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Whole-Column Imaging Detection for Capillary Isoelectric Focusing: Its Applications in Pharmaceutical Industry and Recent Development of the Technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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2
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A critical retrospective and prospective review of designs and materials in in-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:1-19. [PMID: 31387699 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several strategies have been developed to decrease the concentration limits of detection (LODs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Nowadays, chromatographic-based preconcentration using a microcartridge integrated in the separation capillary for in-line solid-phase extraction capillary electrophoresis (SPE-CE) is one of the best alternatives for high throughput and reproducible sample clean-up and analyte preconcentration. This review covers different designs (geometrical configurations, with frits or fritless, capillary types, compatibility with commercial instrumentation, etc.) and materials (sorbents, supports, affinity ligands, etc.) applied for almost 30 years to prepare in-line SPE-CE microcartridges (i.e. analyte concentrators), with emphasis on the conventional unidirectional configuration in capillary format. Advantages, disadvantages and future perspectives are analyzed in detail to provide the reader a wide overview about the great potential of this technique to enhance sensitivity and address trace analysis.
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3
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Wang Y, Jia F, Wang Z, Qian Y, Fan L, Gong H, Luo A, Sun J, Hu Z, Wang W. Boosting the Theranostic Effect of Liposomal Probes toward Prominin-1 through Optimized Dual-Site Targeting. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7245-7253. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fei Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zihua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yixia Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linyang Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - He Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Aiqin Luo
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhiyuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Weizhi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Espina-Benitez MB, Marconi F, Randon J, Demesmay C, Dugas V. Evaluation of boronate affinity solid-phase extraction coupled in-line to capillary isoelectric focusing for the analysis of catecholamines in urine. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1034:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Headspace in-tube microextraction coupled with micellar electrokinetic chromatography of neutral aromatic compounds. Talanta 2016; 148:729-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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de Kort BJ, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Native fluorescence detection of biomolecular and pharmaceutical compounds in capillary electrophoresis: Detector designs, performance and applications: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 766:13-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Markuszewski MJ, Bujak R, Daghir E. Capillary Isoelectric Focusing. SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35043-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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8
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Horká M, Růžička F, Kubesová A, Šlais K. Dynamic labeling of diagnostically significant microbial cells in cerebrospinal fluid by red chromophoric non-ionogenic surfactant for capillary electrophoresis separations. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 728:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Sensitive and selective capillary electrophoretic analysis of proteins by zirconia nanoparticle-enhanced copper (II)-catalyzed luminol-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence. Talanta 2012; 97:193-8. [PMID: 22841066 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report herein a sensitive, selective, convenient CE determination of heme proteins in complex matrices by a sodium-dodecyl-sulfate-assisted, zirconia nanoparticle-enhanced copper (II)-catalyzed luminol-hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence (CCLHPCL). Introducing a segment of sodium dodecyl sulfate to the capillary after sample injection not only rendered selective detection by quenching the luminescence signals from the non-heme proteins but also owning to the suppressed protein adsorption, led to significant improvement in separation efficiency and detection sensitivity. The signals were further improved by addition of ZrO(2) nanoparticles to the chemiluminescence solution. Compared with the conventional CCLHPCL, the detection limits (S/N=3) were improved by 10.2-22.0 folds, with 7.8×10(-9), 3.3×10(-9) and 1.5×10(-9) M for three model proteins, viz, myoglobin, hemoglobin and cytochrome C, respectively. Because the method did not require sophisticated pretreatment, it was convenient to analyze heme proteins in complex matrices, as demonstrated, hemoglobin in human blood and spiked human urine samples.
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Köhler S, Nagl S, Fritzsche S, Belder D. Label-free real-time imaging in microchip free-flow electrophoresis applying high speed deep UV fluorescence scanning. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:458-463. [PMID: 22011722 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20558g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on label-free monitoring of microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis (μFFE) separations in real-time using a custom built high speed deep UV laser scanner. In combination with a novel layout realized in fused silica (FS) FFE chips the setup was successfully applied for continuous separations and detection of unlabeled analytes including native proteins by space-resolved intrinsic deep UV fluorescence scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Köhler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Feng J, Sun M, Li J, Liu X, Jiang S. A novel silver-coated solid-phase microextraction metal fiber based on electroless plating technique. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 701:174-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Kataoka M, Yokoyama H, Henares TG, Kawamura K, Yao T, Hisamoto H. Reagent-release capillary array-isoelectric focusing device as a rapid screening device for IEF condition optimization. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3341-3347. [PMID: 20714639 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the fabrication and characterization of a simple and disposable capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) device containing a reagent-release capillary (RRC) array and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) platform, which allows rapid (within 10 min) screening of cIEF conditions by introducing a sample solution into plural RRCs by capillary action followed by electric field application. To prepare the RRC, covalent immobilization of poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) was conducted to suppress electro-osmotic flow (EOF), followed by physical adsorption of the mixture of carrier ampholyte (CA), surfactant, labeling reagent (LR), and other additives to the PDMA surface to construct a two-layer structure inside a square glass capillary. When the sample solution containing proteins was introduced into the RRC, physically adsorbed CA, surfactant, and LR can be dissolved and released into the sample solution. Then, complexation of LR with proteins, mixing with CA and surfactant, and exposure of the PDMA surface spontaneously occurs for the IEF experiments. Here, three different RRCs that immobilize different CAs were prepared, and simultaneous cIEF experiments involving hemoglobin AFSC mixtures for choosing the best CA demonstrated the proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kataoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai City, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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13
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At-line coupling of magnetic-nanoparticle-based extraction with gel isoelectric focusing for protein analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3423-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Ramsay LM, Dickerson JA, Dada O, Dovichi NJ. Femtomolar concentration detection limit and zeptomole mass detection limit for protein separation by capillary isoelectric focusing and laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Chem 2010; 81:1741-6. [PMID: 19206532 DOI: 10.1021/ac8025948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence tends to produce the lowest detection limits for most forms of capillary electrophoresis. Two issues have discouraged its use in capillary isoelectric focusing. The first issue is fluorescent labeling of proteins. Most labeling reagents react with lysine residues and convert the cationic residue to a neutral or anionic product. At best, these reagents perturb the isoelectric point of the protein. At worse, they convert each protein into hundreds of different fluorescent products that confound analysis. The second issue is the large background signal generated by impurities within commercial ampholytes. This background signal is particularly strong when excited in the blue portion of the spectrum, which is required by many common fluorescent labeling reagents. This paper addresses these issues. For labeling, we employ Chromeo P540, which is a fluorogenic reagent that converts cationic lysine residues to cationic fluorescent products. The reaction products are excited in the green, which reduces the background signal generated by impurities present within the ampholytes. To further reduce the background signal, we photobleach ampholytes with high-power photodiodes. Photobleaching reduced the noise in the ampholyte blank by an order of magnitude. Isoelectric focusing performed with photobleached pH 3-10 ampholytes produced concentration detection limits of 270 +/- 25 fM and mass detection limits of 150 +/- 15 zmol for Chromeo P540 labeled beta-lactoglobulin. Concentration detection limits were 520 +/- 40 fM and mass detection limits were 310 +/- 30 zmol with pH 4-8 ampholytes. A homogenate was prepared from a Barrett's esophagus cell line and separated by capillary isoelectric focusing, reproducibly generating dozens of peaks. The sample taken for the separation was equal to the labeled protein homogenate from three cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Ramsay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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15
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Examination of the temporal effect in a flow injection analysis system using multi-channel absorbance detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4618-24. [PMID: 19371875 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the Poiseuille effect, a so-called temporal effect was proposed recently to elucidate the commonly observed tailing peak signals of flow injection analysis (FIA). A multi-channel absorbance detector was used in this study to obtain the FIA peaks on both the spatial and temporal coordinates. The temporal effect was analyzed by comparison of the profiles between the experimental and the corresponding Gaussian peaks, and by comparison of asymmetry factors between the spatial and the temporal peaks. The temporal effect appeared to be the major factor under flow rates ranging from 0.5 to 8 ml min (-1). This was despite the presence of a spatially frontal peak observed in the FIA tubing, which was found to result in a tailing peak on the temporal coordinate due to this discussed cause. In addition, the temporal effect became greater as the flow rate increased.
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16
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Lee WH, Her GR. The development of a two-leveled two cross interface for on-line coupling solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1675-83. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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17
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Liang L, Dou P, Dong M, Ke X, Bian N, Liu Z. Study on a hidden protein-DNA binding in salmon sperm DNA sample by dynamic kinetic capillary isoelectric focusing. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 650:106-10. [PMID: 19720180 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclease P1 is an important enzyme that hydrolyzes RNA or single-stranded DNA into nucleotides, and complete digestion is an essential basis for assays based on this enzyme. To digest a doubled-stranded DNA, the enzyme is usually combined with heat denaturing, which breaks doubled-stranded DNA into single strands. This paper presents an un-expected phenomenon that nuclease P1, in combination with heat denaturing, fails to completely digest a DNA sample extracted from salmon sperm. Under the experimental conditions used, at which nuclease P1 can completely digest calf thymus DNA, the digestion yield of salmon sperm DNA was only 89.5%. Spectrometric measurement indicated that a total protein of 4.7% is present in the DNA sample. To explain the reason for this phenomenon, the dynamic kinetic capillary isoelectric focusing (DK-CIEF) approach proposed previously, which allows for the discrimination of different types of protein-DNA interactions and the measurement of the individual dissociation rate constants, was modified and applied to examine possible protein-DNA interactions involved. It was found that a non-specific DNA-protein binding occurs in the sample, the dissociation rate constant for which was measured to be 7.05+/-0.83x10(-3) s(-1). The formation of DNA-protein complex was suggested to be the main reason for the incomplete digestion of the DNA sample. The modified DK-CIEF approach can be applied as general DNA samples, with the advantages of fast speed and low sample consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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18
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19
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Choi K, Kim SJ, Jin YG, Jang YO, Kim JS, Chung DS. Single Drop Microextraction Using Commercial Capillary Electrophoresis Instruments. Anal Chem 2008; 81:225-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801886b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Su Ju Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Yoo Gon Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Yong Oh Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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20
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Recent developments in capillary isoelectric focusing. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:157-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Tempels FWA, Underberg WJM, Somsen GW, de Jong GJ. Design and applications of coupled SPE-CE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:108-28. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Chai X, He Y, Ying D, Jia J, Sun T. Electrosorption-enhanced solid-phase microextraction using activated carbon fiber for determination of aniline in water. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1165:26-31. [PMID: 17706235 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrosorption-enhanced solid-phase microextraction (EE-SPME) based on activated carbon fiber (ACF) was developed for determination of aniline in aqueous solution. A porous ACF, served as working electrode in electrosorption procedure, was prepared and attached to a commercial manual SPME device. Parameters affecting the adsorption efficiency were investigated. Under optimized condition, which was 400 mV electrosorption potential, 0.01 M Na(2)SO(4) electrolyte, pH 7, and electrosorption at 40 degrees C for 10 min, the method exhibited wide linear range (0.1-100 microg L(-1), R(2)=0.9980), good repeatability of adsorption (RSD 6.15%, n=6), and low detection limit (0.02 microg L(-1)). The feasibility of the method was evaluated by analyzing lake water spiked with aniline. Comparison was made with direct immersion (DI) ACF-SPME without electrosorption enhancement. The proposed procedure was demonstrated to be a simple, fast, sensitive sample preparation method for determination of aniline in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Chai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China
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23
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Han M, Guo A, Jochheim C, Zhang Y, Martinez T, Kodama P, Pettit D, Balland A. Analysis of Glycosylated Type II Interleukin-1 Receptor (IL-1R) by Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing (i-cIEF). Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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24
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Recent advances in coupling solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis (SPE–CE). Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Zhang LH, Zhang CJ, Chen X, Feng YQ, Wu XZ. In-capillary solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis for the determination of chlorophenols in water. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3224-32. [PMID: 16865667 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel CE method combined with SPE in a single capillary was developed for analysis of chlorophenols in water. A frit of 0.5 mm was first made by a sol-gel method, followed by packing a SPE sorbent in the inlet end of the capillary. Two phenol derivatives, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, were used as the model compounds. By loading sample solutions into the capillary, the two chlorophenols were extracted into the sorbent. They were desorbed by injecting only about 4 nL of methanol. Finally, the analytes were separated by conventional CE. The technique provided a concentration enhancement factor of over 4000-fold for both chlorophenols. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol were determined to be 0.1 ng/mL and 0.07 ng/mL, respectively. For replicate analyses of 5 ng/mL of 2,4-dichlorophenol, within-day and between-day RSDs of migration time, peak height and peak area were in the range of 1.8-2.0%, 4.0-4.4% and 4.1-4.6%, respectively. The method shows wide linear range, acceptable reproducibility and excellent sensitivity, and it was applied to the analyses of spiked river water samples. The capillary packed with the SPE sorbents can be used for more than 400 runs without performance deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Hong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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26
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Huang YF, Huang CC, Hu CC, Chang HT. Capillary electrophoresis-based separation techniques for the analysis of proteins. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3503-22. [PMID: 16927348 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CE offers the advantages of high speed, great efficiency, as well as the requirement of minimum amounts of sample and buffer for the analysis of proteins. In this review, we summarize the CE-based techniques coupled with absorption, LIF, and MS detection systems for the analysis of proteins mostly within the past 5 years. The basic principle of each technique and its advantages and disadvantages for protein analysis are discussed in brief. Advanced CE techniques, including on-column concentration techniques and high-efficiency multidimensional separation techniques, for high-throughput protein profiling of complex biological samples and/or of single cells are emphasized. Although the developed techniques provide improved peak capacity, they have not become practical tools for proteomics, mainly because of poor reproducibility, low-sample lading capacity, and low throughput due to ineffective interfaces between two separation dimensions and that between separation and MS systems. In order to identify the complexities and dynamics of the proteomes expressed by cells, tissues, or organisms, techniques providing improved analytical sensitivity, throughput, and dynamic ranges are still demanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Monton MRN, Terabe S. Sample enrichment techniques in capillary electrophoresis: Focus on peptides and proteins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841:88-95. [PMID: 16716769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Revised: 04/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Compared to chromatography-based techniques, the concentration limits of detection (CLOD) associated with capillary electrophoresis are worse, and these have largely precluded their use in many practical applications. To overcome this limitation, researchers from various disciplines have exerted tremendous efforts toward developing strategies for increasing the concentration sensitivities of capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems, via the so-called sample enrichment techniques. This review highlights selected developments and advances in this area as applied to the analyses of proteins and peptides in the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rowena N Monton
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan
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Abstract
This review article with 304 references describes recent developments in CE of proteins, and covers the two years since the previous review (Hutterer, K., Dolník, V., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3998-4012) through Spring 2005. It covers topics related to CE of proteins, including modeling of the electrophoretic migration of proteins, sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving separation, various forms of detection, special electrophoretic techniques such as affinity CE, CIEF, and applications of CE to the analysis of proteins in real-world samples including human body fluids, food and agricultural samples, protein pharmaceuticals, and recombinant protein preparations.
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29
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Liu Z, Pawliszyn J. Microdialysis hollow fiber as a macromolecule trap for on-line coupling of solid phase microextraction and capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2006; 131:522-8. [PMID: 16568169 DOI: 10.1039/b511882d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupling of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) is highly desirable due to the apparent advantages of the two techniques particularly in the context of microanalysis. However, the hyphenation is a significant challenge, because of band broadening and analyte carryover caused by the slow kinetics of analyte desorption in liquid phase. A novel strategy was presented in this study to overcome these problems. Analytes desorbed from an SPME fiber, which was held by an adapter, were first transferred by electrophoretic migration into a short piece of microdialysis hollow fiber, which was located at the inlet of a CE system. Analytes with molecular weights greater than the molecular weight cut-off of the microdialysis material were trapped in the microdialysis hollow fiber due to the dialysis effect. Then, under another electric field with different electrode polarity, the analytes trapped in the microdialysis hollow fiber migrated into the separation capillary and were separated. In the coupling approach, the microdialysis hollow fiber functioned as a macromolecule trap and a sample pre-concentrator as well. Band broadening was eliminated because the initial sample volume was very small (at nL level). Meanwhile, analyte carryover was eliminated because the desorption time could be as long as needed. Coupling of SPME with CE including two modes, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), was successfully demonstrated with proteins as test analytes. High efficiency and high resolution were obtained. The detection limits with UV absorbance whole-column imaging detection were 3.0 x 10(-7) and 3.0 x 10(-8) M (S/N = 3) for beta-lactoglobulin A and ovalbumin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Stohl R, Glovinová E, Pospíchal J. Detection system for electro-separation analytical methods. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:1363-9. [PMID: 16138688 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The paper provides information about the on-line monitoring of components analysed by capillary electrophoresis. For this purposes we developed a whole-capillary transverse scanning detection system, which helps to improve and control the separation processes. A picture from a colour line scanner was used as a source of basic information for autonomous control of the separation process by regulation of the high voltage source. The application and algorithms for machine vision were designed in the progressive graphic development system LabVIEW. Real-time control of the separation process was implemented in a compact control process logic controller. The performance of the detection system was evaluated and the function of the overall system was tested by performing isotachophoretic analysis of a model mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Stohl
- Department of Control, Instrumentation and Measurement, Brno University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Liu Z, Pawliszyn J. Behaviors of the MS2 virus and related antibodies in capillary isoelectric focusing with whole-column imaging detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:556-62. [PMID: 15690457 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) has potential importance for the study of viruses. CIEF with whole-column imaging detection (WCID) is a novel CIEF mode, providing the advantages of high resolution, high speed, and easy method development. To facilitate the application of CIEF-WCID to the immunoassay of viruses, a basic knowledge of related aspects is necessary. In this study, the MS2 bacteriophage was used as a virus model, and the behaviors of MS2 and related antibodies in CIEF were investigated with UV absorbance-WCID and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)-WCID. The adsorption of the virus and antibodies on the capillary wall was found to be the critical issue in method development. Addition of salt was found to be an effective way to reduce the adsorption and to improve peak shape. The formation of an immunocomplex, which forms the basis of an immunoassay, was monitored with CIEF-WCID. In comparison with UV-WCID, LIF-WCID was advantageous due to its higher detection sensitivity and the elimination of precipitation. Utilization of the noncovalent fluorescent dye, NanoOrange, was demonstrated to be a potential approach for the fluorescent labeling of the virus model and antibody and the associated immunocomplex. The change in microheterogeneity during the immune interactions at different ratios was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Wang SL, Fang ZL. Integrating functional components into capillary electrophoresis systems using liquid-core waveguides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:1747-50. [PMID: 15940448 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Li Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
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33
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Wu XZ, Huang T, Liu Z, Pawliszyn J. Whole-column imaging-detection techniques and their analytical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu Z, Pawliszyn J. Applications of capillary isoelectric focusing with liquid-core waveguide laser-induced fluorescence whole-column imaging detection. Anal Biochem 2005; 336:94-101. [PMID: 15582563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) with liquid-core waveguide (LCW) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) whole-column imaging detection (WCID) is a recently developed high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and high-speed analytical tool for protein analysis. Several potential applications of this system were demonstrated in this study. First, this system was employed to separate naturally fluorescent phycobiliproteins. Second, denaturing CIEF was suggested to study the conformational and chemical microheterogeneity and to characterize proteins with identical pI values. Third, a modified noncovalent fluorescent labeling procedure was presented, which allows the simple and effective labeling of proteins, antibodies, and viruses with reduced multiple labeling and preserved activity. Finally, extracellular proteins were suggested as signaling biomarkers for evaluation of cell viability. The separation of cyanobacteria and their extracellular phycoerythrins was demonstrated. The effectiveness of CIEF-LCW-LIF-WCID for the analysis of proteins, antibodies, viruses, and cells has been illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L 3G1
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