1
|
Fu Y, Zhang R, Rong S, Wu Y, Wu Y, Ya M. A methodological review of compound-specific radiocarbon analysis for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 350:124050. [PMID: 38677454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex environmental matrices is essential for understanding the impact of combustion-related human activities on the environment. Since the turn of the century, advances in analytical capability and accuracy of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have made it possible to accurately determine the source apportionment of PAHs based on their radiocarbon (14C) mass conservation. This also allows us to trace the environmental transport processes of PAHs from the perspective of molecular 14C. However, natural environmental matrices have very low concentrations of PAHs (ppb to ppm level). To meet the requirements of carbon weight for 14C measurement by AMS, trace PAHs in complex environmental matrices must be enriched thousands of times, and then higher purity individual PAH molecules should be obtained through a series of complex purification procedures. Therefore, the technical difficulty is the main challenge in expanding the application of compound-specific 14C analysis in environmental science. This article reviews the detailed pretreatment procedures for 14C measurement of specific PAHs, including sample enrichment, extraction and purification of aromatic components, preparation of compound-specific PAHs by preparative capillary gas chromatography, graphitization of samples with ultra-small carbon content, and relevant quality control and assurance procedures. This study aims to help environmental geoscientists understand the technical process of 14C analysis of PAHs and inspire new scientific questions related to environmental science. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of the technical method of compound-specific 14C analysis for PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaopeng Rong
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuling Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaolei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahad JME, Macdonald RW, Parrott JL, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Siddique T, Kuznetsova A, Rauert C, Galarneau E, Studabaker WB, Evans M, McMaster ME, Shang D. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: A review of sampling techniques, strategies and instrumentation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:114988. [PMID: 32679437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of sampling techniques and strategies are needed to analyze polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and interpret their distributions in various environmental media (i.e., air, water, snow, soils, sediments, peat and biological material). In this review, we provide a summary of commonly employed sampling methods and strategies, as well as a discussion of routine and innovative approaches used to quantify and characterize PACs in frequently targeted environmental samples, with specific examples and applications in Canadian investigations. The pros and cons of different analytical techniques, including gas chromatography - flame ionization detection (GC-FID), GC low-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet, fluorescence or MS detection, GC high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) and compound-specific stable (δ13C, δ2H) and radiocarbon (Δ14C) isotope analysis are considered. Using as an example research carried out in Canada's Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR), where alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing dibenzothiophenes are frequently targeted, the need to move beyond the standard list of sixteen EPA priority PAHs and for adoption of an AOSR bitumen PAC reference standard are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Tariq Siddique
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Alsu Kuznetsova
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Galarneau
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | | | - Marlene Evans
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Mark E McMaster
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, BC, V7H 1B1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Simultaneous observation of concurrent two-dimensional carbon and chlorine/bromine isotope fractionations of halogenated organic compounds on gas chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1039:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
4
|
Casanova E, Knowles TDJ, Williams C, Crump MP, Evershed RP. Practical Considerations in High-Precision Compound-Specific Radiocarbon Analyses: Eliminating the Effects of Solvent and Sample Cross-Contamination on Accuracy and Precision. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11025-11032. [PMID: 30118604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Preparative capillary gas chromatography (pcGC) is widely used for the isolation of single compounds for radiocarbon determinations. While being effective at isolating compounds, there are still genuine concerns relating to contamination associated with the isolation procedure, such as incomplete removal of solvent used to recover isolated compounds from the traps and cross-contamination, which can lead to erroneous 14C determinations. Herein we describe new approaches to identifying and removing these two sources of contamination. First, we replaced the common "U" trap design, which requires recovery of compounds using organic solvent, with a novel solventless trapping system (STS), consisting of a simple glass tube containing a glass wool plug, allowing condensation of a target compound in the wool and its solventless recovery by pushing the glass wool directly into a foil capsule for graphitization. With the STS trap, an average of 95.7% of the target compound was recovered, and contamination from column bleed was reduced. In addition, comparison of 14C determinations of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) standards determined offline to those isolated by pcGC in STS traps showed excellent reproducibility and accuracy compared to those isolated using the commercial "U" traps. Second, "coldspots" were identified in the instrument, i.e., the termini of capillaries in the preparative unit, which can be cleaned of compounds condensed from earlier runs using a heat gun. Our new procedure, incorporating these two modifications, was tested on archeological fat hoards, producing 14C dates on isolated C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids statistically consistent with the bulk dates of the archeological material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Casanova
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K
| | - Timothy D J Knowles
- Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometer , University of Bristol , 43 Woodland Road , Bristol BS8 1UU , U.K
| | - Christopher Williams
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K.,BrisSynBio, Life Sciences , University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue , Bristol BS8 1TQ , U.K
| | - Matthew P Crump
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K.,BrisSynBio, Life Sciences , University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue , Bristol BS8 1TQ , U.K
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS , U.K.,Bristol Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometer , University of Bristol , 43 Woodland Road , Bristol BS8 1UU , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bröder L, Tesi T, Andersson A, Semiletov I, Gustafsson Ö. Bounding cross-shelf transport time and degradation in Siberian-Arctic land-ocean carbon transfer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:806. [PMID: 29476050 PMCID: PMC5824890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The burial of terrestrial organic carbon (terrOC) in marine sediments contributes to the regulation of atmospheric CO2 on geological timescales and may mitigate positive feedback to present-day climate warming. However, the fate of terrOC in marine settings is debated, with uncertainties regarding its degradation during transport. Here, we employ compound-specific radiocarbon analyses of terrestrial biomarkers to determine cross-shelf transport times. For the World’s largest marginal sea, the East Siberian Arctic shelf, transport requires 3600 ± 300 years for the 600 km from the Lena River to the Laptev Sea shelf edge. TerrOC was reduced by ~85% during transit resulting in a degradation rate constant of 2.4 ± 0.6 kyr−1. Hence, terrOC degradation during cross-shelf transport constitutes a carbon source to the atmosphere over millennial time. For the contemporary carbon cycle on the other hand, slow terrOC degradation brings considerable attenuation of the decadal-centennial permafrost carbon-climate feedback caused by global warming. The fate of terrestrial organic carbon in marine sediments is debated due to large uncertainties in its degradation during transport. Here, using compound-specific radiocarbon dating of terrestrial biomarkers, the authors show that transport across the East Siberian Arctic shelf takes 3600 ± 300 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bröder
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. .,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Earth Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Tommaso Tesi
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Marine Sciences-National Research Council, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Semiletov
- International Arctic Research Center, University Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.,Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russia.,National Research Tomsk Polytechnical University, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden. .,Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yoshimura T, Araoka D, Tamenori Y, Kuroda J, Kawahata H, Ohkouchi N. Lithium, magnesium and sulfur purification from seawater using an ion chromatograph with a fraction collector system for stable isotope measurements. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1531:157-162. [PMID: 29198448 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe the mass descrimination and validation of an offline method for purification of Li, Mg and S with an ion chromatograph coupled to an automated fraction collector for use prior to stable isotope measurements. Significant sub-fraction mass fractionation was observed for both the Li and the Mg stable isotope ratios. The lighter Li and heavier Mg isotopes were preferentially retained by the column, resulting in 7Li/6Li and 26Mg/24Mg biases up to 85.8‰ and 0.95‰, respectively. The isotopic compositions of Li, Mg, and S separated from seawater were δ7LiL-SVEC = +30.9‰, δ26MgDSM3 = -0.83 ± 0.10‰, and δ34SVCDT = +19.4 ± 0.6‰; each chromatographic peak was completely recovered, and the results were in good agreement with the published values regardless of whether or not chemical suppressor was used. The purification method enables multi-isotope analysis of a sample using various mass spectrometry techniques, such as multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma and thermal ionization mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15, Natsushima, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan; Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Araoka
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamenori
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kuroda
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15, Natsushima, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan; Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Hodaka Kawahata
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ohkouchi
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15, Natsushima, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chlorine and bromine isotope fractionation of halogenated organic pollutants on gas chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1514:103-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Casanova E, Knowles TDJ, Williams C, Crump MP, Evershed RP. Use of a 700 MHz NMR Microcryoprobe for the Identification and Quantification of Exogenous Carbon in Compounds Purified by Preparative Capillary Gas Chromatography for Radiocarbon Determinations. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7090-7098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Casanova
- Organic
Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Timothy D. J. Knowles
- Bristol
Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometer, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU, U.K
| | - Christopher Williams
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- BrisSynBio, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall
Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, U.K
| | - Matthew P. Crump
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- BrisSynBio, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall
Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, U.K
| | - Richard P. Evershed
- Organic
Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Bristol
Radiocarbon Accelerator Mass Spectrometer, University of Bristol, 43 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yan C, Zheng M, Bosch C, Andersson A, Desyaterik Y, Sullivan AP, Collett JL, Zhao B, Wang S, He K, Gustafsson Ö. Important fossil source contribution to brown carbon in Beijing during winter. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43182. [PMID: 28266611 PMCID: PMC5339816 DOI: 10.1038/srep43182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) constitutes a substantial fraction of fine particles and affects both human health and climate. It is becoming clear that OA absorbs light substantially (hence termed Brown Carbon, BrC), adding uncertainties to global aerosol radiative forcing estimations. The few current radiative-transfer and chemical-transport models that include BrC primarily consider sources from biogenic and biomass combustion. However, radiocarbon fingerprinting here clearly indicates that light-absorbing organic carbon in winter Beijing, the capital of China, is mainly due to fossil sources, which contribute the largest part to organic carbon (OC, 67 ± 3%) and its sub-constituents (water-soluble OC, WSOC: 54 ± 4%, and water-insoluble OC, WIOC: 73 ± 3%). The dual-isotope (Δ14C/δ13C) signatures, organic molecular tracers and Beijing-tailored emission inventory identify that this fossil source is primarily from coal combustion activities in winter, especially from the residential sector. Source testing on Chinese residential coal combustion provides direct evidence that intensive coal combustion could contribute to increased light-absorptivity of ambient BrC in Beijing winter. Coal combustion is an important source to BrC in regions such as northern China, especially during the winter season. Future modeling of OA radiative forcing should consider the importance of both biomass and fossil sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiqing Yan
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Carme Bosch
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Yury Desyaterik
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Amy P. Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang R, Yousaf B, Sun R, Zhang H, Zhang J, Liu G. Emission characterization and δ(13)C values of parent PAHs and nitro-PAHs in size-segregated particulate matters from coal-fired power plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:487-496. [PMID: 27450341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) and their nitrated derivatives (NPAHs) in coarse (PM2.5-10), intermediate (PM1-2.5) and fine (PM1) particulate matters emitted from coal-fired power plants (CFPPs) in Huainan, China. The diagnostic ratios and the stable carbon isotopic approaches to characterize individual PAHs were applied in order to develop robust tools for tracing the origins of PAHs in different size-segregated particular matters (PMs) emitted CFPP coal combustion. The concentrations of PAH compounds in flue gas emissions varied greatly, depending on boiler types, operation and air pollution control device (APCD) conditions. Both pPAHs and NPAHs were strongly enriched in PM1-2.5 and PM1. In contrary to low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs, high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were more enriched in finer PMs. The PAH diagnostic ratios in size-segregated PMs are small at most cases, highlighting their potential application in tracing CFPP emitted PAHs attached to different sizes of PMs. Yet, substantial uncertainty still exists to directly apply PAH diagnostic ratios as emission tracers. Although the stable carbon isotopic composition of PAH molecular was useful in differentiating coal combustion emissions from other sources such as biomass combustion and vehicular exhausts, it was not feasible to differentiate isotopic fractionation processes such as low-temperature carbonization, high-temperature carbonization, gasification and combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075 Shaanxi, China
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ruoyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Anhui Department of Environmental Protection, Anhui Academy of Environmental Science, Hefei 230071, China
| | - Jiamei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075 Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Winiger P, Andersson A, Eckhardt S, Stohl A, Gustafsson Ö. The sources of atmospheric black carbon at a European gateway to the Arctic. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12776. [PMID: 27627859 PMCID: PMC5027618 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosols from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuel contribute to Arctic climate warming. Models-seeking to advise mitigation policy-are challenged in reproducing observations of seasonally varying BC concentrations in the Arctic air. Here we compare year-round observations of BC and its δ(13)C/Δ(14)C-diagnosed sources in Arctic Scandinavia, with tailored simulations from an atmospheric transport model. The model predictions for this European gateway to the Arctic are greatly improved when the emission inventory of anthropogenic sources is amended by satellite-derived estimates of BC emissions from fires. Both BC concentrations (R(2)=0.89, P<0.05) and source contributions (R(2)=0.77, P<0.05) are accurately mimicked and linked to predominantly European emissions. This improved model skill allows for more accurate assessment of sources and effects of BC in the Arctic, and a more credible scientific underpinning of policy efforts aimed at efficiently reducing BC emissions reaching the European Arctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Winiger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - A Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - S Eckhardt
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | - A Stohl
- Department of Atmospheric and Climate Research, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, NILU, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway
| | - Ö. Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Winiger P, Andersson A, Yttri KE, Tunved P, Gustafsson Ö. Isotope-Based Source Apportionment of EC Aerosol Particles during Winter High-Pollution Events at the Zeppelin Observatory, Svalbard. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11959-11966. [PMID: 26332725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol particles contribute to climate warming of the Arctic, yet both the sources and the source-related effects are currently poorly constrained. Bottom-up emission inventory (EI) approaches are challenged for BC in general and the Arctic in particular. For example, estimates from three different EI models on the fractional contribution to BC from biomass burning (north of 60° N) vary between 11% and 68%, each acknowledging large uncertainties. Here we present the first dual-carbon isotope-based (Δ(14)C and δ(13)C) source apportionment of elemental carbon (EC), the mass-based correspondent to optically defined BC, in the Arctic atmosphere. It targeted 14 high-loading and high-pollution events during January through March of 2009 at the Zeppelin Observatory (79° N; Svalbard, Norway), with these representing one-third of the total sampling period that was yet responsible for three-quarters of the total EC loading. The top-down source-diagnostic (14)C fingerprint constrained that 52 ± 15% (n = 12) of the EC stemmed from biomass burning. Including also two samples with 95% and 98% biomass contribution yield 57 ± 21% of EC from biomass burning. Significant variability in the stable carbon isotope signature indicated temporally shifting emissions between different fossil sources, likely including liquid fossil and gas flaring. Improved source constraints of Arctic BC both aids better understanding of effects and guides policy actions to mitigate emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Winiger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl E Yttri
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research , NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Peter Tunved
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen ZG, Yin XJ, Zhou Y. Effects of GC temperature and carrier gas flow rate on on-line oxygen isotope measurement as studied by on-column CO injection. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1023-1030. [PMID: 28338273 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although deemed important to δ18 O measurement by on-line high-temperature conversion techniques, how the GC conditions affect δ18 O measurement is rarely examined adequately. We therefore directly injected different volumes of CO or CO-N2 mix onto the GC column by a six-port valve and examined the CO yield, CO peak shape, CO-N2 separation, and δ18 O value under different GC temperatures and carrier gas flow rates. The results show the CO peak area decreases when the carrier gas flow rate increases. The GC temperature has no effect on peak area. The peak width increases with the increase of CO injection volume but decreases with the increase of GC temperature and carrier gas flow rate. The peak intensity increases with the increase of GC temperature and CO injection volume but decreases with the increase of carrier gas flow rate. The peak separation time between N2 and CO decreases with an increase of GC temperature and carrier gas flow rate. δ18 O value decreases with the increase of CO injection volume (when half m/z 28 intensity is <3 V) and GC temperature but is insensitive to carrier gas flow rate. On average, the δ18 O value of the injected CO is about 1‰ higher than that of identical reference CO. The δ18 O distribution pattern of the injected CO is probably a combined result of ion source nonlinearity and preferential loss of C16 O or oxygen isotopic exchange between zeolite and CO. For practical application, a lower carrier gas flow rate is therefore recommended as it has the combined advantages of higher CO yield, better N2 -CO separation, lower He consumption, and insignificant effect on δ18 O value, while a higher-than-60 °C GC temperature and a larger-than-100 µl CO volume is also recommended. When no N2 peak is expected, a higher GC temperature is recommended, and vice versa. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Key Laboratory of Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xi-Jie Yin
- The Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Youping Zhou
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, ZALF, Müncheberg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bosch C, Andersson A, Kruså M, Bandh C, Hovorková I, Klánová J, Knowles TDJ, Pancost RD, Evershed RP, Gustafsson Ö. Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Central European Soils with Compound-Specific Triple Isotopes (δ(13)C, Δ(14)C, and δ(2)H). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7657-7665. [PMID: 26053501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the first study applying a triple-isotope approach for source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The (13)C/(12)C, (14)C/(12)C, and (2)H/(1)H isotope ratios of PAHs were determined in forest soils from mountainous areas of the Czech Republic, European Union. Statistical modeling applying a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework to the environmental triple isotope PAH data and an end-member PAH isotope database allowed comprehensive accounting of uncertainties and quantitative constraints on the PAH sources among biomass combustion, liquid fossil fuel combustion, and coal combustion at low and high temperatures. The results suggest that PAHs in this central European region had a clear predominance of coal combustion sources (75 ± 6%; uncertainties represent 1 SD), mainly coal pyrolysis at low temperature (∼650 °C; 61 ± 8%). Combustion of liquid fossil fuels and biomass represented 16 ± 3 and 9 ± 3% of the total PAH burden (∑PAH14), respectively. Although some soils were located close to potential PAH point sources, the source distribution was within a narrow range throughout the region. These observation-based top-down constraints on sources of environmental PAHs provide a reference for both improved bottom-up emission inventories and guidance for efforts to mitigate PAH emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carme Bosch
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - August Andersson
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Kruså
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Bandh
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivana Hovorková
- ‡Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- ‡Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy D J Knowles
- §School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Pancost
- §School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Evershed
- §School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- †Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry and the Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen B, Andersson A, Lee M, Kirillova EN, Xiao Q, Kruså M, Shi M, Hu K, Lu Z, Streets DG, Du K, Gustafsson Ö. Source forensics of black carbon aerosols from China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:9102-8. [PMID: 23844635 DOI: 10.1021/es401599r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The limited understanding of black carbon (BC) aerosol emissions from incomplete combustion causes a poorly constrained anthropogenic climate warming that globally may be second only to CO2 and regionally, such as over East Asia, the dominant driver of climate change. The relative contribution to atmospheric BC from fossil fuel versus biomass combustion is important to constrain as fossil BC is a stronger climate forcer. The source apportionment is the underpinning for targeted mitigation actions. However, technology-based "bottom-up" emission inventories are inconclusive, largely due to uncertain BC emission factors from small-scale/household combustion and open burning. We use "top-down" radiocarbon measurements of atmospheric BC from five sites including three city sites and two regional sites to determine that fossil fuel combustion produces 80 ± 6% of the BC emitted from China. This source-diagnostic radiocarbon signal in the ambient aerosol over East Asia establishes a much larger role for fossil fuel combustion than suggested by all 15 BC emission inventory models, including one with monthly resolution. Our results suggest that current climate modeling should refine both BC emission strength and consider the stronger radiative absorption associated with fossil-fuel-derived BC. To mitigate near-term climate effects and improve air quality in East Asia, activities such as residential coal combustion and city traffic should be targeted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang X, Zhao L, Wang Y, Xu Y, Zhou L. Optimization of programmed-temperature vaporization injection preparative capillary GC for compound specific radiocarbon analysis. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2136-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yexin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yunping Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences; Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
- Center for Ocean Studies, Peking University; Beijing P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zuo HL, Yang FQ, Huang WH, Xia ZN. Preparative gas chromatography and its applications. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:704-15. [PMID: 23592825 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Although hundreds of papers related to preparative gas chromatography (pGC) have been published since the late 1950s, the success of the GC technique has largely been associated with analytical instead of preparative purposes. Actually, pGC is an ideal alternative technique for the preparation of pure substances, especially volatile compounds. This paper reviews the papers (written in English) associated with pGC published over the period from the 1950s to the 2010s. For large scale preparation, large sample injection and vaporization, a high loading capacity column, a gas splitter at the end of the column and a special collecting device are fundamentally important for a pGC system. The primary components of pGC system, including injector, column, splitter, detector and collection traps, are briefly introduced. Furthermore, the applications of pGC in the separation and purification of volatile compounds from natural essential oils, in addition to the purification of isotopes, isomers and enantiomers are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Li Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ahad JME, Pakdel H, Savard MM, Simard MC, Smirnoff A. Extraction, Separation, and Intramolecular Carbon Isotope Characterization of Athabasca Oil Sands Acids in Environmental Samples. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10419-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302680y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. E. Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, QC, Canada,
| | | | - Martine M. Savard
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, QC, Canada,
| | | | - Anna Smirnoff
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec City, QC, Canada,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vonk JE, Alling V, Rahm L, Mörth CM, Humborg C, Gustafsson Ö. A centennial record of fluvial organic matter input from the discontinuous permafrost catchment of Lake Torneträsk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
20
|
Ball GI, Xu L, McNichol AP, Aluwihare LI. A two-dimensional, heart-cutting preparative gas chromatograph facilitates highly resolved single-compound isolations with utility towards compound-specific natural abundance radiocarbon (14C) analyses. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1220:122-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
21
|
Kirillova EN, Sheesley RJ, Andersson A, Gustafsson Ö. Natural Abundance 13C and 14C Analysis of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon in Atmospheric Aerosols. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7973-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1014436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena N. Kirillova
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM) and Bert Bolin Climate Research Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden, and Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798
| | - Rebecca J. Sheesley
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM) and Bert Bolin Climate Research Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden, and Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798
| | - August Andersson
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM) and Bert Bolin Climate Research Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden, and Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798
| | - Örjan Gustafsson
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM) and Bert Bolin Climate Research Centre, Stockholm University, Sweden, and Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
McIntyre CP, Sylva SP, Roberts ML. Gas chromatograph-combustion system for 14C-accelerator mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 81:6422-8. [PMID: 19572555 DOI: 10.1021/ac900958m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatograph-combustion (GC-C) system is described for the introduction of samples as CO(2) gas into a (14)C accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) system with a microwave-plasma gas ion source. Samples are injected into a gas chromatograph fitted with a megabore capillary column that uses H(2) as the carrier gas. The gas stream from the outlet of the column is mixed with O(2) and Ar gas and passed through a combustion furnace where the H(2) carrier gas and separated components are quantitatively oxidized to CO(2) and H(2)O. Water vapor is removed using a heated nafion dryer. The Ar carries the CO(2) to the ion source. The system is able to separate and oxidize up to 10 microg of compound and transfer the products from 7.6 mL/min of H(2) carrier gas into 0.2-1.0 mL/min of Ar carrier gas. Chromatographic performance and isotopic fidelity satisfy the requirements of the (14)C-AMS system for natural abundance measurements. The system is a significant technical advance for GC-AMS and may be capable of providing an increase in sensitivity for other analytical systems such as an isotope-ratio-monitoring GC/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P McIntyre
- National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Meinert C, Brack W. Optimisation of trapping parameters in preparative capillary gas chromatography for the application in effect-directed analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:416-422. [PMID: 19942251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Preparative capillary gas chromatography (pcGC) provides novel high resolution fractionation opportunities in effect-directed analysis. However, harvesting efficiency strongly depends on the operating parameters of the system. Therefore, the performance of the pcGC system was optimised by identifying the best operating parameters for the preparative fraction collector (PFC) using six test analytes with different physicochemical properties. The present study indicates that pcGC parameters need to be selected individually for the investigated analytes. The major focus was put on the trapping parameters as published findings on optimum trapping conditions are very variable. No generally agreed concept is available. An alternative to temperature-controlled trapping are solvent-filled traps. The solvent dichloromethane (DCM) proved to be most suitable for a large range of compounds. Recoveries are equal to optimised dry trapping at defined temperature. Optimised recoveries were in the range of 50-70% for all compounds except benzo[a]pyrene with a recovery of 94% using one PFC and DCM-filled traps at trapping temperature of -10 degrees C, at PFC temperatures of 300 degrees C for phenol, 400 degrees C for benzo[a]pyrene and 320 degrees C for the remaining analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Meinert
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ziolkowski LA, Druffel ERM. Quantification of Extraneous Carbon during Compound Specific Radiocarbon Analysis of Black Carbon. Anal Chem 2009; 81:10156-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901922s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori A. Ziolkowski
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Ellen R. M. Druffel
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shen H, McNichol AP, Xu L, Gagnon A, Heikes BG. Radiocarbon Analysis of Atmospheric Formaldehyde Using Cystamine Derivatization. Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9004666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Shen
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Studies, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, and National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Ann P. McNichol
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Studies, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, and National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Li Xu
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Studies, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, and National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Alan Gagnon
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Studies, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, and National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Brian G. Heikes
- Center for Atmospheric Chemistry Studies, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, and National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zencak Z, Klanova J, Holoubek I, Gustafsson O. Source apportionment of atmospheric PAHs in the western Balkans by natural abundance radiocarbon analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:3850-5. [PMID: 17612159 DOI: 10.1021/es0628957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Progress in source apportionment of priority combustion-derived atmospheric pollutants can be made by an inverse approach to inventory emissions, namely, receptor-based compound class-specific radiocarbon analysis (CCSRA) of target pollutants. In the present study, CCSRA of the combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in the atmosphere of the countries of the former republic of Yugoslavia was performed. The carbon stable isotope composition (delta13C) of PAHs varied between -27.68 and -27.19 per thousand, whereas delta14C values ranged from -568 per thousand for PAHs sampled in Kosovo to -288 per thousand for PAHs sampled in the Sarajevo area. The application of an isotopic mass balance model to these delta14C data revealed a significant contribution (35-65%) from the combustion of non-fossil material to the atmospheric PAH pollution, even in urban and industrialized areas. Furthermore, consistency was observed between the isotopic composition of PAHs obtained by high-volume sampling and those collected by passive sampling. This encourages the use of passive samplers for CCSRA applications. This marks the first time that a CCSRA investigation could be executed on a geographically wide scale, providing a quantitative field-based source apportionment, which points out that also non-fossil combustion processes should be targeted for remedial action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Zencak
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|