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Steinbach JC, Fait F, Wagner S, Wagner A, Brecht M, Mayer HA, Kandelbauer A. Rational Design of Pore Parameters in Monodisperse Porous Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) Particles Based on Response Surface Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030382. [PMID: 35160371 PMCID: PMC8840536 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monodisperse porous poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co–ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) particles are widely applied in different fields, as their pore properties can be influenced and functionalization of the epoxy group is versatile. However, the adjustment of parameters which control morphology and pore properties such as pore volume, pore size and specific surface area is scarcely available. In this work, the effects of the process factors monomer:porogen ratio, GMA:EDMA ratio and composition of the porogen mixture on the response variables pore volume, pore size and specific surface area are investigated using a face centered central composite design. Non-linear effects of the process factors and second order interaction effects between them were identified. Despite the complex interplay of the process factors, targeted control of the pore properties was possible. For each response a response surface model was derived with high predictive power (all R2predicted > 0.85). All models were tested by four external validation experiments and their validity and predictive power was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Steinbach
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.W.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Fabio Fait
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.W.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Stefanie Wagner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.W.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Alexandra Wagner
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Brecht
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann A. Mayer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.W.); (H.A.M.)
| | - Andreas Kandelbauer
- Process Analysis & Technology, Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany; (J.C.S.); (F.F.); (A.W.); (M.B.)
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering (MAP), Institute of Wood Technology and Renewable Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)7-12-1271-2009
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Pączkowski P, Gawdzik B. Studies on Preparation, Characterization and Application of Porous Functionalized Glycidyl Methacrylate-Based Microspheres. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061438. [PMID: 33809475 PMCID: PMC8002100 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A one-step swelling and polymerization technique was used in the synthesis of porous glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) monodisperse polymeric microspheres. The polystyrene (PS) seed obtained in the dispersion polymerization was used as a shape template. The presence of epoxide rings in the chemical structure of microspheres enables their post-polymerization chemical modifications involving: the Diels-Alder reaction with sodium cyclopentadienide and maleic anhydride, the reaction with 4,4′-(bismaleimido)diphenylmethane, and the thiol-Michael reaction with methacryloyl chloride and 2-mercaptopropionic acid. Changing the reaction mixture composition—the amounts of crosslinking monomer and PS seed as well as the type and concentration of porogen porous microspheres of different porous structures were obtained. Their porous structures were characterized in the dry and swollen states. The copolymers obtained from the equimolar monomers mixture modified in the above way were applied as the column packing materials and tested in the reverse-phase HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). A few factors influencing morphology and porous structure of microspheres were studied.
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Xiao J, Lu Q, Cong H, Shen Y, Yu B. Microporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate- co-ethylene glycol dimethyl acrylate) microspheres: synthesis, functionalization and applications. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00834j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As a new kind of functional material, micron-sized porous polymer microspheres are a hot research topic in the field of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Xiao
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qingbiao Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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4
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Pishnamazi M, Selakjani PP, Abarati MN, Pishnamazi M, Nouri A, Kharazi HH, Marjani A. κ-Carrageenan-Fe2O3 superporous composite adsorbent beads for application in magnetic field expanded bed chromatography adsorption. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Fu X, Cebo M, Ikegami T, Lämmerhofer M. Retention characteristics of poly(N-(1H-tetrazole-5-yl)-methacrylamide)-bonded stationary phase in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Grochowicz M. Poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-1,4-dimethacryloyloxybenzene) monodisperse microspheres - synthesis, characterization and application as chromatographic packings in RP-HPLC. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Niksefat Abatari M, Sarmasti Emami MR, Jahanshahi M, Shahavi MH. Superporous pellicular κ-Carrageenan–Nickel composite beads; morphological, physical and hydrodynamics evaluation for expanded bed adsorption application. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Jandera P. Advances in the development of organic polymer monolithic columns and their applications in food analysis—A review. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Jandera P, Staňková M, Hájek T. New zwitterionic polymethacrylate monolithic columns for one- and two-dimensional microliquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2430-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Magda Staňková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
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Staňková M, Jandera P, Škeříková V, Urban J. Cross-linker effects on the separation efficiency on (poly)methacrylate capillary monolithic columns. Part II. Aqueous normal-phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1289:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Jandera P, Hájek T, Staňková M, Vyňuchalová K, Česla P. Optimization of comprehensive two-dimensional gradient chromatography coupling in-line hydrophilic interaction and reversed phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:91-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Urban J, Jandera P. Recent advances in the design of organic polymer monoliths for reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatography separations of small molecules. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:2123-31. [PMID: 22995998 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their favorable porous structure with pore size distribution shifted towards large flow-through pores, organic polymer monoliths have been mainly employed for the separation of macromolecules in gradient elution liquid chromatography. The absence of significant amounts of small pores with a stagnant mobile phase and the resulting low surface area were considered as the main reason for their poor behavior in the isocratic separation of small molecules. Several recent efforts have improved the separation power of organic polymer monoliths for small molecules offering column efficiency up to tens of thousands of plates per meter. These attempts include optimization of the composition of polymerization mixture, including the variation of functional monomer, the cross-linking monomer, and the porogen solvents mixture, adjustment of polymerization temperature, and time. Additionally, post-polymerization modifications including hypercross-linking and the use of carbon nanostructures showed significant improvement in the column properties. This review describes recent developments in the preparation of organic polymer monoliths suitable for the separation of small molecules in the isocratic mode as well as the main factors affecting the column efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Urban
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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13
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Çelebi B, Bayraktar A, Tuncel A. Synthesis of a monolithic, micro-immobilised enzyme reactor via click-chemistry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2655-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Porous polymer particles—A comprehensive guide to synthesis, characterization, functionalization and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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16
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Du KF, Yan M, Song H, Zhang YK. Synthesis of Bimodal Porous Titania Beads and Their Potential in Liquid Chromatography. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie101980d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Computer, Sichuan TOP Vocational Institute of Information Technology, Chengdu 611743, China
| | - Hang Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yong-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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17
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Stationary and mobile phases in hydrophilic interaction chromatography: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 692:1-25. [PMID: 21501708 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is valuable alternative to reversed-phase liquid chromatography separations of polar, weakly acidic or basic samples. In principle, this separation mode can be characterized as normal-phase chromatography on polar columns in aqueous-organic mobile phases rich in organic solvents (usually acetonitrile). Highly organic HILIC mobile phases usually enhance ionization in the electrospray ion source of a mass spectrometer, in comparison to mobile phases with higher concentrations of water generally used in reversed-phase (RP) LC separations of polar or ionic compounds, which is another reason for increasing popularity of this technique. Various columns can be used in the HILIC mode for separations of peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, drugs, metabolites and various natural compounds: bare silica gel, silica-based amino-, amido-, cyano-, carbamate-, diol-, polyol-, zwitterionic sulfobetaine, or poly(2-sulphoethyl aspartamide) and other polar stationary phases chemically bonded on silica gel support, but also ion exchangers or zwitterionic materials showing combined HILIC-ion interaction retention mechanism. Some stationary phases are designed to enhance the mixed-mode retention character. Many polar columns show some contributions of reversed phase (hydrophobic) separation mechanism, depending on the composition of the mobile phase, which can be tuned to suit specific separation problems. Because the separation selectivity in the HILIC mode is complementary to that in reversed-phase and other modes, combinations of the HILIC, RP and other systems are attractive for two-dimensional applications. This review deals with recent advances in the development of HILIC phase separation systems with special attention to the properties of stationary phases. The effects of the mobile phase, of sample structure and of temperature on separation are addressed, too.
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18
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Du KF, Bai S, Dong XY, Sun Y. Fabrication of superporous agarose beads for protein adsorption: Effect of CaCO3 granules content. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5808-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Velamakanni A, Blackwell DL, Yang D, Sonawane S, Addagulla S, Major JS. Synthesis and characterization of functionalized silane-based copolymers for thermally robust polymer–silica hybrids. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Jiang Z, Smith NW, Ferguson PD, Taylor MR. Novel highly hydrophilic zwitterionic monolithic column for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2544-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Jandera P. Stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography, their characterization and implementation into multidimensional chromatography concepts. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1421-37. [PMID: 18428181 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is becoming increasingly popular for separation of polar samples on polar columns in aqueous-organic mobile phases rich in organic solvents (usually ACN). Silica gel with decreased surface concentration of silanol groups, or with chemically bonded amino-, amido-, cyano-, carbamate-, diol-, polyol-, or zwitterionic sulfobetaine ligands are used as the stationary phases for HILIC separations, in addition to the original poly(2-sulphoethyl aspartamide) strong cation-exchange HILIC material. The type of the stationary and the composition of the mobile phase play important roles in the mixed-mode HILIC retention mechanism and can be flexibly tuned to suit specific separation problems. Because of excellent mobile phase compatibility and complementary selectivity to RP chromatography, HILIC is ideally suited for highly orthogonal 2-D LC-LC separations of complex samples containing polar compounds, such as peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, drugs, metabolites and natural compounds. This review attempts to present an overview of the HILIC separation systems, possibilities for their characterization and emerging HILIC applications in 2-D off-line and on-line LC-LC separations of various samples, in combination with RP and other separation modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Jandera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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22
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Wen Y, Feng YQ. Preparation and evaluation of hydroxylated poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary for in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1160:90-8. [PMID: 17559862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2006] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A hydroxylated poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) (GMA-co-EDMA) monolithic capillary was prepared and investigated for in-tube solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The polymer monolith was synthesized by in-situ polymerization of GMA and EDMA in the presence of dodecanol and toluene as the mixed porogenic solvents. After polymerization, glycidyl groups were hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid to produce diol groups at the surface of the porous monolith. To investigate the extraction mechanism, several groups of model analytes (including neutral, acidic and basic) were selected to perform extractions. The resulting monolith showed high extraction selectivity towards polar compounds, which resulted from the enhancement of dipole-dipole and hydrogen bonding interactions relative to hydrophobic interactions. The equilibrium extraction time profiles were also monitored for those model compounds to assess the extraction capacity of the monolithic capillary. Moreover, the hydroxylated poly(GMA-co-EDMA) monolithic capillary exhibited satisfactory reproducibility and stability. Finally, the in-tube SPME-HPLC method, based on the developed monolithic capillary as the extraction media, was successfully applied to the determination of five polar organic contaminants in lake water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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23
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Gong B, Zhu J, Li L, Geng X. Preparation of Weak Anion Exchange Chromatographic Packings Based on Monodisperse Polymer Beads and their Application in the Separation of Bioploymers. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070500416619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Gong
- a Key Laboratory of Energy & Chemical Engineering , Ningxia Unversity , Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Jinxia Zhu
- a Key Laboratory of Energy & Chemical Engineering , Ningxia Unversity , Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Long Li
- a Key Laboratory of Energy & Chemical Engineering , Ningxia Unversity , Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Xindu Geng
- b Institute of Modern Separation Science, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province , Northwest University , Xi'an, P. R. China
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24
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Gong B, Ren L, Yan C. Preparation of normal-phase HPLC stationary phase based on monodisperse hydrophilic polymeric beads and their application. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Ikegami T, Fujita H, Horie K, Hosoya K, Tanaka N. HILIC mode separation of polar compounds by monolithic silica capillary columns coated with polyacrylamide. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:578-85. [PMID: 16953325 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HILIC mode columns were prepared by an on-column polymerization of acrylamide on a monolithic silica capillary column modified with N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)methacrylamide as the anchor group. The products showed HILIC mode retention characteristics with three times greater permeability and slightly higher column efficiency compared to a commercially available amide-type HILIC column packed with 5-mum particles. The selectivity of the monolithic silica-based column was similar to that of the particulate column for each group of solutes towards nucleosides, nucleic bases and carbohydrate derivatives, although a considerable difference was observed in the selectivity for the solute groups. Although the retention of solutes based on the polar functionality was much smaller with the monolithic silica columns, which had a smaller phase ratio, than with the particle-packed column, the former can achieve better separation utilizing the high permeability and higher column efficiencies of a longer column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
Separation of polar compounds on polar stationary phases with partly aqueous eluents is by no means a new separation mode in LC. The first HPLC applications were published more than 30 years ago, and were for a long time mostly confined to carbohydrate analysis. In the early 1990s new phases started to emerge, and the practice was given a name, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Although the use of this separation mode has been relatively limited, we have seen a sudden increase in popularity over the last few years, promoted by the need to analyze polar compounds in increasingly complex mixtures. Another reason for the increase in popularity is the widespread use of MS coupled to LC. The partly aqueous eluents high in ACN with a limited need of adding salt is almost ideal for ESI. The applications now encompass most categories of polar compounds, charged as well as uncharged, although HILIC is particularly well suited for solutes lacking charge where coulombic interactions cannot be used to mediate retention. The review attempts to summarize the ongoing discussion on the separation mechanism and gives an overview of the stationary phases used and the applications addressed with this separation mode in LC.
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Gong B, Li L, Zhu J, Qiang K, Ren L. Synthesis of monodisperse poly(chloromethyl-styrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads and their application in separation of biopolymers. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:2546-50. [PMID: 16405187 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The monodisperse, porous poly(chloromethylstyrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads of 7.9 microm were prepared by a single-step swelling and polymerization method. The seed particles prepared by dispersion polymerization exhibited good absorption of the monomer phase. Based on this media, a weak cation-exchange (WCX) stationary phase for HPLC was synthesized by a new chemically modified method. The prepared resin has advantages of biopolymer separation, high column efficiency, low column backpressure, high protein mass recovery, and good resolution for proteins. The dynamic protein-loading capacity of the synthesized WCX packings was 18.2 mg/g. Five proteins were separated in 3.0 min using the synthesized WCX stationary phase. The experimental results show that the obtained WCX resin has very weak hydrophobicity. The WCX resin was also used for the rapid separation and purification of lysozyme from egg white in 5.0 min with only one step. The purity and specific bioactivity of the purified lysozyme were found to be more than 93% and 70 245 U/mg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China.
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28
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Abstract
This review article summarizes the variety of polar stationary phases that have been employed for capillary electrochromatographic separations. Compared with reversed-phase stationary phases, the polar alternatives provide a completely different retention selectivity towards polar and charged analytes. Different types of polar stationary phases are reviewed, including the possible retention mechanisms. Electrochromatographic separations of polar solutes, peptides, and basic pharmaceuticals on polar stationary phases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Xie
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
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Unsal E, Tolga Çamli S, Teksen T, Tuncel M, Tuncel A. Hydroxyl Functionalized Uniform‐Porous Beads, Synthesis and Chromatographic Use. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-200056333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Unsal E, Elmas B, Çamlı ST, Tuncel M, Şenel S, Tuncel A. Monodisperse-porous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads providing high column efficiency in reversed phase HPLC. J Appl Polym Sci 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/app.21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Unsal E, �aml? ST, Irmak T, Tuncel M, Tuncel A. Monodisperse Poly (Styrene-co-Divinylbenzene) Particles (3.2 ?m) with Relatively Small Pore Size as HPLC Packing Material. Chromatographia 2004. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-004-0416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Le Gac S, Carlier J, Camart JC, Cren-Olivé C, Rolando C. Monoliths for microfluidic devices in proteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 808:3-14. [PMID: 15236680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report here on the preparation of monolithic capillary columns in view to their integration in a microsystem for on-chip sample preparation before their on-line analysis by electrospray and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). These monolithic columns are based on polymer materials and consist of reverse phases for peptide separation and/or desalting. They were prepared using lauryl methacrylate (LMA), ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) as well as a suitable porogenic mixture composed of cyclohexanol and ethylene glycol. The resulting stationary phases present thus a C12-functionality. The LMA-based columns were first prepared in a capillary format using capillary tubing of 75 microm i.d. and tested in nanoLC-MS experiments for the separation of a commercial Cytochrome C digest composed of 12 peptidic fragments whose isoelectric point values and hydrophobic character cover a wide range. The LMA-based columns were capable of separating the peptidic fragments and their performances were seen to be similar as those of standard commercial columns dedicated to proteomic purposes with calculated separation efficiencies up to 145 x 10(3) plates/m. Monolithic LMA-based phases were then successfully polymerized in microchannels fabricated using the negative photoresist SU-8. After the polymerization, the systems were seen to withstand the pressures applied during the nanoLC-MS separation tests that were carried out in the same conditions as for the monolithic capillary columns. The pressure drop during these tests of the in-microchannel monoliths was as high as 50 bar; however, the separation was not as good as for a capillary format which could be accounted for by the monolith dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Le Gac
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Macromoléculaire, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille (Lille 1), UMR CNRS 8009, Chimie Organique et Macromoléculaire, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Camli ST, Unsal E, Senel S, Tuncel A. Chromatographic performance of monodisperse macroporous particles produced by modified seeded polymerization. II. The effect of the diluent/seed-latex ratio. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Synthesis and characterization of micrometer-sized homo and composite polyacrylonitrile particles of narrow size distribution on the basis of single-step swelling of uniform polystyrene template microspheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Giani E, Sparnacci K, Laus M, Palamone G, Kapeliouchko V, Arcella V. PTFE−Polystyrene Core−Shell Nanospheres and Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma0259970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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