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Xue Z, Patel K, Bhatia P, Miller CL, Shergill RS, Patel BA. 3D-Printed Microelectrodes for Biological Measurement. Anal Chem 2024; 96:12701-12709. [PMID: 39039062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Microelectrodes are useful electrochemical sensors that can provide spatial biological monitoring. Carbon fiber has been by far the most widely used microelectrode; however, a vast number of different materials and modification strategies have been developed to broaden the scope of microelectrodes. Carbon composite electrodes provide a simple approach to making microelectrodes with a wide range of materials, but manufacturing strategies are complex. 3D printing can provide the ability to make microelectrodes with high precision. We used fused filament fabrication to print single strands of carbon black/polylactic acid (CB/PLA) and multiwall carbon nanotube/polylactic acid (MWCNT/PLA), which were then made into microelectrodes. Microelectrodes ranged from 70 μm in diameter to 400 μm in diameter and were assessed using standard redox probes. MWCNT/PLA electrodes exhibited greater sensitivity, a lower limit of detection, and stability for the measurement of serotonin (5-HT). Both CB/PLA and MWCNT/PLA microelectrodes were able to monitor 5-HT overflow from the ex vivo ileum tissue. MWCNT/PLA microelectrodes were utilized to show differences in 5-HT overflow from ex vivo ileum and colon following exposure to odorants present in spices. These findings highlight that any conductive thermoplastic material can be fabricated into a microelectrode. This simple strategy can utilize a wide range of materials to make 3D-printed microelectrodes for a diverse range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehao Xue
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, U.K
| | - Kanisha Patel
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, U.K
| | - Paankhuri Bhatia
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, U.K
| | - Chloe L Miller
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, U.K
- Centre for Lifelong Health, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, U.K
| | - Ricoveer Singh Shergill
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, U.K
- Centre for Lifelong Health, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, U.K
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, U.K
- Centre for Lifelong Health, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex BN2 4GJ, U.K
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2
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Zeng C, Li Y, Zhu M, Du Z, Liang H, Chen Q, Ye H, Li R, Liu W. Simultaneous detection of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptophan using poly-alizarin/multi-walled carbon nanotubes-graphene modified carbon fiber microelectrode array sensor. Talanta 2024; 270:125565. [PMID: 38154355 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphene and alizarin polymer composites coated carbon fiber microelectrode array sensor (p-AZ/MWCNT-GR/CFMEA) was constructed and used for the simultaneous detection of norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT). The morphology and structural characteristics of sensor are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Its electrochemical behavior has been studied with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The sensor exhibits excellent electrochemical activity for the oxidation of NE and 5-HT, two well separated oxidation peaks with the peak potential difference of 220 mV are observed on the cyclic voltammogram. NE and 5-HT both show two electrons and two protons electrochemical reaction on the p-AZ/MWCNT-GR/CFMEA. Under the optimized experiment conditions, the linear ranges of the sensor for NE and 5-HT are 0. 08- 8 μM and 0. 1-20 μM with detection limits of 4. 22 nM and 14. 2 nM (S/N = 3), respectively. In addition, the microsensor array show good reproducibility, stability and selectivity for the determination of NE and 5-HT. Finally, the p-AZ/MWCNT-GR/CFMEA is applied to the simultaneous detection of NE and 5-HT in human serum samples and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Yulan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Mingfang Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Zengcheng Du
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Huanru Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Hongqing Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wenhao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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Mohammad Ali Kamyabi, Nasim Hajari. Easy Activation of Pencil Graphite Electrode as Sensing Platform for Determination of Bisphenol A. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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The effects of printing orientation on the electrochemical behaviour of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/carbon black electrodes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9135. [PMID: 29904165 PMCID: PMC6002470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing also known as 3D printing is being utilised in electrochemistry to reproducibly develop complex geometries with conductive properties. In this study, we explored if the electrochemical behavior of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/carbon black electrodes was influenced by printing direction. The electrodes were printed in both horizontal and vertical directions. The horizsontal direction resulted in a smooth surface (HPSS electrode) and a comparatively rougher surface (HPRS electrode) surface. Electrodes were characterized using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronoamperometry. For various redox couples, the vertical printed (VP) electrode showed enhanced current response when compared the two electrode surfaces generated by horizontal print direction. No differences in the capacitive response was observed, indicating that the conductive surface area of all types of electrodes were identical. The VP electrode had reduced charge transfer resistance and uncompensated solution resistance when compared to the HPSS and HPRS electrodes. Overall, electrodes printed in a vertical direction provide enhanced electrochemical performance and our study indicates that print orientation is a key factor that can be used to enhance sensor performance.
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Douman SF, Brennan E, Iwuoha EI, Forster RJ. Wireless Electrochemiluminescence at Nafion–Carbon Microparticle Composite Films. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11614-11619. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha F. Douman
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
- Sensor
Lab, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eoin Brennan
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Emmanuel I. Iwuoha
- Sensor
Lab, Chemistry Department, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Forster
- School
of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
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Patel N, Fagan-Murphy A, Covill D, Patel BA. 3D Printed Molds Encompassing Carbon Composite Electrodes To Conduct Multisite Monitoring in the Entire Colon. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11690-11696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Patel
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, ‡Centre for Stress and Age-Related
Diseases, and §School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Aidan Fagan-Murphy
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, ‡Centre for Stress and Age-Related
Diseases, and §School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Derek Covill
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, ‡Centre for Stress and Age-Related
Diseases, and §School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School
of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, ‡Centre for Stress and Age-Related
Diseases, and §School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, U.K
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Muñoz J, Riba-Moliner M, Brennan LJ, Gun’ko YK, Céspedes F, González-Campo A, Baeza M. Amperometric thyroxine sensor using a nanocomposite based on graphene modified with gold nanoparticles carrying a thiolated β-cyclodextrin. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang J, Qi H, Li Z, Zhang N, Gao Q, Zhang C. Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Bioanalytic System Based on Biocleavage of Probes and Homogeneous Detection. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6510-5. [PMID: 26027475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) bioanalytic system based on biocleavage of a ECL probe and homogeneous detection was designed and utilized for the first time for highly sensitive quantification of proteases to overcome drawbacks from probes directly immobilized on electrodes and commercial ECL biosystems, based on bioaffinity reactions. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was taken as a model analyte and ruthenium complex-tagged specific peptide (CHSSKLQK) was designed as an ECL probe (peptide-Ru1). ECL bioconjugated magnetic beads were synthesized through a simple solid-phase synthesis. When analyte PSA was introduced into the suspension of ECL bioconjugated magnetic beads, a biocleavage of the peptide occurred and the cleaved Ru1 part was released from the magnetic beads. ECL measurement was carried out in the presence of co-reactant tripropylamine, using two models. One is homogeneous ECL detection on a bare graphite pencil electrode (PGE), and the other is enriching ECL detection after the cleaved Ru1 part of the peptide was concentrated into the surface film of Nafion/gold nanoparticles modified PGE (AuNPs/Nafion/PGE). The extremely low detection limit of 80 fg/mL and high reproducibility (relative standard deviation (RSD) of 5.4% for six measurements of 0.5 pg/mL) for the detection of PSA were achieved at AuNPs/Nafion/PGE. This work demonstrates that the bioanalytic system designed can not only quantify proteases with high sensitivity and selectivity, but also diminish the complicated electrode process and improve the reproducibility by conducting the biocleavage and transduction steps at different surfaces. It can be easily extended for ECL analysis of other proteases in this system and other detection techniques, including optics and electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhejian Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
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9
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Improvement of the detection limit for biosensors: Advances on the optimization of biocomposite composition. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Cantalapiedra A, Gismera MJ, Procopio JR, Sevilla MT. Nanocomposites Based on Polystyrene Sulfonate as Sensing Platforms. Comprehensive Electrochemical Study of Carbon Nanopowders and Carbon‐Nanofibers Composite Membranes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cantalapiedra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Sciences Faculty, Autonoma University of Madrid, Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7. E‐28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Jesús Gismera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Sciences Faculty, Autonoma University of Madrid, Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7. E‐28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús R. Procopio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Sciences Faculty, Autonoma University of Madrid, Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7. E‐28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Teresa Sevilla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis, Sciences Faculty, Autonoma University of Madrid, Avda. Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7. E‐28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Montes R, Bartrolí J, Céspedes F, Baeza M. Towards to the improvement of the analytical response in voltammetric sensors based on rigid composites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Aoki K, Guo Y, Chen J. Diffusion-controlled currents in viscous solutions of polyethylene glycols. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Olivé-Monllau R, Baeza M, Bartrolí J, Céspedes F. Novel Amperometric Sensor Based on Rigid Near-Percolation Composite. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Wu J, Tang Q, Sun H, Lin J, Ao H, Huang M, Huang Y. Conducting film from graphite oxide nanoplatelets and poly(acrylic acid) by layer-by-layer self-assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:4800-4805. [PMID: 18358052 DOI: 10.1021/la800095z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A [poly(acrylic acid)/graphite oxide]n [(PAA/GO)(n)] film with a conductivity of 60 S.cm(-1) was grown layer-by-layer (LbL) using Langmuir-Blodgett self-assembly techniques. GO nanoplatelets were prepared from natural graphite by oxidizing, ball milling, exfoliating, and modifying with cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The X-ray diffraction pattern reveals that PAA and GO stack orderly LbL and repeatedly in the (PAA/GO)(n) films, and about three carbon molecular layers are superposed on each GO sheet. Fourier transform infrared spectra offer evidence for the interaction between the carboxylic groups on PAA and the CTAB on the surface of the GO nanoplatelets. Electrochemistry measurements show that the conductivity of the (PAA/GO)(n) film depends on the carbon-carbon interlayer height of the GO sheet, and the (PAA/GO)(n) film has a typical positive temperature coefficient effect above the PAA melting temperature. The atomic force microscopy images reveal that CTAB molecules stack in a well-ordered head-to-head structure on both surfaces of the GO nanoplatelets and the GO nanoplatelets are embeded between PAA layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihuai Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Functional Materials of Fujian Higher Education, Institute of Material Physical Chemistry, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China.
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Yang J, Xu T, Lu A, Zhang Q, Fu Q. Electrical properties of poly(phenylene sulfide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites prepared by simple mixing and compression. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Percolation behaviour of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Zhao C, Danish E, Cameron NR, Kataky R. Emulsion-templated porous materials (PolyHIPEs) for selective ion and molecular recognition and transport: applications in electrochemical sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b700929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Ranjbar Z, Rastegar S. Morphology and electrical conductivity behavior of electro-deposited conductive carbon black-filled epoxy dispersions near the insulator–conductor transition point. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gong K, Zhang M, Yan Y, Su L, Mao L, Xiong S, Chen Y. Sol−Gel-Derived Ceramic−Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite Electrodes: Tunable Electrode Dimension and Potential Electrochemical Applications. Anal Chem 2004; 76:6500-5. [PMID: 15516147 DOI: 10.1021/ac0492867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposite electrodes made of sol-gel-derived ceramic-carbon nanotube are fabricated by doping mutliwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) into a silicate gel matrix. The electrochemical behavior and potential electrochemical applications of the ceramic-carbon nanotube nanocomposite electrodes (CCNNEs) are also studied. The as-prepared CCNNEs exhibit a tunable dimension ranging from conventional electrode to nanoelectrode ensemble (NEE), depending on the amount of the MWNT dispersed in the silica sol and finally doped within the gel matrix. A high content of the MWNT (i.e., higher than 1.5 mg/mL in the sol) leads to the formation of the CCNNE characteristic of an electrode of conventional dimension, while a low content (typically lower than 0.10 mg/mL) essentially yields the CCNNE like a nanoelectrode ensemble. The NEE is demonstrated to possess good electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA), and the CCNNE of conventional dimension is found to possess remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of glutathione (both reduced and oxidized forms, GSH and GSSG). These properties of the CCNNEs essentially offer a new electrochemical approach for the detection of AA, GSH, and GSSG. The possible essence of the tailor-made dimensions of the CCNNEs is also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuanping Gong
- Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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