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Desire CT, Arrua RD, Mansour FR, Bon SAF, Hilder EF. Styrene-based polymerised high internal phase emulsions using monomers in the internal phase as co-surfactants for improved liquid chromatography. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9773-9785. [PMID: 35424961 PMCID: PMC8961205 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07705h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)-based monoliths were prepared from the polymerisation of water-in-monomer high internal phase emulsions, where the water-soluble monomers acrylamide (AAm) or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) (Mw 258) were also included in the 90 vol% internal phase. Both AAm and PEGDA were found to act as co-surfactants, resulting in the obtainment of monoliths with greater homogeneity in some cases. As a result these materials demonstrated significantly improved chromatographic performance for the separation of a standard mixture of proteins using reversed-phase liquid chromatography, in comparison to monoliths prepared with no internal phase monomer. In particular, the columns grafted with PEGDA were capable of separating a more complex mixture consisting of seven components. The inclusion of monomers in the internal phase also allowed for the functionalisation of the monolith's surface where the degree of polymerisation that occurred in the internal phase, which was governed by the monomer content in the internal phase and initiation location, determined whether polymeric chains or a hydrogel were grafted to the surface. A monolith grafted with AAm was also found to be capable of retaining polar analytes as a result of the increase in surface hydrophilicity. Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)-based monoliths prepared from the polymerisation of water-in-monomer high internal phase emulsions, where water-soluble monomers acrylamide or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (Mw 258) were included in internal phase.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Desire
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania Hobart Australia.,University of South Australia, STEM, Future Industries Institute SA 5000 Australia
| | - R Dario Arrua
- University of South Australia, STEM, Future Industries Institute SA 5000 Australia
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Tanta University Tanta Egypt
| | - Stefan A F Bon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Emily F Hilder
- University of South Australia, STEM, Future Industries Institute SA 5000 Australia
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2
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Zhang Z, Zhou S, Han L, Zhang Q, Pritts WA. Impact of linker-drug on ion exchange chromatography separation of antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2019; 11:1113-1121. [PMID: 31238787 PMCID: PMC6748606 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1628589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge variants are important attributes of monoclonal antibodies, including antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), because charge variants can potentially influence the stability and biological activity of these molecules. Ion exchange chromatography (IEX) is widely used for charge variants analysis of mAbs and offers the feasibility of fractionation for in-depth characterization. However, the conjugated linker-drug on ADCs could potentially affect the separation performance of IEX, considering IEX separation relies on surface charge distribution of analyte and involves the interaction between analyte surface and IEX stationary phase. Here, we investigated weak cation exchange chromatography (WCX) for its application in analyzing three ADCs (two broad distribution ADCs and an ADC with controlled conjugation sites) and the 2-drug/4-drug loaded species isolated from the two broad distribution ADCs using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The major peaks in WCX profile were characterized via fraction collection followed by capillary electrophoresis-sodium dodecyl sulfate or peptide mapping. Results suggested that both the number of drug loads and conjugation sites could impact WCX separation of an ADC. The hypothesis was that the linker drugs could interfere with the ionic interaction between its surrounding amino acids on the mAb surface and column resin, which reduced the retention of ADCs on WCX column in this study. Our results further revealed that WCX brings good selectivity towards positional isomers, but limited resolution for different drug load, which causes the peak compositions of the two broad-distribution ADCs to be highly complex. We also compared results from WCX and imaged capillary isoelectric focusing (icIEF). Results showed that separation in icIEF was less influenced by conjugated linker drugs for the ADCs studied in this work, and better alignment was found between the two techniques for the ADC with controlled conjugate sites. Overall, this work provides insights into the complexity of WCX analysis of ADCs, which should be considered during method development and sample characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaorui Zhang
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Linjie Han
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Qunying Zhang
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Wayne A Pritts
- a Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc. , North Chicago , IL , USA
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3
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Liu R, Pan H, Zheng Y, Hu J, Cheddah S, Wang W, Wang Y, Yan C. Preparation of a capillary isoelectric focusing column with monolithic immobilized pH gradient and its application on protein separation based on an online capillary isoelectric focusing platform. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1722-1730. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rangdong Liu
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Hong Pan
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yiting Zheng
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Soumia Cheddah
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of PharmacyShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
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4
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Simon U, Dimartino S. Direct 3D printing of monolithic ion exchange adsorbers. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1587:119-128. [PMID: 30579643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monolithic adsorbers with anion exchange (AEX) properties have been 3D printed in an easy one-step process, i.e. not requiring post-functionalization to introduce the AEX ligands. The adsorber, 3D printed using a commercial digital light processing (DLP) printer, was obtained by copolymerisation of a bifunctional monomer bearing a positively charged quaternary amine as well as an acrylate group, with the biocompatible crosslinker polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA). To increase the surface area, polyethylene glycol was introduced into the material formulation as pore forming agent. The influence of photoinitiator (Omnirad 819) and photoabsorber (Reactive Orange 16, RO16) concentration was investigated in order to optimize printing resolution, allowing to reliably 3D print features as small as 200 μm and of highly complex Schoen Gyroids. Protein binding was measured on AEX adsorbers with a range of ligand densities (0.00, 2.03, 2.60 and 3.18 mmol/mL) using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and c-phycocyanin (CPC) as model proteins. The highest equilibrium binding capacity was found for the material presenting the lowest ligand density analysed (2.03 mmol/mL), adsorbing 73.7 ± 5.9 mg/mL and 38.0 ± 2.2 mg/mL of BSA and CPC, respectively. This novel 3D printed material displayed binding capacities in par or even higher than commercially available chromatographic resins. We expect that the herein presented approach of using bifunctional monomers, bearing commonly used chromatography ligands, will help overcome the material limitations currently refraining 3D printing applications in separation sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Simon
- Institute for Bioengineering, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Institute for Bioengineering, The School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3DW, UK.
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5
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Yan N, Paul DR, Freeman BD. Water and ion sorption in a series of cross-linked AMPS/PEGDA hydrogel membranes. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Eeltink S, Wouters S, Dores-Sousa JL, Svec F. Advances in organic polymer-based monolithic column technology for high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of antibodies, intact proteins, oligonucleotides, and peptides. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:8-21. [PMID: 28069168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the preparation of organic polymer-based monolithic stationary phases and their application in the separation of biomolecules, including antibodies, intact proteins and protein isoforms, oligonucleotides, and protein digests. Column and material properties, and the optimization of the macropore structure towards kinetic performance are also discussed. State-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry biomolecule separations are reviewed and practical aspects such as ion-pairing agent selection and carryover are presented. Finally, advances in comprehensive two-dimensional LC separations using monolithic columns, in particular ion-exchange×reversed-phase and reversed-phase×reversed-phase LC separations conducted at high and low pH, are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sam Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frantisek Svec
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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7
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Solid supports for extraction and preconcentration of proteins and peptides in microfluidic devices: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 955:1-26. [PMID: 28088276 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Determination of proteins and peptides is among the main challenges of today's bioanalytical chemistry. The application of microchip technology in this field is an exhaustively developed concept that aims to create integrated and fully automated analytical devices able to quantify or detect one or several proteins from a complex matrix. Selective extraction and preconcentration of targeted proteins and peptides especially from biological fluids is of the highest importance for a successful realization of these microsystems. Incorporation of solid structures or supports is a convenient solution employed to face these demands. This review presents a critical view on the latest achievements in sample processing techniques for protein determination using solid supports in microfluidics. The study covers the period from 2006 to 2015 and focuses mainly on the strategies based on microbeads, monolithic materials and membranes. Less common approaches are also briefly discussed. The reviewed literature suggests future trends which are discussed in the concluding remarks.
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Ren H, Zhang X, Li Z, Liu Z, Li J. Silica‐supported polymeric monolithic column with a mixed mode of hydrophilic and strong cation‐exchange interactions for microcolumn liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:826-833. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201601035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ren
- Department of Chemistry Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Chemistry Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Zhaobin Liu
- Department of Chemistry Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
| | - Jinxiang Li
- Department of Chemistry Liaoning Normal University Dalian China
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9
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Jiang L, Marcus RK. Microwave-assisted grafting polymerization modification of nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer fibers for enhanced weak cation exchange protein separations. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 954:129-139. [PMID: 28081807 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A weak cation exchange liquid chromatography stationary phase (nylon-COOH) was prepared by grafting polyacrylic acid on to native nylon 6 capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers via a microwave-assisted radical polymerization. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of applying microwave-assisted grafting polymerization to affect nylon material for protein separation. The C-CP fiber surfaces were characterized by attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The anticipated carbonyl peak at 1722.9 cm-1 was found on the nylon-COOH fibers, but was not found on the native fiber, indicating the presence of the polyacrylic acid on nylon fibers after grafting. The nylon-COOH phase showed a ∼12× increase in lysozyme dynamic binding capacity (∼12 mg mL-1) when compared to the native fiber phase (∼1 mg mL-1). The loading capacity of the nylon-COOH phase is nearly independent of the lysozyme loading concentration (0.05-1 mg mL-1) and the mobile phase linear velocity (7.3-73 mm s-1). The reproducibility of the lysozyme recovery from the nylon-COOH (RSD = 0.3%, n = 10) and the batch-to-batch variability in the functionalization (RSD = 3%, n = 5) were also investigated, revealing very high levels of consistency. Fast baseline separations of myoglobin, α-chymotrypsinogen A, cytochrome c and lysozyme were achieved using the nylon-COOH column. It was found that a 5× increase in the mobile phase linear velocity (7.3-to-36.5 mm s-1) had little effect on the separation resolution. The microwave-assisted grafting polymerization has great potential as a generalized surface modification methodology across the applications of C-CP fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuwei Jiang
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Clemson University, Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, United States.
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10
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Groarke RJ, Brabazon D. Methacrylate Polymer Monoliths for Separation Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E446. [PMID: 28773570 PMCID: PMC5456823 DOI: 10.3390/ma9060446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the development of methacrylate-based polymer monoliths for separation science applications. An introduction to monoliths is presented, followed by the preparation methods and characteristics specific to methacrylate monoliths. Both traditional chemical based syntheses and emerging additive manufacturing methods are presented along with an analysis of the different types of functional groups, which have been utilized with methacrylate monoliths. The role of methacrylate based porous materials in separation science in industrially important chemical and biological separations are discussed, with particular attention given to the most recent developments and challenges associated with these materials. While these monoliths have been shown to be useful for a wide variety of applications, there is still scope for exerting better control over the porous architectures and chemistries obtained from the different fabrication routes. Conclusions regarding this previous work are drawn and an outlook towards future challenges and potential developments in this vibrant research area are presented. Discussed in particular are the potential of additive manufacturing for the preparation of monolithic structures with pre-defined multi-scale porous morphologies and for the optimization of surface reactive chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Groarke
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- National Sensor Research Centre, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue, Dublin 9, Ireland.
- National Sensor Research Centre, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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11
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Flow rate dependent extra-column variance from injection in capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1380:38-44. [PMID: 25591400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Efficiency and resolution in capillary liquid chromatography (LC) can be significantly affected by extra-column band broadening, especially for isocratic separations. This is particularly a concern in evaluating column bed structure using non-retained test compounds. The band broadening due to an injector supplied with a commercially available capillary LC system was characterized from experimental measurements. The extra-column variance from the injection valve was found to have an extra-column contribution independent of the injection volume, showing an exponential dependence on flow rate. The overall extra-column variance from the injection valve was found to vary from 34 to 23 nL. A new mathematical model was derived that explains this exponential contribution of extra-column variance on chromatographic performance. The chromatographic efficiency was compromised by ∼130% for a non-retained analyte because of injection valve dead volume. The measured chromatographic efficiency was greatly improved when a new nano-flow pumping system with integrated injection valve was used.
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12
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Nischang I. Impact of biomolecule solute size on the transport and performance characteristics of analytical porous polymer monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1354:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Li Y, Qi L, Shen Y, Zhang H, Ma H. Facile Fabrication of Polymeric Ionic Liquid Grafted Porous Polymer Monolith for Mixed-Mode High Performance Liquid Chromatography. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Singh NK, Dsouza RN, Grasselli M, Fernández-Lahore M. High capacity cryogel-type adsorbents for protein purification. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:143-8. [PMID: 24980092 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cryogel bodies were modified to obtain epoxy groups by graft-copolymerization using both chemical and gamma irradiation initiation techniques. The free epoxy adsorbents were reacted further to introduce diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) functionalities. The resulting weak anion-exchange cryogel adsorbents showed dynamic binding capacities of ca. 27±3mg/mL, which was significantly higher than previously reported for this type of adsorbent material. Gamma irradiated grafting initiation showed a 4-fold higher capacity for proteins than chemical grafting initiation procedures. The phosphate capacity for these DEAE cryogels was 119mmol/L and also showed similar column efficiency as compared to commercial adsorbents. The large pores in the cryogel structure ensure convective transport of the molecules to active binding sites located on the polymer-grafted surface of cryogels. However, as cryogels have relatively large pores (10-100μm), the BET area available for surface activation is low, and consequently, the capacity of the cryogels is relatively low for biomolecules, especially when compared to commercial beaded adsorbents. Nevertheless, we have shown that gamma ray mediated surface grafting of cryogel matrices greatly enhance their functional and adsorptive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Singh
- Downstream Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Roy N Dsouza
- Downstream Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mariano Grasselli
- Laboratorio de Materiales Biotecnológicos, Depto. de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Sáenz Peña 352 (B1876BXD), Bernal, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Fernández-Lahore
- Downstream Bioprocessing Laboratory, School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
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15
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Aggarwal P, Asthana V, Lawson JS, Tolley HD, Wheeler DR, Mazzeo BA, Lee ML. Correlation of chromatographic performance with morphological features of organic polymer monoliths. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1334:20-9. [PMID: 24569008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoliths are considered to be a low pressure alternative to particle packed columns for liquid chromatography (LC). However, the chromatographic performance of organic monoliths, in particular, has still not reached the level of particle packed columns. Since chromatographic performance can be attributed to morphological features of the monoliths, in-situ characterization of the monolith structure in three dimensions would provide valuable information that could be used to help improve performance. In this work, serial sectioning and imaging were performed with a dual-beam scanning electron microscope for reconstruction and quantitative characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monoliths inside a capillary column. Chord lengths, homogeneity factors, porosities and tortuosities were calculated from three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of two PEGDA monoliths. Chromatographic efficiency was better for the monolith with smaller mean chord length (i.e., 5.23μm), porosity (i.e., 0.49) and tortuosity (i.e., 1.50) compared to values of 5.90μm, 0.59 and 2.34, respectively, for the other monolithic column. Computational prediction of tortuosity (2.32) was found to be in agreement with the experimentally measured value (2.34) for the same column. The monoliths were found to have significant radial heterogeneity since the homogeneity factor decreased from 5.39 to 4.89 (from center to edge) along the column radius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | - John S Lawson
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - H Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Dean R Wheeler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Brian A Mazzeo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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16
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Gilart N, Cormack P, Marcé RM, Fontanals N, Borrull F. Selective determination of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewaters using a novel strong cation-exchange solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1325:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Talebi M, Nordborg A, Gaspar A, Lacher NA, Wang Q, He XZ, Haddad PR, Hilder EF. Charge heterogeneity profiling of monoclonal antibodies using low ionic strength ion-exchange chromatography and well-controlled pH gradients on monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:148-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Gilart N, Cormack P, Marcé RM, Borrull F, Fontanals N. Preparation of a polar monolithic coating for stir bar sorptive extraction of emerging contaminants from wastewaters. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1295:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Pestov AV, Petrova YS, Bukharova AV, Neudachina LK, Koryakova OV, Matochkina EG, Kodess MI, Yatluk YG. Synthesis in a gel and sorption properties of N-2-sulfoethyl chitosan. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427213020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Recent advances in monolithic columns for protein and peptide separation by capillary liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Huang H, Lin Z, Lin Y, Sun X, Xie Y, Zhang L, Chen G. Preparation and evaluation of poly(4-vinylphenylboronic acid-co-pentaerythritol triacrylate) monolithic column for capillary liquid chromatography of small molecules and proteins. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Arrua RD, Talebi M, Causon TJ, Hilder EF. Review of recent advances in the preparation of organic polymer monoliths for liquid chromatography of large molecules. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 738:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Li Y, Aggarwal P, Tolley H, Lee M. Organic Monolith Column Technology for Capillary Liquid Chromatography. ADVANCES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 2012; 50:237-80. [DOI: 10.1201/b11636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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24
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Liu J, Ren L, Liu Y, Li H, Liu Z. Weak anion exchange chromatographic profiling of glycoprotein isoforms on a polymer monolithic capillary. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1228:276-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Aggarwal P, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Characterizing Organic Monolithic Columns Using Capillary Flow Porometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Anal Chem 2011; 84:247-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203010r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - H. Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Milton L. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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26
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High-throughput polymer monolith in-tip SPME fiber preparation and application in drug analysis. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:2613-25. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A simple, low-cost and reproducible automated procedure has been developed to prepare in-tip solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers coated with polymer monoliths using a photopolymerization technique. Up to 96 fibers were prepared at one time using a polymerization mixture consisting of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, dimethoxy-α-phenylacetophenone and 1-decanol. Results: The optimization procedures that affected polymer morphology, such as compositions of the crosslinkers and porogens, polymerization time and fiber thickness as well as extraction efficiency of the immobilized Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced extraction sorbent were investigated. Also, the reproducibility of automated in-tip SPME fiber preparation, as well as sample process parameters, such as sample extraction and desorption volumes, are discussed. Conclusion: The performance of the polymer monoliths in-tip SPME assessed with a model drug compound from clinical studies and a head-to-head comparison using in-tip SPME and conventional SPE clearly demonstrated that the SPME is a feasible approach for routine drug analysis in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Fan Y, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Collection of peptides released from single neurons with particle-embedded monolithic capillaries followed by detection with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9557-63. [PMID: 22053721 DOI: 10.1021/ac202338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the stimulated release of neuropeptides from brain slices and individual cultured neurons requires efficient collection of the releasate from relatively large volumes of physiological saline. Here, several collection approaches are optimized using particle-embedded monolithic capillaries (PEMCs) with poly(stearyl methacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith acting as a "glue". Two distinct extraction particles, with either pyrrolidone (PY) or ethylenediamine (EDA) as the functional group on polystyrene backbone, have been embedded into capillaries having an inner diameter of 250 μm. The capillaries act as collection devices for sampling neuropeptide release; the collection protocols are described, and the extraction efficiency of the probes are characterized. Specifically, the binding of angiotensin II from a peptide mixture onto the PY and EDA columns was 16 and 28 pmol, respectively, in a volume of 20 μL of saline. The peptides released from these columns have been characterized via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with low femtomole detection limits. When the PEMC columns were positioned in close proximity to individual neurons and 50 mM KCl was used as the secretagogue, peptides released from individual identified cultured neurons isolated from Aplysia californica were collected and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States
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Chen X, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Monolithic capillary columns synthesized from a single phosphate-containing dimethacrylate monomer for cation-exchange chromatography of peptides and proteins. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4322-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Chen X, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Weak cation-exchange monolithic column for capillary liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins. J Sep Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Liang Y, Tao D, Ma J, Sun L, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Hydrophilic monolith based immobilized enzyme reactors in capillary and on microchip for high-throughput proteomic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2898-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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31
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Nordborg A, Hilder EF, Haddad PR. Monolithic phases for ion chromatography. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:197-226. [PMID: 21689046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic media are continuing to increase in popularity in chromatographic applications, and the ongoing use of commercially available materials in ion chromatography (IC) has made monoliths a viable alternative to packed-bed columns for routine use. We discuss different strategies for the synthesis of polymeric and silica monoliths with ion-exchange functionality, such as direct incorporation of ion-exchange functionality during monolith preparation and different postpolymerization alterations such as grafting and coating. The formulations and strategies presented are focused on materials intended for use in IC. We also discuss strategies for materials characterization, with emphasis on nondestructive techniques for the characterization of monolith surface functionality, especially those with applicability to in situ analysis. Finally, we describe selected IC applications of polymeric and silica monoliths published from 2008 to 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nordborg
- Australian Center for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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32
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Li Y, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Size-exclusion separation of proteins using a biocompatible polymeric monolithic capillary column with mesoporosity. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:8181-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Li Y, Dennis Tolley H, Lee ML. Monoliths from poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and dimethacrylate for capillary hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4934-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Chen X, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Polymeric cation-exchange monolithic columns containing phosphoric acid functional groups for capillary liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3844-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Recent advances in column for hydrophilic interaction capillary electrochromatography. Se Pu 2010; 28:284-90. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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36
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Comparison on photo-initiators for the preparation of methacrylate monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3231-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Li Y, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Poly[hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate] monolithic column for efficient hydrophobic interaction chromatography of proteins. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9416-24. [PMID: 19839598 DOI: 10.1021/ac9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rigid poly[hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate] monoliths were synthesized inside 75 mum i.d. capillaries by one-step UV-initiated copolymerization using methanol and ethyl ether as porogens. The optimized monolithic column was evaluated for hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) of standard proteins. Six proteins were separated within 20 min with high resolution using a 20 min elution gradient, resulting in a peak capacity of 54. The effect of gradient rate and initial salt concentration on the retention of proteins were investigated. Mass recovery was found to be greater than 96%, indicating the biocompatibility of this monolith. The monolith was mechanically stable and showed nearly no swelling or shrinking in different polarity solvents. The preparation of this in situ polymerized acrylate monolithic column was highly reproducible. The run-to-run and column-to-column reproducibilities were less than 2.0% relative standard deviation (RSD) on the basis of the retention times of protein standards. The performance of this monolithic column for HIC was comparable or superior to the performance of columns packed with small particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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38
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Svec F. Porous polymer monoliths: amazingly wide variety of techniques enabling their preparation. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:902-24. [PMID: 19828151 PMCID: PMC2829304 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The porous polymer monoliths went a long way since their invention two decades ago. While the first studies applied the traditional polymerization processes at that time well established for the preparation of polymer particles, creativity of scientists interested in the monolithic structures has later led to the use of numerous less common techniques. This review article presents vast variety of methods that have meanwhile emerged. The text first briefly describes the early approaches used for the preparation of monoliths comprising standard free radical polymerizations and includes their development up to present days. Specific attention is paid to the effects of process variables on the formation of both porous structure and pore surface chemistry. Specific attention is also devoted to the use of photopolymerization. Then, several less common free radical polymerization techniques are presented in more detail such as those initiated by gamma-rays and electron beam, the preparation of monoliths from high internal phase emulsions, and cryogels. Living processes including stable free radicals, atom transfer radical polymerization, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization are also discussed. The review ends with description of preparation methods based on polycondensation and polyaddition reactions as well as on precipitation of preformed polymers affording the monolithic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 67R6110, Berkeley, CA 94720-8139, USA.
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39
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Abstract
The concept of biocompatibility with reference to chromatographic stationary phases for separation of biomolecules (including proteins and peptides) is introduced. Biocompatible is a characteristic that indicates resistance to nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules and preservation of their structures and biochemical functions. Two types of biocompatible polymeric monoliths [i. e., polyacrylamide- and poly(meth)acrylate-based monoliths] used for protein and peptide separations are reviewed in detail, with emphasis on size exclusion, ion exchange, and hydrophobic interaction chromatographic modes. Biocompatible monoliths for enzyme reactors are also included. The two main synthetic approaches to produce biocompatible monoliths are summarized, i. e., surface modification of a monolith that is not inherently biocompatible and direct copolymerization of hydrophilic monomers to form a biocompatible monolith directly. Integration of polyethylene glycol into the poly(meth)acrylate monolith network is becoming popular for reduction of non-specific protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Bernabé-Zafón V, Beneito-Cambra M, Simó-Alfonso EF, Ramis-Ramos G, Herrero-Martínez JM. Photo-polymerized lauryl methacrylate monolithic columns for CEC using lauroyl peroxide as initiator. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3748-56. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Krenkova J, Gargano A, Lacher NA, Schneiderheinze JM, Svec F. High binding capacity surface grafted monolithic columns for cation exchange chromatography of proteins and peptides. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6824-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Polymeric strong cation-exchange monolithic column for capillary liquid chromatography of peptides and proteins. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2565-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Szumski M, Buszewski B. Effect of temperature during photopolymerization of capillary monolithic columns. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2574-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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45
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Li Y, Gu B, Dennis Tolley H, Lee ML. Preparation of polymeric monoliths by copolymerization of acrylate monomers with amine functionalities for anion-exchange capillary liquid chromatography of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5525-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Li Y, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Preparation of Polymer Monoliths That Exhibit Size Exclusion Properties for Proteins and Peptides. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4406-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900364d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - H. Dennis Tolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Milton L. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
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47
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Lin J, Huang G, Lin X, Xie Z. Methacrylate-based monolithic column with mixed-mode hydrophilic interaction/strong cation-exchange stationary phase for capillary liquid chromatography and pressure-assisted CEC. Electrophoresis 2009; 29:4055-65. [PMID: 18958876 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel porous polymethacrylate-based monolithic column by in situ copolymerization of 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate (SPMA) and pentaerythritol triacrylate in a binary porogenic solvent consisting of cyclohexanol/ethylene glycol was prepared. The monolith possessed in their structures bonded sulfonate groups and hydroxyl groups and was evaluated as a hydrophilic interaction and strong cation-exchange stationary phases in capillary liquid chromatography (cLC) and pressure-assisted CEC using small polar neutral and charged solutes. While the SPMA was introduced as multifunctional monomer, the pentaerythritol triacrylate was used to replace ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker with much more hydrophilicity due to a hydroxyl sub-layer. The different characterization of monolithic stationary phases were specially designed and easily prepared by altering the amount of SPMA in the polymerization solution as well as the composition of the porogenic solvent for cLC and pressure-assisted CEC. The resulting monolith showed the different trends about the effect of the permeabilities on efficiency in the pressure-assisted CEC and cLC modes. A typical hydrophilic interaction chromatography mechanism was observed at higher organic solvent content (ACN%>70%) for polar neutral analytes. For polar charged analytes, both hydrophilic interaction and electrostatic interaction contributed to their retention. Therefore, for charged analytes, selectivity can be readily manipulated by changing the composition of the mobile phase (e.g., pH, ionic strength and organic modifier). With the optimized monolithic column, high plate counts reaching greater than 170 000 plates/m for pressure-assisted CEC and 105 000 plates/m for cLC were easily obtained, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, PR China
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48
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Nordborg A, Hilder EF. Recent advances in polymer monoliths for ion-exchange chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:71-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Guerrouache M, Millot MC, Carbonnier B. Functionalization of Macroporous Organic Polymer Monolith Based on Succinimide Ester Reactivity for Chiral Capillary Chromatography: A Cyclodextrin Click Approach. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:109-13. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Dong X, Wu R, Dong J, Wu M, Zhu Y, Zou H. Recent progress of polar stationary phases in CEC and capillary liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:141-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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