1
|
Kumari P, Soni D, Aggarwal SG. Benzene: A critical review on measurement methodology, certified reference material, exposure limits with its impact on human health and mitigation strategies. Environ Anal Health Toxicol 2024; 39:e2024012-0. [PMID: 39054826 PMCID: PMC11294662 DOI: 10.5620/eaht.2024012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Benzene is a carcinogenic pollutant with significant emission sources present in the atmosphere. The need for accurate and precise measurement of benzene in the atmosphere has become increasingly evident due to its toxicity and the adverse health effects associated with exposure to different concentrations. Certified reference material (CRM) is essential to establish the traceability of measurement results. The present review compiles the available national and international measurement methods, certified reference materials (CRMs) for benzene and the limit of benzene in fuel composition (v/v) worldwide. Overall, the review indicates the benzene level in the atmosphere and the resulting impacts on the environment and human health, which frequently exceed the exposure limits of different environment regulatory agencies. An extensive literature review was conducted to gather information on monitoring and analysis methods for benzene, revealing that the most preferred method, i.e. Gas Chromatography- Flame Ionization Detector and Mass Spectrometry, is neither cost-effective nor suitable for real-time continuous monitoring. By analysing existing literature and studies, this review will shed light on the understanding of the importance of benzene pollution monitoring in ambient air and its implications for public health. Additionally, it will reflect the mitigation strategies applied by regulators & need for future revisions of air quality guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kumari
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Daya Soni
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Shankar G Aggarwal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Epping R, Koch M. On-Site Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Molecules 2023; 28:1598. [PMID: 36838585 PMCID: PMC9966347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are of interest in many different fields. Among them are food and fragrance analysis, environmental and atmospheric research, industrial applications, security or medical and life science. In the past, the characterization of these compounds was mostly performed via sample collection and off-site analysis with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as the gold standard. While powerful, this method also has several drawbacks such as being slow, expensive, and demanding on the user. For decades, intense research has been dedicated to find methods for fast VOC analysis on-site with time and spatial resolution. We present the working principles of the most important, utilized, and researched technologies for this purpose and highlight important publications from the last five years. In this overview, non-selective gas sensors, electronic noses, spectroscopic methods, miniaturized gas chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry and direct injection mass spectrometry are covered. The advantages and limitations of the different methods are compared. Finally, we give our outlook into the future progression of this field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Epping
- Division of Organic Trace and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Koch
- Division of Organic Trace and Food Analysis, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang J, Fan Q, Wang Q, Tian W, Qiu P, Gao B, Du J. Uncertainty evaluation for nine VOC gas certified reference materials used for indoor air testing. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
4
|
Determination of Air Pollutants: Application of a Low-Cost Method for Preparation of VOC Mixtures at Known Concentration. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14159149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography (GC) is an excellent tool to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in gaseous samples. However, to carry out an appropriate quantitative analysis of unknown samples, the use of known concentration gas mixtures, to exploit as standards, is required. Commonly, these mixtures are obtained from cylinders of compressed gas at known concentrations: this involves a considerable economic outlay and problems relating to their handling. This paper aims to apply a method, proposed as a versatile, simple, and economical alternative to the use of such cylinders, for preparing gaseous calibration standards useful to obtain calibration curves for quantification of air pollutants. In addition, the operative limits of this method were investigated. The method involves the continuous injection of volatile compounds in liquid form into a stream of neutral gas, such as air or nitrogen. Exploiting the high volatility of the compounds used, it is possible to generate a continuous gas stream containing the chosen VOC at the desired concentration based on the mass balance of the system. This method proved to be suitable for compounds with volatility ranging from 36 kPa to 0.1 kPa at 293 K and it showed relative bias and relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 16% and 8%, respectively. The described dynamic method results are repeatable and accurate. It can be used effectively for compounds with vapour pressure values within the stated limits and provides a more versatile and cost-effective alternative to compressed gas cylinders.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jeerage KM, Berry J, Murray J, Goodman C, Piotrowski P, Jones C, Cecelski CE, Carney J, Lippa K, Lovestead T. The need for multicomponent gas standards for breath biomarker analysis. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35584612 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac70ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath is a non-invasive, information-rich matrix with the potential to diagnose or monitor disease, including infectious disease. Despite significant effort dedicated to biomarker identification in case control studies, very few breath tests are established in practice. In this topical review, we identify how gas standards support breath analysis today and what is needed to support further expansion and translation to practice. We examine forensic and clinical breath tests and discuss how confidence has been built through unambiguous biomarker identification and quantitation supported by gas calibration standards. Based on this discussion, we identify a need for multicomponent gas standards with part-per-trillion to part-per-million concentrations. We highlight National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) gas standards developed for atmospheric measurements that are also relevant to breath analysis and describe investigations of long-term stability, chemical reactions, and interactions with gas cylinder wall treatments. An overview of emerging online instruments and their need for gas standards is also presented. This review concludes with a discussion of our ongoing research to examine the feasibility of producing multicomponent gas standards at breath-relevant concentrations. Such standards could be used to investigate interference from ubiquitous endogenous compounds and as a starting point for standards tailored to specific breath tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita M Jeerage
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 647.07, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, UNITED STATES
| | - Jennifer Berry
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, UNITED STATES
| | - Jacolin Murray
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Cassie Goodman
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Paulina Piotrowski
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Christina Jones
- Office of Advanced Manufacturing, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Christina Elena Cecelski
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, UNITED STATES
| | - Jennifer Carney
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Katrice Lippa
- Office of Weights and Measures, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Tara Lovestead
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 647.07, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, UNITED STATES
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang J, Du J, Huang W, Ning H, Li N. Optimized Method for Determination 57 Volatile Organic Compounds in Nitrogen Using GC × GC-FID. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:713-724. [PMID: 34686870 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The sample containing 57 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in nitrogen at a nominal 1 ppmv was prepared in our lab using weighting method. A methodology for determination of the 57 VOCs using a two-dimensional gas chromatography equipped with Deans switches and two flame ionization detectors (GC × GC-FID) was developed and validated for resolution, asymmetry, sensitivity, precision (intra-day precision and inter-day precision), linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and accuracy. In this study, resolution, asymmetry and sensitivity of the analytical method were improved,intra-day precisions of all the compounds were <1% and inter-day precisions were between 0.9 and 3.0%. In addition, LOQ and LOD were in the range of 0.024-0.185 ppmv and 0.012-0.092 ppmv, respectively. An excellent linearity was obtained (R2 > 0.9995). At the meantime, the accuracy of the analytical method was evaluated by determining the concentration of a certified reference material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 1 Yuhui Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Jian Du
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 1 Yuhui Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 1 Yuhui Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Hongbing Ning
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 1 Yuhui Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute for Environmental Reference Materials, Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 1 Yuhui Road, Chaoyang, Beijing, 10029, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rhoderick GC, Cecelski CE, Miller WR, Worton DR, Moreno S, Brewer PJ, Viallon J, Idrees F, Moussay P, Kim YD, Kim D, Lee S, Baldan A, Li J. Stability of gaseous volatile organic compounds contained in gas cylinders with different internal wall treatments. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2019; 7:10.1525/elementa.366. [PMID: 32118079 PMCID: PMC7047742 DOI: 10.1525/elementa.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been ongoing for decades to track growth rates and assist in curbing emissions of these compounds into the atmosphere. To accurately establish mole fraction trends and assess the role of these gas-phase compounds in atmospheric chemistry it is essential to have good calibration standards. A necessity and precursor to accurate VOC gas standards are the gas cylinders and the internal wall treatments that aid in maintaining the stability of the mixtures over long periods of time, measured in years. This paper will discuss the stability of VOC gas mixtures in different types of gas cylinders and internal wall treatments. Stability data will be given for 85 VOCs studied in gas mixtures by National Metrology Institutes and other agency laboratories. This evaluation of cylinder treatment materials is the outcome of an activity of the VOC Expert Group within the framework of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George C. Rhoderick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, US
| | | | - Walter R. Miller
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, US
| | - David R. Worton
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - Sergi Moreno
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - Paul J. Brewer
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - Joële Viallon
- Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM), Sévres Cedex, FR
| | - Faraz Idrees
- Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM), Sévres Cedex, FR
| | - Philippe Moussay
- Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM), Sévres Cedex, FR
| | - Yong Doo Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, KR
| | - Dalho Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, KR
| | - Sangil Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, KR
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li N, Du J, Yang J, Fan Q, Tian W. Development of a standard reference material containing 22 chlorinated hydrocarbon gases at 1 μmol/mol in nitrogen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:24177-24186. [PMID: 28884438 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9774-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A gas standard mixture containing 22 chlorinated hydrocarbons in high purity nitrogen was prepared using a two-step weighing method and a gasifying apparatus developed in-house. The concentration of each component was determined using a gas chromatograph with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). Linear regression analysis of every component was performed using the gas standard mixture with concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 μmol/mol, showing the complete gasification of volatile organic compound (VOCs) species in a selected cylinder. Repeatability was also examined to ensure the reliability of the preparation method. In addition, no significant difference was observed between domestic treated and imported treated cylinders, which were conducive to reduction of the cost of raw materials. Moreover, the results of stability testing at different pressures and long-term stability tests indicated that the gas standard at 1 μmol/mol level with relative expanded uncertainties of 5% was stable above 2 MPa for a minimum of 12 months. Finally, a quantity comparison was conducted between the gas standard and a commercial gas standard from Scott Specialty Gases (now Air Liquide America Specialty Gases). The excellent agreement of every species suggested the favorable accuracy of our gas standard. Therefore, this reference material can be applied to routine observation of VOCs and for other purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jian Du
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qiang Fan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wen Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollutant Metrology and Reference Materials, Beijing, 100029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Concentrically packed high flow air sampler for parts-per-trillion volatile and semi-volatile organica compounds. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1502:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Rhoderick GC, Hall BD, Harth CM, Kim JS, Lee J, Montzka SA, Mühle J, Reimann S, Vollmer MK, Weiss RF. Comparison of halocarbon measurements in an atmospheric dry whole air sample. ELEMENTA (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2015; 3:000075. [PMID: 26753167 PMCID: PMC4702251 DOI: 10.12952/journal.elementa.000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The growing awareness of climate change/global warming, and continuing concerns regarding stratospheric ozone depletion, will require continued measurements and standards for many compounds, in particular halocarbons that are linked to these issues. In order to track atmospheric mole fractions and assess the impact of policy on emission rates, it is necessary to demonstrate measurement equivalence at the highest levels of accuracy for assigned values of standards. Precise measurements of these species aid in determining small changes in their atmospheric abundance. A common source of standards/scales and/or well-documented agreement of different scales used to calibrate the measurement instrumentation are key to understanding many sets of data reported by researchers. This report describes the results of a comparison study among National Metrology Institutes and atmospheric research laboratories for the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113); the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22) and 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b); and the hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), all in a dried whole air sample. The objective of this study is to compare calibration standards/scales and the measurement capabilities of the participants for these halocarbons at trace atmospheric levels. The results of this study show agreement among four independent calibration scales to better than 2.5% in almost all cases, with many of the reported agreements being better than 1.0%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George C. Rhoderick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Chemical Sciences Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
| | - Bradley D. Hall
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Global Monitoring Division, Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Christina M. Harth
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla (SIO), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jin Seog Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Division of Metrology for Quality Life, Yusong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsoon Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Division of Metrology for Quality Life, Yusong, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen A. Montzka
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Global Monitoring Division, Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Jens Mühle
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla (SIO), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Stefan Reimann
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin K. Vollmer
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ray F. Weiss
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla (SIO), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chary NS, Fernandez-Alba AR. Determination of volatile organic compounds in drinking and environmental waters. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Development of standard gas mixture of six chlorinated hydrocarbons in nitrogen. Se Pu 2010; 28:521-4. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
13
|
Diffusion technique for the generation of gaseous halogen standards. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2065-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|