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Chow HYJ, Górecki T. Second-Dimension Temperature Programming System for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Part 1: Precise Temperature Control Based on Column Electrical Resistance. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8156-8163. [PMID: 37201201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A second-dimension temperature programming system (2DTPS) for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) is introduced, and its performance is characterized. In the system, a commercial stainless-steel capillary column was used for the separation, as a heating element, and as a temperature sensor. The second dimension (2D) column was resistively heated and controlled using an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller. Temperature measurement was accomplished by measuring the overall 2D column's electrical resistance. A diesel sample was used to compare the 2D peak capacity (2nc) and resolution (2Rs), while a perfume sample was used to compare the reproducibility of the system for within-day (n = 5) and day-to-day (n = 5) results. The 2nc improved by 52% with the 2DTPS compared to the secondary oven. The GC × GC system utilizing the 2DTPS had an average within-day and day-to-day relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.02 and 0.12% for the 1D retention time (1tR), 0.56 and 0.58% for the 2D retention time (2tR), and 1.18 and 1.53% for the peak area, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Yin J Chow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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2
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Cai H, Stearns SD. A fast temperature-programmed second-dimension column for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:2435-2446. [PMID: 36449031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The short analysis time and constant temperature environment in the second dimension of two-dimensional comprehensive chromatography frequently causes wraparound problems, especially for complex high boilers. This problem can be solved by temperature programming on the second column, but since this requires heating and cooling the column in a matter of seconds, it is difficult to implement. In this study, we describe a method of accomplishing rapid heating and cooling with a resistively heated column cooled by compressed air. Critical to this method is minimizing the lag time between the actual temperature and the reported temperature by using the column heating element as the temperature sensor, virtually eliminating the danger of overshooting the temperature setpoint. This technique facilitates a ramp rate of up to 100 °C/s with minimal overshooting-well beyond the requirements of gas chromatography. A single-layer column bundle design allows a compressed-air cooling device to cool the column from 200 to 50 °C at an average rate of -21 °C/s. The secondary dimension temperature programming is facilitated by the longer secondary dimension time made possible by the direct flow modulation method. We evaluated the performance of the single-layer column bundle and demonstrated this method by applying it to a gasoline sample. We also compared this method with the traditional isothermal approach and found that use of the secondary temperature program reduced the naphthalene retention time from 12.1 to 6.3 s and its peak width at half height from 846 to 126 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Cai
- Valco Instruments Co. Inc., 8300 Waterbury Dr., Houston, TX, 77055, USA.
| | - Stanley D Stearns
- Valco Instruments Co. Inc., 8300 Waterbury Dr., Houston, TX, 77055, USA
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Wolrab D, Peterka O, Chocholoušková M, Holčapek M. Ultrahigh-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry in the Lipidomic Analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kaplitz AS, Mostafa ME, Calvez SA, Edwards JL, Grinias JP. Two‐dimensional separation techniques using supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:426-437. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samantha A. Calvez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro NJ USA
| | | | - James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro NJ USA
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Malan D, van der Walt SJ, Rohwer ER. A high-repetition-rate, fast temperature-programmed gas chromatograph and its online coupling to a supercritical fluid chromatograph (SFC × GC). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:034101. [PMID: 32260018 DOI: 10.1063/1.5125060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a fast gas chromatographic system that can be used as a second dimension in comprehensive two-dimensional (supercritical fluid × gas) chromatography (SFC × GC). The temperature of the short (1 m long) capillary column is controlled by a resistively heated coaxial stainless-steel tube. The electrical resistance and, therefore, temperature of the stainless-steel tube are measured by continuous monitoring of the current/voltage ratio. Highly repeatable heating rates of up to 2100 °C min-1 (35 °C s-1) are obtained, which should be high enough for the most demanding fast chromatograms. To reduce the cooling time between temperature programs, the column is cooled by injecting evaporating carbon dioxide into the space between the coaxial heater and the column. This gives cooling rates of 5100 °C min-1 (85 °C s-1), which allows quick succession of temperature programs. More repeatable heating profiles with stable GC retention times together with faster cooling are significant improvements on previous SFC × GC systems. Cycle times of four gas chromatograms per minute could readily be achieved, which allows efficient coupling to high-resolution stop-flow SFC in the first dimension. We demonstrate the fast chromatograph by separating fatty acid methyl esters, yielding information that would be useful in the food and biodiesel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - S J van der Walt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - E R Rohwer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Potgieter H, van der Westhuizen R, Rohwer E, Malan D. Hyphenation of supercritical fluid chromatography and two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for group type separations. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1294:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated to bidimensional gas chromatography in comprehensive and heart-cutting mode: Design of the instrumentation. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:153-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Hyphenated liquid chromatography–gas chromatography technique: Recent evolution and applications. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:100-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Pyl SP, Van Geem KM, Reyniers MF, Marin GB. Molecular reconstruction of complex hydrocarbon mixtures: An application of principal component analysis. AIChE J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gao L, Zhang J, Zhang W, Shan Y, Liang Z, Zhang L, Huo Y, Zhang Y. Integration of normal phase liquid chromatography with supercritical fluid chromatography for analysis of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3817-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Adam F, Thiébaut D, Bertoncini F, Courtiade M, Hennion MC. Supercritical fluid chromatography hyphenated with twin comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for ultimate analysis of middle distillates. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1386-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Janssen HG, Steenbergen H, de Koning S. The role of comprehensive chromatography in the characterization of edible oils and fats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Farrell WP, Aurigemma CM, Masters-Moore DF. Advances in High Throughput Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070902956394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William P. Farrell
- a Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories , San Diego, California, USA
| | - Christine M. Aurigemma
- a Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories , San Diego, California, USA
| | - David F. Masters-Moore
- a Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories , San Diego, California, USA
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Dutriez T, Courtiade M, Thiébaut D, Dulot H, Bertoncini F, Vial J, Hennion MC. High-temperature two-dimensional gas chromatography of hydrocarbons up to nC60 for analysis of vacuum gas oils. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2905-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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François I, dos Santos Pereira A, Lynen F, Sandra P. Construction of a new interface for comprehensive supercritical fluid chromatography×reversed phase liquid chromatography (SFC×RPLC). J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3473-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Xu Y, Wang H, Zhao J, Guan Y. Analysis of alkylbenzene samples by comprehensive capillary liquid chromatography×capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1181:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Henry MC, Yonker CR. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, Pressurized Liquid Extraction, and Supercritical Fluid Extraction. Anal Chem 2006; 78:3909-16. [PMID: 16771531 DOI: 10.1021/ac0605703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Henry
- GlaxoSmithKline 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA
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Venter A, Makgwane PR, Rohwer ER. Group-Type Analysis of Oxygenated Compounds with a Silica Gel Porous Layer Open Tubular Column and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Supercritical Fluid and Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2006; 78:2051-4. [PMID: 16536445 DOI: 10.1021/ac051693a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A porous layer open tubular (PLOT) silica gel column was used together with subcritical CO2 as the mobile phase to effect the group separation of polar oxygenated compounds. Aliphatic and aromatic compounds were shown to elute together. This group was followed by ethers and aldehydes, which were separated from compounds containing an alcohol functional group. Compounds with a carboxylic acid moiety could also be eluted from the silica gel. The group separation obtained when a silica gel PLOT column is used together with subcritical CO2 was also demonstrated to be valuable as the first dimension of a comprehensive two-dimensional SFCxGC analysis where the GC analysis in the second dimension is performed with a fast and independently heated temperature programmed gas chromatograph. With this combination of SFC and GC, many of the oxygenated compounds, routinely found in petroleum samples, could successfully be separated and identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Venter
- Chemistry Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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19
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Kopcak U, Mohamed RS. Caffeine solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide/co-solvent mixtures. J Supercrit Fluids 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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