1
|
Roca M, Pérez-Gálvez A. Metabolomics of Chlorophylls and Carotenoids: Analytical Methods and Metabolome-Based Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1622. [PMID: 34679756 PMCID: PMC8533378 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are two families of antioxidants present in daily ingested foods, whose recognition as added-value ingredients runs in parallel with the increasing number of demonstrated functional properties. Both groups include a complex and vast number of compounds, and extraction and analysis methods evolved recently to a modern protocol. New methodologies are more potent, precise, and accurate, but their application requires a better understanding of the technical and biological context. Therefore, the present review compiles the basic knowledge and recent advances of the metabolomics of chlorophylls and carotenoids, including the interrelation with the primary metabolism. The study includes material preparation and extraction protocols, the instrumental techniques for the acquisition of spectroscopic and spectrometric properties, the workflows and software tools for data pre-processing and analysis, and the application of mass spectrometry to pigment metabolomics. In addition, the review encompasses a critical description of studies where metabolomics analyses of chlorophylls and carotenoids were developed as an approach to analyzing the effects of biotic and abiotic stressors on living organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Pérez-Gálvez
- Food Phytochemistry Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Building 46, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a major analytical method used in the growing field of metabolomics. Although NMR is relatively less sensitive than mass spectrometry, this analytical platform has numerous characteristics including its high reproducibility and quantitative abilities, its nonselective and noninvasive nature, and the ability to identify unknown metabolites in complex mixtures and trace the downstream products of isotope labeled substrates ex vivo, in vivo, or in vitro. Metabolomic analysis of highly complex biological mixtures has benefitted from the advances in both NMR data acquisition and analysis methods. Although metabolomics applications span a wide range of disciplines, a majority has focused on understanding, preventing, diagnosing, and managing human diseases. This chapter describes NMR-based methods relevant to the rapidly expanding metabolomics field.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gathungu RM, Kautz R, Kristal BS, Bird SS, Vouros P. The integration of LC-MS and NMR for the analysis of low molecular weight trace analytes in complex matrices. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:35-54. [PMID: 30024655 PMCID: PMC6339611 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the integration of liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the comprehensive analysis of small molecules from complex matrices. We first discuss the steps taken toward making the three technologies compatible, so as to create an efficient analytical platform. The development of online LC-MS-NMR, highlighted by successful applications in the profiling of highly concentrated analytes (LODs 10 μg) is discussed next. This is followed by a detailed overview of the alternative approaches that have been developed to overcome the challenges associated with online LC-MS-NMR that primarily stem from the inherently low sensitivity of NMR. These alternative approaches include the use of stop-flow LC-MS-NMR, loop collection of LC peaks, LC-MS-SPE-NMR, and offline NMR. The potential and limitations of all these approaches is discussed in the context of applications in various fields, including metabolomics and natural product discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rose M. Gathungu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger Kautz
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce S. Kristal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Paul Vouros
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paudel L, Nagana Gowda GA, Raftery D. Extractive Ratio Analysis NMR Spectroscopy for Metabolite Identification in Complex Biological Mixtures. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7373-7378. [PMID: 31059230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of biological mixtures continues to challenge efforts aimed at unknown metabolite identification in the metabolomics field. To address this challenge, we provide a new method to identify related peaks from individual metabolites in complex NMR spectra. Extractive ratio analysis NMR spectroscopy (E-RANSY) builds on our previously described ratio analysis method [ Wei et al. Anal. Chem. 2011 , 83 , 7616 - 7623 ] and exploits the simplified NMR spectra provided by the extraction of metabolites under varied pH conditions. Under such conditions, metabolites from the same biological specimen are extracted differentially, and the resulting NMR spectra exhibit characteristics favorable for unraveling unknown metabolite peaks using ratio analysis. We demonstrate the utility of the E-RANSY method by extracting carboxylic acid containing metabolites from human urine, one of the highly complex biological mixtures encountered in the metabolomics field. E-RANSY performs better than STOCSY and the original RANSY method and offers new avenues to identify unknown metabolites in complex biological mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Raftery
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , Washington 98109 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The fast-growing field of metabolomics is impacting numerous areas of basic and life sciences. In metabolomics, analytical methods play a pivotal role, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) have proven to be the most suitable and powerful methods. Although NMR exhibits lower sensitivity and resolution compared to MS, NMR's numerous important characteristics far outweigh its limitations. Some of its characteristics include excellent reproducibility and quantitative accuracy, the capability to analyze intact biospecimens, an unparalleled ability to identify unknown metabolites, the ability to trace in-cell and in-organelle metabolism in real time, and the capacity to trace metabolic pathways atom by atom using 2H, 13C, or 15N isotopes. Each of these characteristics has been exploited extensively in numerous studies. In parallel, the field has witnessed significant progress in instrumentation, methods development, databases, and automation that are focused on higher throughput and alleviating the limitations of NMR, in particular, resolution and sensitivity. Despite the advances, however, the high complexity of biological mixtures combined with the limitations in sensitivity and resolution continues to pose major challenges. These challenges need to be dealt with effectively to better realize the potential of metabolomics, in general. As a result, multifaceted efforts continue to focus on addressing the challenges as well as reaping the benefits of NMR-based metabolomics. This chapter highlights the current status with emphasis on the opportunities and challenges in NMR-based metabolomics.
Collapse
|
6
|
De Vos J, Desmet G, Eeltink S. Enhancing detection sensitivity in gradient liquid chromatography via post-column refocusing and strong-solvent remobilization. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1455:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
7
|
Nagana Gowda GA, Raftery D. Can NMR solve some significant challenges in metabolomics? JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2015; 260:144-60. [PMID: 26476597 PMCID: PMC4646661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The field of metabolomics continues to witness rapid growth driven by fundamental studies, methods development, and applications in a number of disciplines that include biomedical science, plant and nutrition sciences, drug development, energy and environmental sciences, toxicology, etc. NMR spectroscopy is one of the two most widely used analytical platforms in the metabolomics field, along with mass spectrometry (MS). NMR's excellent reproducibility and quantitative accuracy, its ability to identify structures of unknown metabolites, its capacity to generate metabolite profiles using intact bio-specimens with no need for separation, and its capabilities for tracing metabolic pathways using isotope labeled substrates offer unique strengths for metabolomics applications. However, NMR's limited sensitivity and resolution continue to pose a major challenge and have restricted both the number and the quantitative accuracy of metabolites analyzed by NMR. Further, the analysis of highly complex biological samples has increased the demand for new methods with improved detection, better unknown identification, and more accurate quantitation of larger numbers of metabolites. Recent efforts have contributed significant improvements in these areas, and have thereby enhanced the pool of routinely quantifiable metabolites. Additionally, efforts focused on combining NMR and MS promise opportunities to exploit the combined strength of the two analytical platforms for direct comparison of the metabolite data, unknown identification and reliable biomarker discovery that continue to challenge the metabolomics field. This article presents our perspectives on the emerging trends in NMR-based metabolomics and NMR's continuing role in the field with an emphasis on recent and ongoing research from our laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Nagana Gowda
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nagana Gowda G, Raftery D. Advances in NMR-Based Metabolomics. FUNDAMENTALS OF ADVANCED OMICS TECHNOLOGIES: FROM GENES TO METABOLITES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62651-6.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
9
|
Schoonen JW, Vulto P, de Roo N, van Duynhoven J, van der Linden H, Hankemeier T. Solvent Exchange Module for LC-NMR Hyphenation Using Machine Vision-Controlled Droplet Evaporation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5734-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Willem Schoonen
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center
for
Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Vulto
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center
for
Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL, The Netherlands
| | - Niels de Roo
- Unilever R&D, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - John van Duynhoven
- Unilever R&D, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703HA, Wageningen,
The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL, The Netherlands
| | - Heiko van der Linden
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center
for
Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center
for
Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg
55, 2333 CE, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CL, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
From single to multiple microcoil flow probe NMR and related capillary techniques: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:647-69. [PMID: 21969176 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and powerful instrumental analytical techniques for structural elucidation of unknown small and large (complex) isolated and synthesized compounds in organic and inorganic chemistry. X-ray crystallography, neutron scattering (neutron diffraction), and NMR spectroscopy are the only suitable methods for three-dimensional structure determination at atomic resolution. Moreover, these methods are complementary. However, by means of NMR spectroscopy, reaction dynamics and interaction processes can also be investigated. Unfortunately, this technique is very insensitive in comparison with other spectrometric (e.g., mass spectrometry) and spectroscopic (e.g., infrared spectroscopy) methods. Mainly through the development of stronger magnets and more sensitive solenoidal microcoil flow probes, this drawback has been successfully counteracted. Capillary NMR spectroscopy increases the mass-based sensitivity of the NMR spectroscopic analysis up to 100-fold compared with conventional 5-mm NMR probes, and thus can be coupled online and off-line with other microseparation and detection techniques. It offers not only higher sensitivity, but in many cases provides better quality spectra than traditional methods. Owing to the immense number of compounds (e.g., of natural product extracts and compound libraries) to be examined, single microcoil flow probe NMR spectroscopy will soon be far from being sufficiently effective as a screening method. For this reason, an inevitable trend towards coupled microseparation-multiple microcoil flow probe NMR techniques, which allow simultaneous online and off-line detection of several compounds, will occur. In this review we describe the current status and possible future developments of single and multiple microcoil capillary flow probe NMR spectroscopy and its application as a high-throughput tool for the analysis of a large number of mass-limited samples. The advantages and drawbacks of different coupled microseparation-capillary NMR spectroscopy techniques, such as capillary high-performance liquid chromatography-NMR spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis-NMR spectroscopy, and capillary gas chromatography-NMR spectroscopy, are discussed and demonstrated by specific applications. Another subject of discussion is the progress in parallel NMR detection techniques. Furthermore, the applicability and mixing capability of tiny reactor systems, termed "microreactors" or "micromixers," implemented in NMR probes is demonstrated by carbamate- and imine-forming reactions.
Collapse
|
11
|
Brkljača R, Urban S. RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN HPLC-NMR AND APPLICATIONS FOR NATURAL PRODUCT PROFILING AND IDENTIFICATION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.587748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brkljača
- a School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi) RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sylvia Urban
- a School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute (HIRi) RMIT University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park GHJ, Park AN, Rho KR, Shin JH, Kim YJ, Jo SC, Oh WS. Liquid Chromatography-Solid Phase Extraction-NMR (LC-SPE-NMR) Analysis of Liquid Crystalline Mixtures. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.6564/jkmrs.2011.15.1.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Kim JK, Lee EJ, Jung KW, Kim YM. Structure-Activity Relationships of 9-mer Antimicrobial Peptide analogue of Protaetiamycine, 9Pbw2. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE SOCIETY 2011. [DOI: 10.6564/jkmrs.2011.15.1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Zhang S, Nagana Gowda GA, Ye T, Raftery D. Advances in NMR-based biofluid analysis and metabolite profiling. Analyst 2010; 135:1490-8. [PMID: 20379603 PMCID: PMC4720135 DOI: 10.1039/c000091d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significant improvements in NMR technology and methods have propelled NMR studies to play an important role in a rapidly expanding number of applications involving the profiling of metabolites in biofluids. This review discusses recent technical advances in NMR spectroscopy based metabolite profiling methods, data processing and analysis over the last three years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shucha Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - G. A. Nagana Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ye T, Zhang S, Mo H, Tayyari F, Gowda GAN, Raftery D. 13C-formylation for improved nuclear magnetic resonance profiling of amino metabolites in biofluids. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2303-9. [PMID: 20180538 PMCID: PMC2837761 DOI: 10.1021/ac9024818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An increased interest in metabolite profiling is driving the need for improved analytical techniques with greater performance for a variety of important applications. Despite their limited sensitivity, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods are attractive because of their simplicity, reproducibility, quantitative nature, and wide applicability. The use of chemoselective isotopic tags has the potential to advance the application of NMR for analyzing metabolites in complex biofluids by allowing detection of metabolites down to the low micromoalr level with high resolution and specificity. Here, we report a new (13)C-tagging method using (13)C-formic acid that delivers high sensitivity, good quantitation, and excellent resolution for (1)H-(13)C 2D NMR profiling of amino metabolites. High reproducibility (coefficient of variation (CV) = 2%) was observed for metabolites in urine with concentrations down to 10 microM. As amino compounds comprise an important class of metabolites and small molecules of biological roles, this new method therefore should be amenable to a variety of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
DeSilva MA, Shanaiah N, Gowda GAN, Rosa-Pérez K, Hanson BA, Raftery D. Application of 31P NMR spectroscopy and chemical derivatization for metabolite profiling of lipophilic compounds in human serum. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47 Suppl 1:S74-80. [PMID: 19610016 PMCID: PMC2861047 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
New methods for obtaining metabolic fingerprints of biological samples with improved resolution and sensitivity are highly sought for early disease detection, studies of human health and pathophysiology, and for better understanding systems biology. Considering the complexity of biological samples, interest in biochemical class selection through the use of chemoselective probes for improved resolution and quantitation is increasing. Considering the role of lipids in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, in this study fingerprinting of lipid metabolites was achieved by (31)P labeling using the derivatizing agent 2-chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyldioxaphospholane. Lipids containing hydroxyl, aldehyde and carboxyl groups were selectively tagged with (31)P and then detected with good resolution using (31)P NMR by exploiting the 100% natural abundance and wide chemical shift range of (31)P. After standardizing the reaction conditions using representative compounds, the derivatization approach was used to profile lipids in human serum. The results show that the (31)P derivatization approach is simple, reproducible and highly quantitative, and has the potential to profile a number of important lipids in complex biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Aruni DeSilva
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - G. A. Nagana Gowda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kellymar Rosa-Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Bryan A. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePauw University, 602 S. College Ave., Greencastle, IN 46135
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- To whom correspondence should be addressed , Tel: 765-494-6070, Fax: 765-494-0239
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ye T, Mo H, Shanaiah N, Nagana Gowda GA, Zhang S, Raftery D. Chemoselective 15N tag for sensitive and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance profiling of the carboxyl-containing metabolome. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4882-8. [PMID: 19518144 PMCID: PMC2861042 DOI: 10.1021/ac900539y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling has received increasing recognition as an indispensable complement to genomics and proteomics for probing biological systems and for clinical applications. (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is widely used in the field but is challenged by spectral complexity and overlap. Improved and simple methods that quantitatively profile a large number of metabolites are sought to make further progress. Here, we demonstrate a simple isotope tagging strategy, in which metabolites with carboxyl groups are chemically tagged with (15)N-ethanolamine and detected using a 2D heteronuclear correlation NMR experiment. This method is capable of detecting over 100 metabolites at concentrations as low as a few micromolar in biological samples, both quantitatively and reproducibly. Carboxyl-containing compounds are found in almost all metabolic pathways, and thus this new approach should find a variety of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Huaping Mo
- Purdue Inter-Departmental NMR Facility, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | | | - Shucha Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Appiah-Amponsah E, Shanaiah N, Nagana Gowda GA, Owusu-Sarfo K, Ye T, Raftery D. Identification of 4-deoxythreonic acid present in human urine using HPLC and NMR techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:878-85. [PMID: 19615840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The 1H NMR spectrum of urine exhibits a large number of detectable and quantifiable metabolites and hence urine metabolite profiling is potentially useful for the study of systems biology and the discovery of biomarkers for drug development or clinical applications. While a number of metabolites (50-100) are readily detectable in urine by NMR, a much larger number is potentially available if lower concentration species can be detected unambiguously. Lower concentration metabolites are thought to be more specific to certain disease states and thus it is important to detect these metabolites with certainty. We report the identification of 4-deoxythreonic acid, a relatively low concentration endogenous metabolite that has not been previously identified in the 1H NMR spectrum of human urine. The use of HPLC and NMR spectroscopy facilitated the unequivocal and non-invasive identification of the molecule in urine which is complicated by extensive peak overlap and multiple, similar resonances from other metabolites such as 3-hydroxybutanoic acid. High-resolution detection and good sensitivity were achieved by the combination of multiple chromatographic fraction collection, sample pre-concentration, and the use of a cryogenically cooled NMR probe.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kc R, Henry ID, Park GHJ, Raftery D. Design and construction of a versatile dual volume heteronuclear double resonance microcoil NMR probe. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2009; 197:186-92. [PMID: 19138541 PMCID: PMC2679250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Improved NMR detection of mass limited samples can be obtained by taking advantage of the mass sensitivity of microcoil NMR, while throughput issues can be addressed using multiple, parallel sample detection coils. We present the design and construction of a double resonance 300-MHz dual volume microcoil NMR probe with thermally etched 440-nL detection volumes and fused silica transfer lines for high-throughput stopped-flow or flow-through sample analysis. Two orthogonal solenoidal detection coils and the novel use of shielded inductors allowed the construction of a probe with negligible radio-frequency cross talk. The probe was resonated at (1)H-(2)D (upper coil) and (1)H-(13)C (lower coil) frequencies such that it could perform 1D and 2D experiments with active locking frequency. The coils exhibited line widths of 0.8-1.1 Hz with good mass sensitivity for both (1)H and (13)C NMR detection. (13)C-directly detected (2)D HETCOR spectra of 5% v/v (13)C labeled acetic acid were obtained in less than 5 min. Demonstration of the probe characteristics as well as applications of the versatile two-coil double resonance probe are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Raftery
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Daniel Raftery, Professor of Chemistry, Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, Office: (765) 494-6070, FAX: (765) 494-0239,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin Y, Schiavo S, Orjala J, Vouros P, Kautz R. Microscale LC-MS-NMR platform applied to the identification of active cyanobacterial metabolites. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8045-54. [PMID: 18834150 PMCID: PMC2709599 DOI: 10.1021/ac801049k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An LC-MS-NMR platform is demonstrated, which combines two innovations in microscale analysis, nanoSplitter LC-MS and microdroplet NMR, for the identification of unknown compounds found at low concentrations in complex sample matrixes as frequently encountered in metabolomics or natural products discovery. The nanoSplitter provides the high sensitivity of nanoelectrospray MS while allowing 98% of the HPLC effluent from a large-bore LC column to be collected and concentrated for NMR. Microdroplet NMR is a droplet microfluidic NMR loading method providing severalfold higher sample efficiency than conventional flow injection methods. Performing NMR offline from LC-UV-MS accommodates the disparity between MS and NMR in their sample mass and time requirements, as well as allowing NMR spectra to be requested retrospectively, after review of the LC-MS data. Interpretable 1D NMR spectra were obtained from analytes at the 200-ng level, in 1 h/well automated NMR data acquisitions. The system also showed excellent intra- and interdetector reproducibility with retention time RSD values less than 2% and sample recovery on the order of 93%. When applied to a cyanobacterial extract showing antibacterial activity, the platform recognized several previously known metabolites, down to the 1% level, in a single 30-mug injection, and prioritized one unknown for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Roger Kautz
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 617−373−8211. Fax: 617−373−2855. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bergeron SJ, Henry ID, Santini RE, Aghdasi A, Raftery D. Saturation transfer double-difference NMR spectroscopy using a dual solenoid microcoil difference probe. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2008; 46:925-9. [PMID: 18615852 PMCID: PMC5441454 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An experiment designed to collect a saturation transfer double difference (STDD) NMR spectrum using a solenoid microcoil NMR difference probe is reported. STDD-NMR allows the investigation of ligand-biomolecule binding, with moderate concentration requirements for unlabeled molecular targets and the ability to discern binding events in the presence of non-binding ligands. The NMR difference probe acquires the signals from two different samples at once, and cancels common signals automatically through a mechanism of switching between parallel excitation and serial acquisition of the sample signals. STDD spectra were acquired on a system consisting of human serum albumin and two ligands, octanoic acid and glucose. The non-binding ligand, glucose, was cancelled internally through phase cycling, while the protein signal was subtracted automatically by the difference probe. The proton NMR resonance signal from octanoic acid remained in the double difference spectrum. This work demonstrates that the double difference can be performed both internally and automatically through the utilization of the solenoid microcoil NMR difference probe and STDD-NMR pulse sequence, resulting in a clean signal from the binding ligand with good protein background subtraction and an overall favorable result when compared to the conventional approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Bergeron
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ian D. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Robert E. Santini
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Abdollah Aghdasi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gómez MV, Reinhoudt DN, Velders AH. Supramolecular interactions at the picomole level studied by 19F NMR spectroscopy in a microfluidic chip. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1293-1295. [PMID: 18702122 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Gómez
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology Faculty of Science and Technology MESA+ Research Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente Langezijds, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ledbetter MP, Savukov IM, Budker D, Shah V, Knappe S, Kitching J, Michalak DJ, Xu S, Pines A. Zero-field remote detection of NMR with a microfabricated atomic magnetometer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:2286-90. [PMID: 18287080 PMCID: PMC2268128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711505105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate remote detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with a microchip sensor consisting of a microfluidic channel and a microfabricated vapor cell (the heart of an atomic magnetometer). Detection occurs at zero magnetic field, which allows operation of the magnetometer in the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) regime and increases the proximity of sensor and sample by eliminating the need for a solenoid to create a leading field. We achieve pulsed NMR linewidths of 26 Hz, limited, we believe, by the residence time and flow dispersion in the encoding region. In a fully optimized system, we estimate that for 1 s of integration, 7 x 10(13) protons in a volume of 1 mm(3), prepolarized in a 10-kG field, can be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 3. This level of sensitivity is competitive with that demonstrated by microcoils in 100-kG magnetic fields, without requiring superconducting magnets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Ledbetter
- *Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300
| | - I. M. Savukov
- *Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300
| | - D. Budker
- *Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - V. Shah
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305; and
| | - S. Knappe
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305; and
| | - J. Kitching
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305; and
| | - D. J. Michalak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300
| | - S. Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300
| | - A. Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7300
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ibuprofen metabolite profiling using a combination of SPE/column-trapping and HPLC-micro-coil NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 47:328-34. [PMID: 18276099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction and column-trapping preconcentration are combined to enhance HPLC-nuclear magnetic resonance (HPLC-NMR) and applied to metabolite profiling in biological samples. Combining the two signal enhancement techniques improved the NMR signal substantially such that we were able to identify 2-hydroxyibuprofen, carboxyibuprofen, and unmetabolized ibuprofen molecules from a small urine sample after a therapeutic dose of ibuprofen. The hyphenated SPE/column-trapping method resulted in an excellent overall signal enhancement of up to 90-fold.
Collapse
|
25
|
Murakami T, Fukutsu N, Kondo J, Kawasaki T, Kusu F. Application of liquid chromatography-two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy using pre-concentration column trapping and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the identification of degradation products in stressed commercial amlodipine maleate tablets. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1181:67-76. [PMID: 18191867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Application of the HPLC hyphenated techniques of LC-two-dimensional (2D) NMR using pre-concentration column trapping and LC-MS was demonstrated by the identification of two major degradation products, DP-1 and DP-2, in stressed commercial tablets of amlodipine maleate. The molecular formulas were estimated by LC-MS. Sample pre-concentration by column trapping was conducted to obtain adequate 2D-NMR signals by reducing the peak widths of the degradation products and making sure that the maximum amount of each component was inside the flow cell for NMR detection. Double-quantum filtered correlation spectroscopy (DQF-COSY) was applied to identify DP-1 as beta-N-lactosylamlodipine by suppressing the residual water signal without affecting the sample signal and by measuring the coupling constant of the lactose anomeric proton. Heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectroscopy (HMBC) was applied to characterize DP-2 as an aspartic acid derivative of amlodipine by detecting long-range CH correlations. The chemical structures of the degradation products could be successfully elucidated unambiguously without an isolation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Murakami
- Analytical and Quality Evaluation Research Laboratories, Daiichi-Sankyo Co. Ltd., 1-12-1 Shinomiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
McDowell AF, Adolphi NL. Operating nanoliter scale NMR microcoils in a 1 tesla field. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2007; 188:74-82. [PMID: 17627856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcoil probes enclosing sample volumes of 1.2, 3.3, 7.0, and 81 nanoliters are constructed as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detectors for operation in a 1 tesla permanent magnet. The probes for the three smallest volumes utilize a novel auxiliary tuning inductor for which the design criteria are given. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and line width of water samples are measured. Based on the measured DC resistance of the microcoils, together with the calculated radio frequency (RF) resistance of the tuning inductor, the SNR is calculated and shown to agree with the measured values. The details of the calculations indicate that the auxiliary inductor does not degrade the NMR probe performance. The diameter of the wire used to construct the microcoils is shown to affect the signal line widths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F McDowell
- ABQMR, Inc., 2301 Yale Boulevard SE, Suite C-2, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|