1
|
Waeterschoot J, Barniol-Xicota M, Verhelst S, Baatsen P, Koos E, Lammertyn J, Casadevall i Solvas X. Lipid vesicle formation by encapsulation of SMALPs in surfactant-stabilised droplets. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37915. [PMID: 39347415 PMCID: PMC11437848 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the intricate functions of membrane proteins is pivotal in cell biology and drug discovery. The composition of the cell membrane is highly complex, with different types of membrane proteins and lipid species. Hence, studying cellular membranes in a complexity-reduced context is important to enhance our understanding of the roles of these different elements. However, reconstitution of membrane proteins in an environment that closely mimics the cell, like giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), remains challenging, often requiring detergents that compromise protein function. To address this challenge, we present a novel strategy to manufacture GUVs from styrene maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) that utilises surfactant-stabilised droplets as a template. As a first step towards the incorporation of membrane proteins, this work focusses on the conversion of pure lipid SMALPs in GUVs. To evaluate the method, we produced a new form of SMA linked to fluorescein, referred to as FSMA. We demonstrate the assembly of SMALPs at the surfactant-stabilised droplet interface, resulting in the formation of GUVs when released upon addition of a demulsifying agent. The released vesicles appear similar to electroformed vesicles imaged with confocal light microscopy, but a fluorescein leakage assay and cryo-TEM imaging reveal their porous nature, potentially as a result of residual interactions of SMA with the lipid bilayer. Our study represents a significant step towards opening new avenues for comprehensive protein research in a complexity-reduced, yet biologically relevant, setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorik Waeterschoot
- Biomimetics Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBios), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Barniol-Xicota
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences (MELIS), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Steven Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 901b, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Erin Koos
- Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology (SMaRT) at KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Biosensors Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBios), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Xavier Casadevall i Solvas
- Biomimetics Group, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBios), Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elgamal AM, Abu Elella MH, Saad GR, Abd El-Ghany NA. Synthesis, characterization and swelling behavior of high-performance antimicrobial biocompatible copolymer based on carboxymethyl xanthan. MATERIALS TODAY COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 33:104209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
3
|
Langtry AE, Thompson KB, Redeker ND, Quintana AS, Bui DL, Greeson KT, Cena N, Marcischak JC, M. J. Moore L, Ghiassi KB. Fluorinated phosphonium salts and ionic liquids prepared via thiol-ene click chemistry: a physical and thermal property study. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Simulation and dynamic control of removal phenols from coal gasification wastewater by synergistic extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
5
|
Hou YJ, Deng J, He K, Chen C, Yang Y. Covalent Organic Frameworks-Based Solid-Phase Microextraction Probe for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Analysis of Trace Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Using Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10213-10217. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaili He
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Institute of Analysis (China National Analytical Center Guangzhou), Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 100 Xianlie Middle Road, Guangzhou 510070, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nightingale AM, Hassan SU, Evans GWH, Coleman SM, Niu X. Nitrate measurement in droplet flow: gas-mediated crosstalk and correction. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1903-1913. [PMID: 29877549 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In droplet microfluidics, droplets have traditionally been considered discrete self-contained reaction chambers, however recent work has shown that dissolved solutes can transfer into the oil phase and migrate into neighbouring droplets under certain conditions. The majority of reports on such inter-droplet "crosstalk" have focused on surfactant-driven mechanisms, such as transport within micelles. While trialling a droplet-based system for quantifying nitrate in water, we encountered crosstalk driven by a very different mechanism: conversion of the analyte to a gaseous intermediate which subsequently diffused between droplets. Importantly we found that the crosstalk occurred predictably, could be experimentally quantified, and measurements rationally post-corrected. This showed that droplet microfluidic systems susceptible to crosstalk such as this can nonetheless be used for quantitative analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Nightingale
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu N, Alagesan M, Ho CL, Wei RJ, Kung CC, Chang JS, Wen YS, Liu LK. New fluorous ponytailed 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium halide salts. Acta Crystallogr C 2016; 72:1007-1011. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229616018428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is possible that fluorous compounds could be utilized as directing forces in crystal engineering for applications in materials chemistry or catalysis. Although numerous fluorous compounds have been used for various applications, their structures in the solid state remains a lively matter for debate. The reaction of 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridine with HX(X= I or Cl) yielded new fluorous ponytailed pyridinium halide salts, namely 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium iodide, C8H9F3NO+·I−, (1), and 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium chloride, C8H9F3NO+·Cl−, (2), which were characterized by IR spectroscopy, multinuclei (1H,13C and19F) NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Structure analysis showed that there are two types of hydrogen bonds, namely N—H...Xand C—H...X. The iodide anion in salt (1) is hydrogen bonded to three 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium cations in the crystal packing, while the chloride ion in salt (2) is involved in six hydrogen bonds to five 4-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)methyl]pyridinium cations, which is attributed to the smaller size and reduced polarizability of the chloride ion compared to the iodide ion. In the IR spectra, the pyridinium N—H stretching band for salt (1) exhibited a blue shift compared with that of salt (2).
Collapse
|
8
|
Controlling molecular transport in minimal emulsions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10392. [PMID: 26797564 PMCID: PMC4735829 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Emulsions are metastable dispersions in which molecular transport is a major mechanism driving the system towards its state of minimal energy. Determining the underlying mechanisms of molecular transport between droplets is challenging due to the complexity of a typical emulsion system. Here we introduce the concept of ‘minimal emulsions', which are controlled emulsions produced using microfluidic tools, simplifying an emulsion down to its minimal set of relevant parameters. We use these minimal emulsions to unravel the fundamentals of transport of small organic molecules in water-in-fluorinated-oil emulsions, a system of great interest for biotechnological applications. Our results are of practical relevance to guarantee a sustainable compartmentalization of compounds in droplet microreactors and to design new strategies for the dynamic control of droplet compositions. Emulsion droplets have many biotechnological applications, such as parallelized single cell analysis. Here, Gruner et al. introduce the concept of the minimal emulsions in a microfluidic device that allows full control of molecular transport between emulsion droplets.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gruner P, Riechers B, Chacòn Orellana LA, Brosseau Q, Maes F, Beneyton T, Pekin D, Baret JC. Stabilisers for water-in-fluorinated-oil dispersions: Key properties for microfluidic applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
10
|
NAKAMURA E, HIRUTA Y, WATANABE T, IWASAWA N, CITTERIO D, SUZUKI K. A Fluorous Biphasic Solvent Extraction System for Lanthanides with a Fluorophilic β-Diketone Type Extractant. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:923-8. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko NAKAMURA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Yuki HIRUTA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Takafumi WATANABE
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Naoko IWASAWA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Daniel CITTERIO
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| | - Koji SUZUKI
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu D, Weber S. Fluorous receptor-facilitated solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:17-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
DeJournette CJ, Kim J, Medlen H, Li X, Vincent LJ, Easley CJ. Creating biocompatible oil-water interfaces without synthesis: direct interactions between primary amines and carboxylated perfluorocarbon surfactants. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10556-64. [PMID: 24070333 DOI: 10.1021/ac4026048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, one of the most prominent methods used to impart biocompatibility to aqueous-in-oil droplets is to synthesize a triblock copolymer surfactant composed of perfluoropolyether and polyether blocks. The resulting surfactants (EA surfactant, KryJeffa, etc.) allow generation of highly biocompatible droplet surfaces while maintaining the heat stability of the starting material. However, production of these surfactants requires expertise in synthetic organic chemistry, creating a barrier to widespread adoption in the field. Herein, we describe a simple alternative to synthetic modification of surfactants to impart biocompatibility. We have observed that aqueous-in-oil droplet surfaces can be made biocompatible and heat stable by merely exploiting binding interactions between polyetherdiamine additives in the aqueous phase and carboxylated perfluorocarbon surfactants in the oil phase. Droplets formed under these conditions are shown to possess biocompatible surfaces capable of supporting picoliter-scale protein assays, droplet polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and droplet DNA amplification with isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA). Droplets formed with polyetherdiamine aqueous additives are stable enough to withstand temperature cycling during PCR (30-40 cycles at 60-94 °C) while maintaining biocompatibility, and the reaction efficiency of RPA is shown to be similar to that with a covalently modified surfactant (KryJeffa). The binding interaction was confirmed with various methods, including FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and fluorescence microscopy. Overall, our results suggest that, by simply introducing a commercially-available, polyetherdiamine additive (Jeffamine ED-900) to the aqueous phase, researchers can avoid synthetic methods in generating biocompatible droplet surfaces capable of supporting DNA and protein analysis at the subnanoliter scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl J DeJournette
- Auburn University , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn, Alabama 36849 United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang H, Wang S, Weber SG. Nanocomposite Teflon AF 2400 Films as Tunable Platforms for Selective Transport. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9920-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3022289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Sijia Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mansour FR, Danielson ND. Ligand exchange spectrophotometric method for the determination of mole ratio in metal complexes. Microchem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
15
|
Chen LD, Mandal D, Pozzi G, Gladysz JA, Bühlmann P. Potentiometric sensors based on fluorous membranes doped with highly selective ionophores for carbonate. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20869-77. [PMID: 22070518 PMCID: PMC3244523 DOI: 10.1021/ja207680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Manganese(III) complexes of three fluorophilic salen derivatives were used to prepare ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) with ionophore-doped fluorous sensing membranes. Because of their extremely low polarity and polarizability, fluorous media are not only chemically very inert but also solvate potentially interfering ions poorly, resulting in a much improved discrimination of such ions. Indeed, the new ISEs exhibited selectivities for CO(3)(2-) that exceed those of previously reported ISEs based on nonfluorous membranes by several orders of magnitude. In particular, the interference from chloride and salicylate was reduced by 2 and 6 orders of magnitude, respectively. To achieve this, the selectivities of these ISEs were fine-tuned by addition of noncoordinating hydrophobic ions (i.e., ionic sites) into the sensing membranes. Stability constants of the anion-ionophore complexes were determined from the dependence of the potentiometric selectivities on the charge sign of the ionic sites and the molar ratio of ionic sites and the ionophore. For this purpose, a previously introduced fluorophilic tetraphenylborate and a novel fluorophilic cation with a bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium group, (R(f6)(CH(2))(3))(3)PN(+)P(R(f6)(CH(2))(3))(3), were utilized (where R(f6) is C(6)F(13)). The optimum CO(3)(2-) selectivities were found for sensing membranes composed of anionic sites and ionophore in a 1:4 molar ratio, which results in the formation of 2:1 complexes with CO(3)(2-) with stability constants up to 4.1 × 10(15). As predicted by established theory, the site-to-ionophore ratios that provide optimum potentiometric selectivity depend on the stoichiometries of the complexes of both the primary and the interfering ions. However, the ionophores used in this study give examples of charges and stoichiometries previously neither explicitly predicted by theory nor shown by experiment. The exceptional selectivity of fluorous membranes doped with these carbonate ionophores suggests their use not only for potentiometric sensing but also for other types of sensors, such as the selective separation of carbonate from other anions and the sequestration of carbon dioxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li D. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Gianluca Pozzi
- CNR-Istituto di Scienze Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Olson EJ, Bühlmann P. Getting More out of a Job Plot: Determination of Reactant to Product Stoichiometry in Cases of Displacement Reactions and n:n Complex Formation. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8406-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201624p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fu XM, Dai SG. Synthesis of Ionic Liquids Containing the Hydroxyl Functionality for Extracting Nonylphenol and Octylphenol in Water. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2010.505697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
The unique combination of chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability, high fractional free volume, low refractive index, low surface energy, and wide optical transparency has led to growing interest in Teflon Amorphous Fluoropolymers (AFs) for a wide spectrum of applications ranging from chemical separations and sensors to bioassay platforms. New opportunities arise from the incorporation of nanoscale materials in Teflon AFs. In this chapter, we highlight fractional free volume - the most important property of Teflon AFs - with the aim of clarifying the unique transport behavior through Teflon AF membranes. We then review state-of-the-art developments based on Teflon AF platforms by focusing on the chemistry behind the applications.
Collapse
|
19
|
Corrêa da Costa R, Buffeteau T, Guerzo AD, McClenaghan ND, Vincent JM. Reversible hydrocarbon/perfluorocarbon phase-switching of [Ru(bipy)3]2+ driven by supramolecular heteromeric fluorous carboxylate–carboxylic acid H-bond interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8250-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12641e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Zhang H, Hussam A, Weber SG. Properties and transport behavior of perfluorotripentylamine (FC-70)-doped amorphous teflon AF 2400 films. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17867-79. [PMID: 21105665 DOI: 10.1021/ja1075647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Teflon AF 2400 films are known to imbibe solvents, making films in the presence of solvents less fluorous than they might otherwise be. Herein, we demonstrate that doping films with perfluorotripentylamine (Fluorinert FC-70) maintains the fluorous nature of Teflon AF 2400 and improves transport selectivity for fluorine-containing organic compounds. Density measurements on the FC-70-doped films reveal that free volume decreases dramatically as the dopant concentration increases (0-12 wt %) and then increases to approach that of pure FC-70. Remarkably, films from 0 to 12 wt % FC-70 have the same w/v concentration of Teflon AF 2400, indicating that FC-70 fills the free volume of Teflon AF 2400. This is consistent with the observed increased storage modulus and significant decrease (compared to undoped films) of solute diffusion coefficients in the same range of FC-70 concentrations. In contrast, FC-70 at concentrations greater than 12 wt % dilutes Teflon AF 2400, leading to a decrease of storage modulus and dramatic increase in solute diffusion coefficients. Sorption of chloroform decreases from 11.8 g of chloroform/100 g of film (pure Teflon film) to 3.8 g of chloroform/100 g of film (27 wt % FC-70-doped Teflon film), less than the solubility of chloroform in pure FC-70 (4.06 g of chloroform/100 g of FC-70). Solute partition coefficients from chloroform to FC-70-doped films generally decrease with increased dopant concentration. However, within a series of toluenes and nitrobenzenes, selectivity for F-containing solutes over analogous H-containing solutes increases as dopant concentration increases if the substitution is on the aromatic ring but not if it is on the methyl group (toluene). Transport (partitioning × diffusion) rates, as they involve both thermodynamic and kinetic factors, are not simply related to composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
O’Neal KL, Zhang H, Yang Y, Hong L, Lu D, Weber SG. Fluorous media for extraction and transport. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2287-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
22
|
Olson EJ, Boswell PG, Givot BL, Yao LJ, Bühlmann P. Electrochemistry in Media of Exceptionally Low Polarity: Voltammetry with a Fluorous Solvent. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010; 639:154-160. [PMID: 20212920 PMCID: PMC2832752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the first cyclic voltammetry in a perfluorocarbon solvent without use of a cosolvent. The novel electrolyte tetrabutylammonium tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate (NBu(4)BArF(104); 80 mM) allows for voltammetry of ferrocene in perfluoro(methylcyclohexane) by lowering the specific resistance to Ω268 k cm at 20.8 °C. Despite significant solution resistance, the resulting voltammograms can be fitted quantitatively without difficulty. The thus determined standard electron transfer rate constant, k°, for the oxidation of ferrocene in perfluoro(methylcyclohexane) is somewhat smaller than for many solvents commonly used in electrochemistry, but can be explained readily as the result of the viscosity and size of the solvent using Marcus theory. Dielectric dispersion spectroscopy verifies that addition of NBu(4)BArF(104) does not significantly raise the overall polarity of the solution over that of neat perfluoro(methylcyclohexane).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (USA)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chu Q, O'Neal K, Osipov M, Ngwendson JN, Geib SJ, Weber SG, Curran DP. Synthesis, characterization, and applications of fluorous resorcin[4]arenes. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
|
25
|
Yang Y, Vaidyanathan N, Weber SG. Porous alumina-based fluorous liquid membranes: Dependence of transport on fluorous solvent. J Fluor Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
Lin HC, Jiang MD, Wu SC, Jou LL, Chou KP, Huang CM, Wei KH. Self-assembly of H-bonded side-chain and cross-linking copolymers containing diblock-copolymeric donors and single/double H-bonded light-emitting acceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
27
|
Gavette JV, McGrath JM, Spuches AM, Sargent AL, Allen WE. Fluorous effects in amide-based receptors for anions. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3706-10. [PMID: 19358581 DOI: 10.1021/jo9000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid receptors designed to recognize both the sulfonate headgroup and the fluorous tail of perfluorooctanesulfonate (CF(3)(CF(2))(7)SO(3)(-), "PFOS") were prepared by coupling fluorinated carboxylic acids onto poly(aminomethyl)benzene scaffolds. Binding to PFOS, CF(3)SO(3)(-), p-TsO(-), and Cl(-) was monitored by (1)H NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). In chloroform solvent, hydrogen-bonding to anions is accompanied by downfield shifts in the amide NH protons of the fluorinated receptors and by evolution of heat. Association constants for 1:1 complexation (K(assoc)) are >1000 M(-1). An analogous hydrocarbon receptor binds weakly to anionic guests (K(assoc) < 50 M(-1)). Ab initio calculations indicate that the differences in 1:1 binding strengths between fluorous and nonfluorous hosts cannot be ascribed to differences in NH donor acidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse V Gavette
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Technology Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4353, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
O’Neal KL, Weber SG. Extraction and Metalation of Porphyrins in Fluorous Liquids with Carboxylic Acids and Metal Salts. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:7449-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp902000v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. O’Neal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260-3900
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260-3900
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lai CZ, Koseoglu SS, Lugert EC, Boswell PG, Rábai J, Lodge TP, Bühlmann P. Fluorous polymeric membranes for ionophore-based ion-selective potentiometry: how inert is Teflon AF? J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:1598-1606. [PMID: 19133768 PMCID: PMC3227678 DOI: 10.1021/ja808047x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorous media are the least polar and polarizable condensed phases known. Their use as membrane materials considerably increases the selectivity and robustness of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). In this research, a fluorous amorphous perfluoropolymer was used for the first time as a matrix for an ISE membrane. Electrodes for pH measurements with membranes composed of poly[4,5-difluoro-2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dioxole]-co-poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (87% dioxole monomer content; known as Teflon AF2400) as polymer matrix, a linear perfluorooligoether as plasticizer, sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(perfluorohexyl)phenyl]borate providing for ionic sites, and bis[(perfluorooctyl)propyl]-2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine as H+ ionophore were investigated. All electrodes had excellent potentiometric selectivities, showed Nernstian responses to H+ over a wide pH range, exhibited enhanced mechanical stability, and maintained their selectivity over at least 4 weeks. For membranes of low ionophore concentration, the polymer affected the sensor selectivity noticeably at polymer concentrations exceeding 15%. Also, the membrane resistance increased quite strongly at high polymer concentrations, which cannot be explained by the Mackie-Meares obstruction model. The selectivities and resistances depend on the polymer concentration because of a functional group associated with Teflon AF2400, with a concentration of one functional group per 854 monomer units of the polymer. In the fluorous environment of these membranes, this functional group binds to Na+, K+, Ca2+, and the unprotonated ionophore with binding constants of 10(3.5), 10(1.8), 10(6.8), and 10(4.4) M(-1), respectively. Potentiometric and spectroscopic evidence indicates that these functional groups are COOH groups formed by the hydrolysis of carboxylic acid fluoride (COF) groups originally present in Teflon AF2400. The use of higher ionophore concentrations removes the undesirable effect of these COOH groups almost completely. Alternatively, the C(=O)F groups can be eliminated chemically, or they can be used to readily introduce new functionalities.
Collapse
|
30
|
O’Neal KL, Weber SG. Molecular and Ionic Hydrogen Bond Formation in Fluorous Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2008; 113:149-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8084155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. O’Neal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260-3900
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260-3900
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Osipov M, Chu Q, Geib SJ, Curran DP, Weber SG. Synthesis of deep-cavity fluorous calix[4]arenes as molecular recognition scaffolds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2008; 4:36. [PMID: 19043477 PMCID: PMC2587948 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.4.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lower-rim perfluoroalkylated (fluorous) calix[4]arenes have been synthesized by O-alkylation of the parent calix[4]arene. The compounds are formed in the cone conformation. They are soluble in several fluorous solvents and show promise for use in sensing, selective extractions and other applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Osipov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
|