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Yamauchi KA, Tentori AM, Herr AE. Arrayed isoelectric focusing using photopatterned multi-domain hydrogels. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1040-1047. [PMID: 29385243 PMCID: PMC6106862 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Isoelectric focusing (IEF) is a powerful separation method, useful for resolving subtle changes in the isoelectric point of unlabeled proteins. While microfluidic IEF has reduced the separation times from hours in traditional benchtop IEF to minutes, the enclosed devices hinder post-separation access to the sample for downstream analysis. The two-layer open IEF device presented here comprises a photopatterned hydrogel lid layer containing the chemistries required for IEF and a thin polyacrylamide bottom layer in which the analytes are separated. The open IEF device produces comparable minimum resolvable difference in isoelectric point and gradient stability to enclosed microfluidic devices while providing post-separation sample access by simple removal of the lid layer. Further, using simulations, we determine that the material properties and the length of the separation lanes are the primary factors that affect the electric field magnitude in the separation region. Finally, we demonstrate self-indexed photomasks for alignment-free fabrication of multi-domain hydrogels. We leverage this approach to generate arrayed pH gradients with a total of 80 concurrent separation lanes, which to our knowledge is the first demonstration of multiple IEF separations in series addressed by a single pair of electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Yamauchi
- The UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Augusto M. Tentori
- The UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy E. Herr
- The UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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2
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Kwak R, Park HH, Ko H, Seong M, Kwak MK, Jeong HE. Partially Cured Photopolymer with Gradient Bingham Plastic Behaviors as a Versatile Deformable Material. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:561-565. [PMID: 35610879 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present rheological and mechanical behaviors of a partially cured photopolymer. When an ultraviolet (UV)-curable resin is exposed to UV light in atmospheric conditions, a partially cured layer is formed on the top of the resin owing to inhibitory effects of oxygen. Interestingly, such a partially cured resin behaves like a Bingham plastic with a yield stress, being a rigid solid at low shear stress and a viscous liquid at high stress. Unlike typical Bingham plastic materials, however, deformation rate saturation is observed with an increase in applied stress, which is attributed to the gradient in the degree of photopolymerization of the resin (termed "gradient Bingham plastic"). This gradient Bingham plastic can be utilized for the robust fabrication of diverse 3D, multiscale structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhokyun Kwak
- Center
for BioMicrosystems, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ha Park
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangil Ko
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Seong
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyu Kwak
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Eui Jeong
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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3
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Mikkonen S, Thormann W, Emmer Å. Computer simulations of sample preconcentration in carrier-free systems and isoelectric focusing in microchannels using simple ampholytes. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:2386-95. [PMID: 26036978 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, electrophoretic preconcentration of protein and peptide samples in microchannels was studied theoretically using the 1D dynamic simulator GENTRANS, and experimentally combined with MS. In all configurations studied, the sample was uniformly distributed throughout the channel before power application, and driving electrodes were used as microchannel ends. In the first part, previously obtained experimental results from carrier-free systems are compared to simulation results, and the effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide and impurities in the sample solution are examined. Simulation provided insight into the dynamics of the transport of all components under the applied electric field and revealed the formation of a pure water zone in the channel center. In the second part, the use of an IEF procedure with simple well defined amphoteric carrier components, i.e. amino acids, for concentration and fractionation of peptides was investigated. By performing simulations a qualitative description of the analyte behavior in this system was obtained. Neurotensin and [Glu1]-Fibrinopeptide B were separated by IEF in microchannels featuring a liquid lid for simple sample handling and placement of the driving electrodes. Component distributions in the channel were detected using MALDI- and nano-ESI-MS and data were in agreement with those obtained by simulation. Dynamic simulations are demonstrated to represent an effective tool to investigate the electrophoretic behavior of all components in the microchannel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Mikkonen
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Åsa Emmer
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Wang S, Chen S, Wang J, Xu P, Luo Y, Nie Z, Du W. Interface solution isoelectric focusing with in situ MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:2528-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Suming Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Yuanming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Wenbin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- Department of Chemistry; Renmin University of China; Beijing China
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5
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Recent developments in microfluidic chip-based separation devices coupled to MS for bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2567-80. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of microfluidic chip separation devices coupled to MS has dramatically increased for high-throughput bioanalysis. In this review, advances in different types of microfluidic chip separation devices, such as electrophoresis- and LC-based microchips, as well as 2D design of microfluidic chip-based separation devices will be discussed. In addition, the utilization of chip-based separation devices coupled to MS for analyzing peptides/proteins, glycans, drug metabolites and biomarkers for various bioanalytical applications will be evaluated.
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6
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Lazar IM, Kabulski JL. Microfluidic LC device with orthogonal sample extraction for on-chip MALDI-MS detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2055-65. [PMID: 23592150 PMCID: PMC4123744 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50190f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic device that enables on-chip matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) detection for liquid chromatography (LC) separations is described. The device comprises an array of functional elements to carry out LC separations, integrates a novel microchip-MS interface to facilitate the orthogonal transposition of the microfluidic LC channel into an array of reservoirs, and enables sensitive MALDI-MS detection directly from the chip. Essentially, the device provides a snapshot MALDI-MS map of the content of the separation channel present on the chip. The detection of proteins with biomarker potential from MCF10A breast epithelial cell extracts, and detection limits in the low fmol range, are demonstrated. In addition, the design of the novel LC-MALDI-MS chip entices the promotion of a new concept for performing sample separations within the limited time-frame that accompanies the dead-volume of a separation channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia M Lazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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7
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Mikkonen S, Rokhas MK, Jacksén J, Emmer A. Sample preconcentration in open microchannels combined with MALDI-MS. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3343-50. [PMID: 23086729 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a method for preconcentrating samples in 1 cm long, 50-150 μm wide open microchannels is presented. Platinum electrodes were positioned at the channel ends, voltage was applied, and charged analyte was preconcentrated at the oppositely charged side during continuous supply of sample. The preconcentration was initially studied in a closed system, where an influence on the analyte position from a pH gradient, generated by water electrolysis, was observed. In the open channel, the analyte distribution after preconcentration was evaluated using MALDI-MS with the channel as MALDI target. MALDI matrix was applied with an airbrush or by electrospray matrix deposition and by using the latter technique higher degrees of crystallization in the channels were obtained. After preconcentrating a 1 nM cytochrome c solution for 5 min, corresponding to a supplied amount of 1.25 fmol, a signal on the cathodic channel end could be detected. When a solution of cytochrome c trypsin digest was supplied, the peptides were preconcentrated at different positions along the channel depending on their charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Mikkonen
- Analytical Chemistry, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Ionization techniques in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: principles, design, and application. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1096-1120. [PMID: 21462232 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major step forward in the development and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was its coupling to ESI-MS, first reported in 1987. More than two decades later, ESI has remained the principal ionization technique in CE-MS, but a number of other ionization techniques have also been implemented. In this review the state-of-the-art in the employment of soft ionization techniques for CE-MS is presented. First the fundamentals and general challenges of hyphenating conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis with MS are outlined. After elaborating on the characteristics and role of ESI, emphasis is put on alternative ionization techniques including sonic spray ionization (SSI), thermospray ionization (TSI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB). The principle of each ionization technique is outlined and the experimental set-ups of the CE-MS couplings are described. The strengths and limitations of each ionization technique with respect to CE-MS are discussed and the applicability of the various systems is illustrated by a number of typical examples.
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MESH Headings
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Equipment Design/instrumentation
- Equipment Design/methods
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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9
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Kataoka M, Yokoyama H, Henares TG, Kawamura K, Yao T, Hisamoto H. Reagent-release capillary array-isoelectric focusing device as a rapid screening device for IEF condition optimization. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:3341-3347. [PMID: 20714639 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the fabrication and characterization of a simple and disposable capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) device containing a reagent-release capillary (RRC) array and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) platform, which allows rapid (within 10 min) screening of cIEF conditions by introducing a sample solution into plural RRCs by capillary action followed by electric field application. To prepare the RRC, covalent immobilization of poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) was conducted to suppress electro-osmotic flow (EOF), followed by physical adsorption of the mixture of carrier ampholyte (CA), surfactant, labeling reagent (LR), and other additives to the PDMA surface to construct a two-layer structure inside a square glass capillary. When the sample solution containing proteins was introduced into the RRC, physically adsorbed CA, surfactant, and LR can be dissolved and released into the sample solution. Then, complexation of LR with proteins, mixing with CA and surfactant, and exposure of the PDMA surface spontaneously occurs for the IEF experiments. Here, three different RRCs that immobilize different CAs were prepared, and simultaneous cIEF experiments involving hemoglobin AFSC mixtures for choosing the best CA demonstrated the proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kataoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai City, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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10
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Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Recent progress in microchip electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 55:668-78. [PMID: 21130595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the methodological and instrumental developments in microchip electrophoresis (MCE)-mass spectrometry (MS) from 1997. In MCE-MS, the development of ionization interface is one of the most important issues to realize highly sensitive detection and high separation efficiency. Among several interfaces, electrospray ionization (ESI) has been mainly employed to MCE-MS since a simple structure of the ESI interface is suitable for coupling with the microchips. Although the number of publications is still limited, laser desorption ionization (LDI) interface has also been developed for MCE-MS. The characteristics of the ESI and LDI interfaces applied to the electrophoresis microchips are presented in this review. The scope of applications in MCE-MS covers mainly biogenic compounds such as bioactive amines, peptides, tryptic digests and proteins. This review provides a comprehensive table listing the applications in MCE-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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11
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Poitevin M, Shakalisava Y, Miserere S, Peltre G, Viovy JL, Descroix S. Evaluation of microchip material and surface treatment options for IEF of allergenic milk proteins on microchips. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:4256-63. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Lee J, Soper SA, Murray KK. Microfluidics with MALDI analysis for proteomics--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 649:180-90. [PMID: 19699392 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various microfluidic devices have been developed for proteomic analyses and many of these have been designed specifically for mass spectrometry detection. In this review, we present an overview of chip fabrication, microfluidic components, and the interfacing of these devices to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. These devices can be directly coupled to the mass spectrometer for on-line analysis in real-time, or samples can be analyzed on-chip or deposited onto targets for off-line readout. Several approaches for combining microfluidic devices with analytical functions such as sample cleanup, digestion, and separations with MALDI mass spectrometry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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13
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Silvertand LHH, Toraño JS, de Jong GJ, van Bennekom WP. Development and characterization of cIEF-MALDI-TOF MS for protein analysis. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1828-35. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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15
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Recent developments in capillary isoelectric focusing. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:157-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Lechner M, Seifner A, Rizzi AM. Capillary isoelectric focusing hyphenated to single- and multistage matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry using automated sheath-flow-assisted sample deposition. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1974-84. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Shimura K, Takahashi K, Koyama Y, Sato K, Kitamori T. Isoelectric Focusing in a Microfluidically Defined Electrophoresis Channel. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3818-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8000594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohito Shimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan, Biosensing Systems Laboratories, Sharp Corporation, 1-9-2 Nakase, Mihama, Chiba, Chiba 261-8520, Japan, and Center for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan, Biosensing Systems Laboratories, Sharp Corporation, 1-9-2 Nakase, Mihama, Chiba, Chiba 261-8520, Japan, and Center for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan, Biosensing Systems Laboratories, Sharp Corporation, 1-9-2 Nakase, Mihama, Chiba, Chiba 261-8520, Japan, and Center for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kae Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan, Biosensing Systems Laboratories, Sharp Corporation, 1-9-2 Nakase, Mihama, Chiba, Chiba 261-8520, Japan, and Center for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan, Biosensing Systems Laboratories, Sharp Corporation, 1-9-2 Nakase, Mihama, Chiba, Chiba 261-8520, Japan, and Center for NanoBio Integration, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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18
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Haselberg R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the analysis of intact proteins. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1159:81-109. [PMID: 17560583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the fields of protein chemistry, proteomics and biotechnology have increased the demand for suitable analytical techniques for the analysis of intact proteins. In 1989, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was combined with mass spectrometry (MS) for the first time and its potential usefulness for the analysis of intact (i.e. non-digested) proteins was shown. This article provides an overview of the applications of CE-MS within the field of intact protein analysis. The principles of the applied CE modes and ionization techniques used for CE-MS of intact proteins are shortly described. It is shown that separations are predominantly carried out by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing, whereas electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) are the most popular ionization techniques used for interfacing. The combination of CE with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS for the analysis of metalloproteins is also discussed. The various CE-MS combinations are systematically outlined and tables provide extensive overviews of the applications of each technique for intact protein analysis. Selected examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of the CE-MS techniques. Examples include protein isoform assignment, single cell analysis, metalloprotein characterization, proteomics and biomarker screening. Finally, chip-based electrophoresis combined with MS is shortly treated and some of its applications are described. It is concluded that CE-MS represents a powerful tool for the analysis of intact proteins yielding unique separations and information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Haselberg
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:266-277. [PMID: 17262881 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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20
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Muck A, Ibáñez AJ, Stauber EJ, Mansourova M, Svatos A. Atmospheric molding of ionic copolymer MALDI-TOF/MS arrays: A new tool for protein identification/profiling. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:4952-9. [PMID: 17109378 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An atmospheric molding protocol has been used to prepare an ionic methacrylate-based copolymer sample support chips for MALDI (pMALDI)-MS by targeting selected groups of various monomers copolymerized during molding, namely, carboxy, sulfo, dimethylalkyamino, and trimethylalkylammonium groups. The new disposable array chips provide analyte-oriented enhancement of protein adsorption to the modified substrates without requiring complicated surface coating or derivatization. The MALDI-MS performance of the new ionic copolymer chips was evaluated for lysozyme, beta-lactoglobulin A, trypsinogen and carbonic anhydrase I using washing with solutions prepared in pH or ionic strength steps. On cationic chips, the proteins are washed out at pH lower than their p/ values, and on anionic chips at pH higher than their p/ values. The ability of the microfabricated pMALDI chip set to selectively adsorb different proteins from real samples and to significantly increase their MS-signal was documented for the transmembrane photosystem I protein complex from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The proteins were almost exclusively adsorbed according to calculated pI values and grand average of hydropathy (GRAVY) indexes. The new disposable chips reduce manipulation times and increase measurement sensitivity for real-world proteomic samples. The simple atmospheric molding procedure enables additional proteomic operations to be incorporated on disposable MALDI-MS integrated platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Muck
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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