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Yin C, Jiang X, Mann S, Tian L, Drinkwater BW. Acoustic Trapping: An Emerging Tool for Microfabrication Technology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207917. [PMID: 36942987 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The high throughput deposition of microscale objects with precise spatial arrangement represents a key step in microfabrication technology. This can be done by creating physical boundaries to guide the deposition process or using printing technologies; in both approaches, these microscale objects cannot be further modified after they are formed. The utilization of dynamic acoustic fields offers a novel approach to facilitate real-time reconfigurable miniaturized systems in a contactless manner, which can potentially be used in physics, chemistry, biology, as well as materials science. Here, the physical interactions of microscale objects in an acoustic pressure field are discussed and how to fabricate different acoustic trapping devices and how to tune the spatial arrangement of the microscale objects are explained. Moreover, different approaches that can dynamically modulate microscale objects in acoustic fields are presented, and the potential applications of the microarrays in biomedical engineering, chemical/biochemical sensing, and materials science are highlighted alongside a discussion of future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Yin
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research and Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, 66 Dongxin Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Department of Ultrasound, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Bruce W Drinkwater
- Faculty of Engineering, Queen's Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
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Guo F, Zhou W, Li P, Mao Z, Yennawar N, French JB, Jun Huang T. Precise Manipulation and Patterning of Protein Crystals for Macromolecular Crystallography Using Surface Acoustic Waves. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:2733-7. [PMID: 25641793 PMCID: PMC4478196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Advances in modern X-ray sources and detector technology have made it possible for crystallographers to collect usable data on crystals of only a few micrometers or less in size. Despite these developments, sample handling techniques have significantly lagged behind and often prevent the full realization of current beamline capabilities. In order to address this shortcoming, a surface acoustic wave-based method for manipulating and patterning crystals is developed. This method, which does not damage the fragile protein crystals, can precisely manipulate and pattern micrometer and submicrometer-sized crystals for data collection and screening. The technique is robust, inexpensive, and easy to implement. This method not only promises to significantly increase efficiency and throughput of both conventional and serial crystallography experiments, but will also make it possible to collect data on samples that were previously intractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Neela Yennawar
- Huck Institutes for Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Song J, Chung M, Kim D. Note: A microfluidic freezer based on evaporative cooling of atomized aqueous microdroplets. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:016103. [PMID: 25638130 DOI: 10.1063/1.4905184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report for the first time water-based evaporative cooling integrated into a microfluidic chip for temperature control and freezing of biological solution. We opt for water as a nontoxic, effective refrigerant. Aqueous solutions are atomized in our device and evaporation of microdroplets under vacuum removes heat effectively. We achieve rapid cooling (-5.1 °C/s) and a low freezing temperature (-14.1 °C). Using this approach, we demonstrate freezing of deionized water and protein solution. Our simple, yet effective cooling device may improve many microfluidic applications currently relying on external power-hungry instruments for cooling and freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, South Korea
| | - Minsub Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-791, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, South Korea
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Deller MC, Rupp B. Approaches to automated protein crystal harvesting. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:133-55. [PMID: 24637746 PMCID: PMC3936438 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The harvesting of protein crystals is almost always a necessary step in the determination of a protein structure using X-ray crystallographic techniques. However, protein crystals are usually fragile and susceptible to damage during the harvesting process. For this reason, protein crystal harvesting is the single step that remains entirely dependent on skilled human intervention. Automation has been implemented in the majority of other stages of the structure-determination pipeline, including cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and data collection. The gap in automation between crystallization and data collection results in a bottleneck in throughput and presents unfortunate opportunities for crystal damage. Several automated protein crystal harvesting systems have been developed, including systems utilizing microcapillaries, microtools, microgrippers, acoustic droplet ejection and optical traps. However, these systems have yet to be commonly deployed in the majority of crystallography laboratories owing to a variety of technical and cost-related issues. Automation of protein crystal harvesting remains essential for harnessing the full benefits of fourth-generation synchrotrons, free-electron lasers and microfocus beamlines. Furthermore, automation of protein crystal harvesting offers several benefits when compared with traditional manual approaches, including the ability to harvest microcrystals, improved flash-cooling procedures and increased throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C. Deller
- The Joint Center for Structural Genomics, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bernhard Rupp
- Department of Forensic Crystallography, k.-k. Hofkristallamt, 991 Audrey Place, Vista, CA 92084, USA
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Schöpfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Puigmartí-Luis J. Microfluidic platforms: a mainstream technology for the preparation of crystals. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:2253-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60372e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yamaguchi H, Maeki M, Yamashita K, Nakamura H, Miyazaki M, Maeda H. Controlling one protein crystal growth by droplet-based microfluidic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 153:339-46. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Guha S, Perry SL, Pawate AS, Kenis PJ. Fabrication of X-ray compatible microfluidic platforms for protein crystallization. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2012; 174:1-9. [PMID: 23105172 PMCID: PMC3480190 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2012.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a method for fabricating multilayer microfluidic protein crystallization platforms using different materials to achieve X-ray transparency and compatibility with crystallization reagents. To validate this approach, three soluble proteins, lysozyme, thaumatin, and ribonuclease A were crystallized on-chip, followed by on-chip diffraction data collection. We also report a chip with an array of wells for screening different conditions that consume a minimal amount of protein solution as compared to traditional screening methods. A large number of high quality isomorphous protein crystals can be grown in the wells, after which slices of X-ray data can be collected from many crystals still residing within the wells. Complete protein structures can be obtained by merging these slices of data followed by further processing with crystallography software. This approach of using an x-ray transparent chip for screening, crystal growth, and X-ray data collection enables room temperature data collection from many crystals mounted in parallel, which thus eliminates crystal handling and minimizes radiation damage to the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipto Guha
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
| | - Sarah L. Perry
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
- Institute of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ashtamurthy S. Pawate
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paul J.A. Kenis
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL, 61801, USA
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8
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Chayen NE. High-throughput protein crystallization. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2010; 77:1-22. [PMID: 20663479 DOI: 10.1016/s1876-1623(09)77001-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Structural genomics projects have led to great progress in the field of structural biology. Considerable advances have been made in the automation of all stages of the pipeline from clone to structure. This chapter focuses on crystallization that is one of the major bottlenecks in this pipeline. It discusses new developments and describes a variety of techniques for high-throughput screening and optimizing of conditions for crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Chayen
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Li G, Chen Q, Li J, Hu X, Zhao J. A Compact Disk-Like Centrifugal Microfluidic System for High-Throughput Nanoliter-Scale Protein Crystallization Screening. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4362-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902904m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjun Li
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Hu
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Nanotechnology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People’s Republic of China, and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Wang XK, Yin DC, Zhang CY, Lu QQ, Guo YZ, Guo WH. Effect of temperature programmes on protein crystallisation. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Abstract
Microfluidics offers a wide range of new tools that permit one to revisit the formation of crystals in solution and yield insights into crystallization processes. We review such recent microfluidic devices and particularly emphasize lab-on-chips dedicated to the high-throughput screening of crystallization conditions of proteins with nanolitre consumption. We also thoroughly discuss the possibilities offered by the microfluidic tools to acquire thermodynamic and kinetic data that may improve industrial processes and shed a new light on nucleation and growth mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Leng
- Université Bordeaux-1, Laboratoire du Futur, Pessac cedex, France
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12
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Sugiyama M, Sengupta S, Todd P, Barocas VH. Concentration control for protein crystallization via a continuously-fed crystallization chamber. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1398-1401. [PMID: 18651085 DOI: 10.1039/b801686k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A continuously-fed crystallization chamber that allows for kinetic path control through the crystallization phase diagram (from labile/nucleation to metastable/growth) was fabricated and used to crystallize lysozyme. A lumped kinetic model was developed, and parameters for heterogeneous nucleation kinetics were determined. Heterogeneous nucleation was found to have faster nucleation kinetics and slower growth kinetics than homogeneous nucleation, as expected. The major contributions of the new device are (1) to allow better control of the chemical environment for studies of crystal nucleation and growth, and (2) to allow lumped-model analysis of those studies to extract kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masano Sugiyama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Applegate RW, Squier J, Vestad T, Oakey J, Marr DWM, Bado P, Dugan MA, Said AA. Microfluidic sorting system based on optical waveguide integration and diode laser bar trapping. LAB ON A CHIP 2006; 6:422-6. [PMID: 16511626 DOI: 10.1039/b512576f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Effective methods for manipulating, isolating and sorting cells and particles are essential for the development of microfluidic-based life science research and diagnostic platforms. We demonstrate an integrated optical platform for cell and particle sorting in microfluidic structures. Fluorescent-dyed particles are excited using an integrated optical waveguide network within micro-channels. A diode-bar optical trapping scheme guides the particles across the waveguide/micro-channel structures and selectively sorts particles based upon their fluorescent signature. This integrated detection and separation approach streamlines microfluidic cell sorting and minimizes the optical and feedback complexity commonly associated with extant platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Applegate
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
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14
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Vergara A, Lorber B, Sauter C, Giegé R, Zagari A. Lessons from crystals grown in the Advanced Protein Crystallisation Facility for conventional crystallisation applied to structural biology. Biophys Chem 2005; 118:102-12. [PMID: 16150532 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2005.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The crystallographic quality of protein crystals that were grown in microgravity has been compared to that of crystals that were grown in parallel on earth gravity under otherwise identical conditions. A goal of this comparison was to assess if a more accurate 3D-structure can be derived from crystallographic analysis of the former crystals. Therefore, the properties of crystals prepared with the Advanced Protein Crystallisation Facility (APCF) on earth and in orbit during the last decade were evaluated. A statistical analysis reveals that about half of the crystals produced under microgravity had a superior X-ray diffraction limit with respect of terrestrial controls. Eleven protein structures could be determined at previously unachieved resolutions using crystals obtained in the APCF. Microgravity induced features of the most relevant structures are reported. A second goal of this study was to identify the cause of the crystal quality enhancement useful for structure determination. No correlations between the effect of microgravity and other system-dependent parameters, such as isoelectric point or crystal solvent content, were found except the reduced convection during the crystallisation process. Thus, crystal growth under diffusive regime appears to be the key parameter explaining the beneficial effect of microgravity on crystal quality. The mimicry of these effects on earth in gels or in capillary tubes is discussed and the practical consequences for structural biology highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vergara
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Monte S. Angelo, 80126, Napoli, Italia
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15
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Abstract
Structural genomics involves many steps in order to reach from Gene to structure. This article focuses on the crystallization step in this chain of tasks. It is becoming increasingly evident that the current high throughput procedures for crystallising proteins do not always produce the expected output of high quality crystals required for structure determination by x-ray crystallography. This problem is discussed and suggestions for raising the output are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Chayen
- Biological Structure and Function Section, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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16
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van der Woerd M, Ferree D, Pusey M. The promise of macromolecular crystallization in microfluidic chips. J Struct Biol 2004; 142:180-7. [PMID: 12718930 DOI: 10.1016/s1047-8477(03)00049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics, or lab-on-a-chip technology, is proving to be a powerful, rapid, and efficient approach to a wide variety of bioanalytical and microscale biopreparative needs. The low materials consumption, combined with the potential for packing a large number of experiments in a few cubic centimeters, makes it an attractive technique for both initial screening and subsequent optimization of macromolecular crystallization conditions. Screening operations, which require a macromolecule solution with a standard set of premixed solutions, are relatively straightforward and have been successfully demonstrated in a microfluidics platform. Optimization methods, in which crystallization solutions are independently formulated from a range of stock solutions, are considerably more complex and have yet to be demonstrated. To be competitive with either approach, a microfluidics system must offer ease of operation, be able to maintain a sealed environment over several weeks to months, and give ready access for the observation and harvesting of crystals as they are grown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van der Woerd
- Universities Space Research Association, National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Marshall Space Flight Center, Mail Code SD46, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Workman,
- Argose Incorporated, 230 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, and Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
| | - Mel Koch
- Argose Incorporated, 230 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, and Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
| | - David J. Veltkamp
- Argose Incorporated, 230 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, and Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700
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18
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Mao H, Holden MA, You M, Cremer PS. Reusable platforms for high-throughput on-chip temperature gradient assays. Anal Chem 2002; 74:5071-5. [PMID: 12380832 DOI: 10.1021/ac025851z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a reusable platform that can apply a linear temperature gradient to a lab-on-a-chip device. When a planar microfluidic device with a series of microchannels is placed on top of the platform with the channels perpendicular to the gradient, each channel is held at a discrete temperature. This allows temperature-dependent data for chemical or biochemical species flowed into the device to be obtained in a concurrent fashion. As a demonstration, a melting curve for dsDNA is performed by collecting all the data simultaneously. The gradient is stable enough to easily distinguish between 30-mers where the complement strand contains a single C-A mismatch or a single T-G mismatch or is a perfect match. On the other hand, a temperature gradient can be formed parallel to the direction of flow of the microchannels. This allows the temperature in each channel to vary continuously as the liquid flows downstream. If each microchannel in the array contains a distinct pH value, ionic strength, species concentration, or chemical composition, then a high-throughput two-variable experiment can be performed. We demonstrate this mode of data collection by measuring the fluorescence yield of fluorescein dye molecules in aqueous solution simultaneously as a function of concentration and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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