was determined. Albumin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), two indices of lung injury, were measured in the acellular BAL fluid. To assess bacterial clearance, the left lungs were removed, homogenized, and bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted. In addition, lung-draining lymph nodes were removed, and lymphocyte phenotype and lymphocyte-induced cytokine production were examined. Asphalt fume exposure did not cause lung injury or inflammation in rats in the absence of infection. Infection induced elevations in AMs, neutrophils (PMNs), albumin, and LDH. Importantly, no significant differences were seen when comparing the asphalt group with the air and nonexposed naive groups at any time before or after infection. Also, asphalt fume inhalation exposure did not affect the rate of pulmonary clearance of L. monocytogenes or AM production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, asphalt-related increases in lymphocyte secretion of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 were observed at different times after bacterial infection, whereas the total number of lymph-node cells and the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ cells were not significantly different among the treatment groups. Despite the asphalt-induced changes observed in lymphokine secretion, adaptive immune function seemed to function properly in lung defense against bacterial infection. Because innate nonspecific lung responses and pulmonary clearance of L. monocytogenes were unaffected by asphalt fume exposure, lung defenses were sufficient to control the infection. It was concluded that acute inhalation of asphalt fumes at a high concentration had a minimal effect on lung immune responses to infection in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Antonini
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Zhao HW, Yin XJ, Frazer D, Barger MW, Siegel PD, Millecchia L, Zhong BZ, Tomblyn S, Stone S, Ma JKH, Castranova V, Ma JYC. Effects of paving asphalt fume exposure on genotoxic and mutagenic activities in the rat lung. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2004; 557:137-49. [PMID: 14729368 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asphalt fumes are complex mixtures of aerosols and vapors containing various organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Previously, we have demonstrated that inhalation exposure of rats to asphalt fumes resulted in dose-dependent induction of CYP1A1 with concomitant down-regulation of CYP2B1 and increased phase II enzyme quinone reductase activity in the rat lung. In the present study, the potential genotoxic effects of asphalt fume exposure due to altered lung microsomal enzymes were studied. Rats were exposed to air or asphalt fume generated under road paving conditions at various concentrations and sacrificed the next day. Alveolar macrophages (AM) were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and examined for DNA damage using the comet assay. To evaluate the systemic genotoxic effect of asphalt fume, micronuclei formation in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) was monitored. Lung S9 from various exposure groups was isolated from tissue homogenates and characterized for metabolic activity in activating 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) mutagenicity using the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 and YG1029. This study showed that the paving asphalt fumes significantly induced DNA damage in AM, as revealed by DNA migration in the comet assay, in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the micronuclei formation in bone marrow PCEs was not detected even at a very high exposure level (1733 mg h/m3). The conversion of 2-AA to mutagens in the Ames test required lung S9-mediated metabolic activation in a dose-dependent manner. In comparison to the controls, lung S9 from rats exposed to asphalt fume at a total exposure level of 479+/-33 mg h/m3 did not significantly enhance 2-AA mutagenicity with either S. typhimurium YG1024 or YG1029. At a higher total asphalt fume exposure level (1150+/-63 mg h/m3), S9 significantly increased the mutagenicity of 2-AA as compared to the control. However, S9 from asphalt fume-exposed rats did not significantly activate the mutagenicity of BaP in the Ames test. These results show that asphalt fume exposure, which significantly altered both phases I and II metabolic enzymes in lung microsomes, is genotoxic to AM and enhances the metabolic activation of certain mutagens through altered S9 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Zhao
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Ma C, Wang J, Luo J. Exposure to asphalt fumes activates activator protein-1 through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in mouse epidermal cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:44265-72. [PMID: 12947100 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309023200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to asphalt fumes may pose a health risk. Experimental studies using animal and in vitro models indicate that condensates from asphalt fumes are genotoxic and can promote skin tumorigenesis. Enhanced activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1) is frequently associated with the promotion of skin tumorigenesis. The current study investigated the effect of exposure to asphalt fumes on AP-1 activation in mouse JB6 P+ epidermal cells and the skin of transgenic mice expressing the AP-1 luciferase reporter gene. Asphalt fumes were generated from a dynamic generation system that simulated road-paving conditions. Exposure to asphalt fumes significantly increased AP-1 activity in JB6 P+ cells as well as in cultured keratinocytes isolated from transgenic mice expressing AP-1 reporter. In addition, topical application of asphalt fumes by painting the tail skin of mice increased AP-1 activity by 14-fold. Exposure to asphalt fumes promoted basal as well as epidermal growth factor-stimulated anchorage-independent growth of JB6 P+ cells in soft agar. It activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and induced phosphorylation of Akt at Ser-473/Thr-308, and concurrently activated downstream p70 S6 kinase as well as glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. Asphalt fumes transiently activated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases without affecting extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. Further study indicated that blockage of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation eliminated asphalt fume-stimulated AP-1 activation and formation of anchorage-independent colonies in soft agar. This is the first report showing that exposure to asphalt fumes can activate AP-1 and intracellular signaling that may promote skin tumorigenesis, thus providing important evidence on the potential involvement of exposure to asphalt fumes in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiling Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Science Center, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
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Wang JJ, Marshall WD, Frazer DG, Law B, Lewis DM. Characterization of DNA adducts from lung tissue of asphalt fume-exposed mice by nanoflow liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2003; 322:79-88. [PMID: 14705783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A bioanalytical method based on nanoflow liquid chromatography coupled to a hybrid quadrupole orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry was developed to characterize selected polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts. The collision-induced dissociation of analytes results in characteristic fragmentation patterns that can be utilized to identify the DNA adducts. In the experiment, 32 B6C3F1 mice were exposed daily (4h/day) to asphalt fume in a whole-body inhalation chamber for 10 days; 16 nonexposed mice served as controls. The asphalt fume was generated at 180 degrees C and the concentrations of PAHs in the animal exposure chamber ranged from 152 to 198 mg/m3. The DNA adducts N2-deoxyguanosine-benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (N2-dG-BPDE); N6-deoxyadenosine-benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (N6-dA-BPDE), and N4-deoxycytidine-benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (N4-dC-BPDE) were identified. The concentrations of N2-dG-BPDE, N6-dA-BPDE, and N4-dC-BPDE adducts were determined to be 1.17, 0.97, and 0.68 pmol/mg DNA, respectively, in the lung tissue of exposed mice using the nanoflow technique. The total DNA adducts in exposed lung tissue was determined to be 8.35 pmol/mg DNA by 32P-postlabeling assay. In total, the results indicated that PAH DNA adducts were significantly elevated (p < 0.001) in the lung tissue of asphalt-fume-exposed mice relative to tissue from control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin J Wang
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Sikora ER, Stone S, Tomblyn S, Frazer DG, Castranova V, Dey RD. Asphalt exposure enhances neuropeptide levels in sensory neurons projecting to the rat nasal epithelium. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2003; 66:1015-1027. [PMID: 12775514 DOI: 10.1080/15287390306394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Asphalt fumes have been reported to produce nasal irritation in road workers. Since inhaled irritants can increase substance P (SP) production in airway neurons, the effects of asphalt fumes on SP production in trigeminal ganglia (TG) sensory neurons innervating the nasal mucosa were investigated. The effects of asphalt fumes on nasal mucosal innervation were examined by measuring SP and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels in rat TG neurons projecting to the nasal epithelium. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to asphalt fumes at 16.0 +/- 8.1mg /m3 for 5 consecutive days, 3.5 h/d. Inflammatory cells were measured in nasal cavity lavage fluid. SP and CGRP immunoreactivity (IR) was measured in the cell bodies of trigeminal ganglion sensory neurons projecting to the nasal cavity. A significant increase in neutrophils and macrophages was observed after asphalt fume exposure indicating an inflammatory response in the nasal cavity. The percentage of SP-IR neurons increased significantly in the asphalt-exposed rats, and the proportion of CGRP-IR neurons was also elevated following asphalt exposure. These results indicate that exposure to asphalt fumes produces inflammation and increases the levels of SP and CGRP in TG neurons projecting to the nasal epithelium. The findings are consistent with asphalt-induced activation of sensory C-fibers in the nasal cavity. Enhanced sensory neuropeptide release from nerve terminals in the nasal cavity may produce neurogenic inflammation associated with nasal irritation following exposure to asphalt fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Sikora
- Department of Neurobiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-9128, USA
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Williamson KS, Petty JD, Huckins JN, Lebo JA, Kaiser EM. HPLC-PFD determination of priority pollutant PAHs in water, sediment, and semipermeable membrane devices. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 49:703-715. [PMID: 12431007 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography coupled with programmable fluorescence detection was employed for the determination of 15 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPPAHs) in water, sediment, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Chromatographic separation using this analytical method facilitates selectivity, sensitivity (ppt levels), and can serve as a non-destructive technique for subsequent analysis by other chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Extraction and sample cleanup procedures were also developed for water, sediment, and SPMDs using various chromatographic and wet chemical methods. The focus of this publication is to examine the enrichment techniques and the analytical methodologies used in the isolation, characterization, and quantitation of 15 PPPAHs in different sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Williamson
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:1324-1333. [PMID: 11754125 DOI: 10.1002/jms.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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