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Catalase-Containing Silica Particles as Ultrasound-Based Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors to Determine Infected From Noninfected Fluid Collections in Humans. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2019; 213:W9-W16. [PMID: 30860893 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.18.20779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a key role in neutrophil oxidative defense against infection. Catalase-containing silica nanoshells are nanoparticles that generate O2 microbubbles imaged with ultrasound in the presence of elevated H2O2. We aimed to determine whether ultrasound-detectable O2 microbubbles produced by catalase-containing silica nanoshells can determine whether fluid collections drained from patients are infected. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. During this HIPAA-compliant, institutional review board-approved study, 52 human fluid samples were collected from clinically required image-guided percutaneous drainage procedures. Catalase-containing silica nanoshells were added to the fluid samples during imaging in real time using a Sequoia-512 15L8-S linear transducer (Siemens Healthcare). Production of detectable microbubbles was graded subjectively as negative (noninfected) or positive (infected) with low, moderate, or high confidence by a single observer blinded to all clinical data. The truth standard was microbiology laboratory culture results. Performance characteristics including ROC curves were calculated. RESULTS. Microbubble detection to distinguish infected from noninfected fluids was 84% sensitive and 72% specific and offered negative and positive predictive values of 89% and 64%, respectively. The AUC was 0.79. Six of nine false-positive samples were peritoneal fluid collections that were all collected from patients with decompensated cirrhosis. CONCLUSION. The presence of elevated H2O2 indicated by microbubble formation in the presence of catalase-containing silica nanoshells is sensitive in distinguishing infected from noninfected fluids and offers a relatively high negative predictive value. False-positive cases may result from noninfectious oxidative stress. Catalase-containing silica nanoshells may constitute a novel point-of-care test performed at time of percutaneous drainage, potentially obviating placement of drains into otherwise sterile collections and minimizing risk of secondary infection or other complication.
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Katowah DF, Hussein MA, Alam MM, Sobahi TR, Gabal MA, Asiri AM, Rahman MM. Poly(pyrrole-co-o-toluidine) wrapped CoFe2O4/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) ternary composite material for Ga3+ sensing ability. RSC Adv 2019; 9:33052-33070. [PMID: 35529122 PMCID: PMC9073328 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A ternary P(Py-co-OT)/CF/R(GO–OXSWCNTs) nanocomposite has been fabricated as a novel conductive hybrid material with high stability and excellent electrochemical Ga3+ sensing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina F. Katowah
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A. Hussein
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - M. M. Alam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Polymer Science
- Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
- Sylhet 3100
- Bangladesh
| | - T. R. Sobahi
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - M. A. Gabal
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Rahman
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah 21589
- Saudi Arabia
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Taspika M, Permatasari FA, Nuryadin BW, Mayangsari TR, Aimon AH, Iskandar F. Simultaneous ultraviolet and first near-infrared window absorption of luminescent carbon dots/PVA composite film. RSC Adv 2019; 9:7375-7381. [PMID: 35519984 PMCID: PMC9061165 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid Carbon Dots (CDs) were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method using urea and citric acid as raw materials. TEM images confirmed that the CDs have a spherical shape with a homogeneous distribution. The as-prepared liquid CDs could absorb ultraviolet (UV) and first near infra-red (NIR) window simultaneously. However, the photoluminescence (PL) of the liquid CDs was damaged by their quenching effect. To overcome this issue, the liquid CDs were dispersed in poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) to fabricate the composite film. Herein, the dual-peak absorption properties of the CDs/PVA composite films were investigated for the first time. The composite films could maintain the simultaneous UV and first NIR window absorption property even after being preheated up to 200 °C, implying that the structure of CDs was well retained during the transition from the liquid to films. Daylight treatment for seven days produced minimum changes in the UV-vis and PL spectra, which indicates that the CDs/PVA film has more stable optical properties than the liquid CDs. The simultaneous UV and first NIR absorption of the CDs/PVA composite could be maintained up to 200 °C, with minimum PL changes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Melda Taspika
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Bandung 40132
- Indonesia
| | - Fitri Aulia Permatasari
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Bandung 40132
- Indonesia
| | | | - Tirta Rona Mayangsari
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (RCNN)
- Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Bandung 40132
- Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Akfiny Hasdi Aimon
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Bandung 40132
- Indonesia
| | - Ferry Iskandar
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
- Institut Teknologi Bandung
- Bandung 40132
- Indonesia
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Wang K, Ren H, Li N, Tan X, Dang F. Ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on cholesterol oxidase-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle@ZIF-8 core-shell nanocomposites for detection of cholesterol. Talanta 2018; 188:708-713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lim H, Kim HD, Kim J. Fluorescence Quenching of Dendrimer-Encapsulated CdS Quantum Dots for the Detection of H2O2. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Lim
- Department of Chemistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hai Dong Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
- KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
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6
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Abstract
The UV-catalytic preparation of polyN-vinylpyrrole nanoparticles using a green oxidant H2O2in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Hao
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
| | - Kaiming Zhu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
| | - Shihu Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
| | - Demei Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an
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Wasim F, Mahmood T, Ayub K. An accurate cost effective DFT approach to study the sensing behaviour of polypyrrole towards nitrate ions in gas and aqueous phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19236-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02271e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of low cost computational methods are evaluated to accurately calculate the interaction energy between polypyrrole and nitrate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Wasim
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology
- Abbottabad
- Pakistan
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Chang HC, Ho JAA. Gold Nanocluster-Assisted Fluorescent Detection for Hydrogen Peroxide and Cholesterol Based on the Inner Filter Effect of Gold Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10362-7. [PMID: 26379119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple, sensitive inner filter effect (IFE)-based fluorescent assay for sensing H2O2 and cholesterol. In the process, poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-protected gold nanoparticles (PVP-AuNPs) and fluorescent BSA-protected gold nanoclusters (BSA-AuNCs) were used as an IFE absorber/fluorophore pair. PVP-AuNPs can be a powerful absorber to influence the emission of the fluorophore, BSA-AuNCs, in the IFE-based fluorescent assays. That is due to the high extinction coefficient of AuNPs and the complementary overlap between the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption of PVP-AuNPs and the excitation of BSA-AuNCs. The PVP-Au seeds, produced by directly mixing PVP with HAuCl4, were able to catalyze H2O2 to enlarge AuNPs. The SPR absorption of PVP-AuNPs was enhanced with an increased concentration of H2O2 and, subsequently, induced significant fluorescence quenching of BSA-AuNCs. The IFE-based fluorescent assay enabled the detection of H2O2 and generation of H2O2 in the presence of O2/cholesterol and cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) by the fluorescence response of BSA-AuNCs. The present IFE-based approach can detect H2O2 ranging from 1 to 100 μM with a detection limit of 0.8 μM and cholesterol ranging from 1 to 100 μM with a detection limit of 1.4 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Chia Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ja-an Annie Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University , No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,BioAnalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory, Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Lu S, Jia C, Duan X, Zhang X, Luo F, Han Y, Huang H. Polydiacetylene vesicles for hydrogen peroxide detection. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ajami N, Bahrami Panah N, Danaee I. Oxytetracycline nanosensor based on poly-ortho-aminophenol/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite film. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-013-0207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Hu X, Wang C. Hydrogen peroxide sensor based on a stainless steel electrode coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified with magnetite nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-012-0899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pansare V, Hejazi S, Faenza W, Prud'homme RK. Review of Long-Wavelength Optical and NIR Imaging Materials: Contrast Agents, Fluorophores and Multifunctional Nano Carriers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012; 24:812-827. [PMID: 22919122 PMCID: PMC3423226 DOI: 10.1021/cm2028367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The importance of long wavelength and near infra-red (NIR) imaging has dramatically increased due to the desire to perform whole animal and deep tissue imaging. The adoption of NIR imaging is also growing rapidly due to the availability of targeted biological agents for diagnosis and basic medical research that can be imaged in vivo. The wavelength range of 650-1450 nm falls in the region of the spectrum with the lowest absorption in tissue and therefore enables the deepest tissue penetration. This is the wavelength range we focus on with this review. To operate effectively the imaging agents must both be excited and must emit in this long-wavelength window. We review the agents used both for imaging by absorption, scattering, and excitation (such as fluorescence). Imaging agents comprise both aqueous soluble and insoluble species, both organic and inorganic, and unimolecular and supramolecular constructs. The interest in multi-modal imaging, which involves delivery of actives, targeting, and imaging, requires nanocarriers or supramolecular assemblies. Nanoparticles for diagnostics also have advantages in increasing circulation time and increased imaging brightness relative to single molecule imaging agents. This has led to rapid advances in nanocarriers for long-wavelength, NIR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Pansare
- Princeton University, Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ 08544
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Hua MY, Chen HC, Tsai RY, Lai CS. A novel polybenzimidazole-modified gold electrode for the analytical determination of hydrogen peroxide. Talanta 2011; 85:631-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Hua MY, Chen CJ, Chen HC, Tsai RY, Cheng W, Cheng CL, Liu YC. Preparation of a porous composite film for the fabrication of a hydrogen peroxide sensor. SENSORS 2011; 11:5873-85. [PMID: 22163932 PMCID: PMC3231461 DOI: 10.3390/s110605873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of dopant-type polyaniline-polyacrylic acid composite (PAn-PAA) films with porous structures were prepared and developed for an enzyme-free hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensor. The composite films were highly electroactive in a neutral environment as compared to polyaniline (PAn). In addition, the carboxyl group of the PAA was found to react with H2O2 to form peroxy acid groups, and the peroxy acid could further oxidize the imine structure of PAn to form N-oxides. The N-oxides reverted to their original form via electrochemical reduction and increased the reduction current. Based on this result, PAn-PAA was used to modify a gold electrode (PAn-PAA/Au) as a working electrode for the non-enzymatic detection of H2O2. The characteristics of the proposed sensors could be tuned by the PAA/PAn molar ratio. Blending PAA with PAn enhanced the surface area, electrocatalytic activity, and conductivity of these sensors. Under optimal conditions, the linear concentration range of the H2O2 sensor was 0.04 to 12 mM with a sensitivity of 417.5 μA/mM-cm2. This enzyme-free H2O2 sensor also exhibited a rapid response time, excellent stability, and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Yi Hua
- Green Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-J.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-3-211-8800 ext. 5289; Fax: +886-3-211-8668
| | - Chun-Jen Chen
- Green Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-J.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chien Chen
- Green Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-J.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Rung-Ywan Tsai
- Electronics and Optoelectronics Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan University, Tao-Yuan 33023, Taiwan; E-Mails: (W.C.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Chun-Lin Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan University, Tao-Yuan 33023, Taiwan; E-Mails: (W.C.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Yin-Chih Liu
- Green Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-J.C.); (H.-C.C.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan 33302, Taiwan
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15
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Wu CH, Don TM, Chiu WY. Characterization and conversion determination of stable PEDOT latex nanoparticles synthesized by emulsion polymerization. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Wang Z, Liu F, Teng X, Zhao C, Lu C. Detection of hydrogen peroxide in rainwater based on Mg-Al-carbonate layered double hydroxides-catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence. Analyst 2011; 136:4986-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15541e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Brusova Z, Magner E. Kinetics of oxidation of hydrogen peroxide at hemin-modified electrodes in nonaqueous solvents. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen C, Sun C, Gao Y. Amperometric sensor for hydrogen peroxide based on poly(aniline-co-p-aminophenol). Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Enhanced resonance light scattering based on biocatalytic growth of gold nanoparticles for biosensors design. Biosens Bioelectron 2008; 23:1180-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Li XG, Wei F, Huang MR, Xie YB. Facile Synthesis and Intrinsic Conductivity of Novel Pyrrole Copolymer Nanoparticles with Inherent Self-Stability. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:5829-36. [PMID: 17480070 DOI: 10.1021/jp0710180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically self-stabilized nanoparticles of a copolymer from 4-sulfonic diphenylamine (SD) and pyrrole (PY) were facilely synthesized in HCl solution at 10 degrees C by a chemically oxidative polymerization. The critical reaction parameters such as SD/PY ratio, polymerization time, and oxidant species were studied to significantly optimize the polymerization yield, size, conductivity, and solubility of the final copolymer particles. The molecular structure, size, size distribution, and morphology of the particles were analyzed by IR spectroscopy, laser particle-size analysis (LPA), atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the polymerization yield of the SD/PY (50/50) copolymers increased dramatically in the initial 2 h of polymerization and then slowly enlarged in the subsequent 22 h. However, the copolymerization yield for the polymerization time of 24 h exhibited a nonlinear dependence on the SD/PY molar ratio, i.e., a maximum at 10/90 and a minimum at 80/20. The number-average diameter, Dn, of the copolymer particles strongly depended on the SD/PY ratio, decreasing rapidly from 6402 to 291 nm as the SD/PY molar ratio changed from 30/70 to 50/50, whereas the polydispersity index, PDI = Dw/Dn (where Dw is the weight-average diameter), surprisingly maintained very small values, decreasing slightly from 1.21 to 1.08. The SD/PY (80/20) copolymer particles prepared with (NH4)2S2O8 as the oxidant had the smallest size of ca. 10 nm by TEM and the lowest Dw/Dn value of 1.03 by LPA, whereas the copolymer particles prepared with FeCl3 as the oxidant exhibited the second smallest size of ca. 20 nm by TEM and the highest conductivity. The conductivity of the SD/PY (50/50) copolymers rose first and then decreased with increasing polymerization time from 10 min to 24 h, exhibiting a maximum (0.217 S/cm) at 12 h. It is of interest that the copolymer particles with SD/PY molar ratios in the range between 50/50 and 80/20 surprisingly exhibited the smallest size, the narrowest size distribution, and the highest conductivity at the same time. In particular, the copolymer nanoparticles exhibited high purity, clean surfaces, good self-stability, high conductivity, and strong chemoresistance that were very important to nanomaterial processibility and application. The obtained copolymers were partially soluble in concentrated H2SO4, demonstrating a new direction for synthesizing a soluble pyrrole copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Gui Li
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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