1
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Hoang J, Patil SL, Srinoi P, Liu T, Marquez MD, Khantamat O, Tuntiwechapikul W, Gunaratne PH, Lee TR. Transfection of Unmodified MicroRNA Using Monolayer-Coated Au Nanoparticles as Gene-Delivery Vehicles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:230-237. [PMID: 38133569 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a monolayer-coated gold nanoparticle-based transfection system for the delivery of microRNA (miRNA) into human osteosarcoma (HOS) cells. Two distinct ammonium-terminated adsorbates were used in this study, which provided a platform for ionic bonding of the miRNA onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The custom-designed monolayer-coated gold nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, gel mobility shift assay, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, zeta potential, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The miRNA-loaded gold nanoparticles were transfected, and the level of intracellular miRNA delivered and taken up by cells was measured by Taqman qPCR. The overall analysis indicated a successful delivery of miRNA into the HOS cells at an ∼11,000-fold increase compared to nontreated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Hoang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5001, United States
| | - Sagar L Patil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5001, United States
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Pannaree Srinoi
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Tingting Liu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Maria D Marquez
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Orawan Khantamat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wirote Tuntiwechapikul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Preethi H Gunaratne
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5001, United States
| | - T Randall Lee
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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2
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Zhao Z, Zharnikov M. Exploiting epoxy-rich poly(ethylene glycol) films for highly selective ssDNA sensing via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26538-26548. [PMID: 37752830 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03851c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces an alternative approach to immobilize thiolated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) for the DNA sensing. In contrast to the standard, monomolecular assembly of such moieties on gold substrate, over the thiolate-gold anchors, we propose to use bioinert, porous polyethylene glycol (PEG) films as a 3D template for ssDNA immobilization. The latter process relies on the reaction between the thiol group of the respectively decorated ssDNA and the epoxy groups in the epoxy-rich PEG matrix. The immobilization process and subsequent hybridization ability of the resulting sensing assembly were monitored using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, with the latter tool proving itself as the most suitable transduction technique. Electrochemical data confirmed the successful immobilization of thiol-decorated ssDNA probes into the PEG matrix over the thiol-epoxy linkage as well as high hybridization efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity of the resulting DNA sensor. Whereas this sensor was equivalent to the direct ssDNA assembly in terms of the efficiency, it exhibited a better selectivity and bioinert properties in view of the bioinert character of the PEG matrix. The above findings place PEG films as a promising platform for highly selective ssDNA sensing, leveraging their flexible chemistry, 3D character, and bioinert properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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3
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Frickenstein AN, Mukherjee S, Harcourt T, He Y, Sheth V, Wang L, Malik Z, Wilhelm S. Quantification of monodisperse and biocompatible gold nanoparticles by single-particle ICP-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4353-4366. [PMID: 36670192 PMCID: PMC10645370 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Bioanalytical and biomedical applications often require nanoparticles that exhibit narrow size distributions and biocompatibility. Here, we demonstrate how different synthesis methods affect gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) monodispersity and cytotoxicity. Using single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS), we found that the size distribution of AuNPs synthesized with a cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) cap was significantly improved compared to AuNPs synthesized with citrate capping agents. We determined an up to 4× decrease in the full width at half maximum (FWHM) value of the normal distributions of AuNP diameter and up to a 12% decrease in relative standard deviation (RSD). While the CTAC-capped AuNPs exhibit narrow nanoparticle size distributions, they are cytotoxic, which limits safe and effective bioanalytical and biomedical applications. We sought to impart biocompatibility to CTAC-capped AuNPs through a PEGylation-based surface ligand exchange. We developed a unique ligand exchange method driven by physical force. We demonstrated the successful PEGylation using various PEG derivatives and used these PEGylated nanoparticles to further bioconjugate nucleic acids and peptides. Using cell viability quantification, we confirmed that the monodisperse PEGylated AuNPs were biocompatible. Our monodisperse and biocompatible nanoparticles may advance safe and effective bioanalytical and biomedical applications of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Frickenstein
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Shirsha Mukherjee
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Tekena Harcourt
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Yuxin He
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Vinit Sheth
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Zain Malik
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (IBEST), University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA.
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4
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Yang B, Gordiyenko K, Schäfer A, Dadfar SMM, Yang W, Riehemann K, Kumar R, Niemeyer CM, Hirtz M. Fluorescence Imaging Study of Film Coating Structure and Composition Effects on DNA Hybridization. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bingquan Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Klavdiya Gordiyenko
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-1) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- nanoAnalytics GmbH Heisenbergstraße 11 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Wenwu Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Kristina Riehemann
- Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) University of Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-1) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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5
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Rongpipi S, Del Mundo JT, Gomez ED, Gomez EW. Extracting structural insights from soft X-ray scattering of biological assemblies. Methods Enzymol 2022; 678:121-144. [PMID: 36641206 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS), a technique that combines X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray scattering, can probe the nano- and meso-scale structure of biological assemblies with chemical specificity. RSoXS experiments yield scattering data collected at several photon energies, for example across an elemental absorption edge of interest. Collecting a near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectrum complements RSoXS experiments and determines X-ray energies that are best suited for RSoXS measurements. The analysis of RSoXS data is similar in many ways to analysis of small angle X-ray scattering using hard X-rays, with an added dimension that includes an X-ray energy dependence. This chapter discusses procedures for predicting scattering contrast and thereby identifying energies suitable for RSoXS measurements using NEXAFS spectra, analyses of 2D RSoXS images through integration into 1D profiles, and strategies for elucidating the origin of RSoXS scattering features. It also discusses existing and potential methods for interpretation of RSoXS data to gain detailed structural insights into biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintu Rongpipi
- Advanced Light Source and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Joshua T Del Mundo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
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6
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Zhao Z, Das S, Zharnikov M. Rational Design of Porous Poly(ethylene glycol) Films as a Matrix for ssDNA Immobilization and Hybridization. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090414. [PMID: 36134960 PMCID: PMC9496007 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) films, fabricated by thermally induced crosslinking of amine- and epoxy-terminated four-arm STAR-PEG precursors, were used as porous and bioinert matrix for single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) immobilization and hybridization. The immobilization relied on the reaction between the amine groups in the films and N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) ester groups of the NHS-ester-decorated ssDNA. Whereas the amount of reactive amine groups in the films with the standard 1:1 composition of the precursors turned out to be too low for efficient immobilization, it could be increased noticeably using an excess (2:1) concentration of the amine-terminated precursor. The respective films retained the bioinertness of the 1:1 prototype and could be successfully decorated with probe ssDNA, resulting in porous, 3D PEG-ssDNA sensing assemblies. These assemblies exhibited high selectivity with respect to the target ssDNA strands, with a hybridization efficiency of 78–89% for the matching sequences and full inertness for non-complementary strands. The respective strategy can be applied to the fabrication of DNA microarrays and DNA sensors. As a suitable transduction technique, requiring no ssDNA labeling and showing high sensitivity in the PEG-ssDNA case, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is suggested.
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7
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Na HK, Shon HK, Son HY, Jang E, Joh S, Huh YM, Castner DG, Lee TG. Utilization of chromogenic enzyme substrates for signal amplification in multiplexed detection of biomolecules using surface mass spectrometry. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2021; 332:129452. [PMID: 33519092 PMCID: PMC7845929 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2021.129452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional gene regulators and can serve as potential biomarkers for many diseases. Most of the current miRNA detection techniques require purification from biological samples, amplification, labeling, or tagging, which makes quantitative analysis of clinically relevant samples challenging. Here we present a new strategy for the detection of miRNAs with uniformity over a large area based on signal amplification using enzymatic reactions and measurements using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), a sensitive surface analysis tool. This technique has high sequence specificity through hybridization with a hairpin DNA probe and allows the identification of single-base mismatches that are difficult to distinguish by conventional mass spectrometry. We successfully detected target miRNAs in biological samples without purification, amplification, or labeling of target molecules. In addition, by adopting a well-known chromogenic enzymatic reaction from the field of biotechnology, we extended the use of enzyme-amplified signal enhancement ToF (EASE-ToF) to protein detection. Our strategy has advantages with respect to scope, quantification, and throughput over the currently available methods, and is amenable to multiplexing based on the outstanding molecular specificity of mass spectrometry (MS). Therefore, our technique not only has the potential for use in clinical diagnosis, but also provides evidence that MS can serve as a useful readout for biosensing to perform multiplexed analysis extending beyond the limitations of existing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyung Na
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyong Shon
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hye Young Son
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Eunji Jang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sunho Joh
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653, USA
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Center for Nano-Bio Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Department of Nano Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
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8
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Warner CN, Hunter ZD, Carte DD, Skidmore TJ, Vint ES, Day BS. Structure and Function Analysis of DNA Monolayers Created from Self-Assembling DNA-Dendron Conjugates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5428-5434. [PMID: 32336098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short sequences of DNA immobilized on gold surfaces can be used to capture an array of target molecules because of their high level of specificity. Depending on the nature of the target molecules, the proper density and distribution of the immobilized DNA molecules are fundamental to the quality of the sensor. With the aim to control the packing density and minimize the heterogeneity of the surfaces, DNA-dendron conjugate molecules were synthesized in solution and used to make self-assembled monolayers of single-stranded DNA surfaces on gold. The headgroups used were polyamido amine dendrons (cleaved cystamine core dendrimers) of generations two through five. The structural composition of these self-assembled monolayers was characterized using grazing angle Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Surface plasmon resonance was used to measure surface densities of the probe monolayers and each monolayer's ability to capture fully complementary DNA strands from solution. The surface density of the probe monolayers was found to decrease with increasing dendron generation number, while the hybridization efficiency increased with increasing dendron generation number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian N Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, United States
| | - Zachary D Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, United States
| | - Destiny D Carte
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, United States
| | - Tyler J Skidmore
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, United States
| | - Erik S Vint
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, United States
| | - B Scott Day
- Department of Chemistry, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25755, United States
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9
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Characterizing protein G B1 orientation and its effect on immunoglobulin G antibody binding using XPS, ToF-SIMS, and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Biointerphases 2020; 15:021002. [PMID: 32168986 DOI: 10.1116/1.5142560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling how proteins are immobilized (e.g., controlling their orientation and conformation) is essential for developing and optimizing the performance of in vitro protein-binding devices, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Characterizing the identity, orientation, etc., of proteins in complex mixtures of immobilized proteins requires a multitechnique approach. The focus of this work was to control and characterize the orientation of protein G B1, an immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody-binding domain of protein G, on well-defined surfaces and to measure the effect of protein G B1 orientation on IgG antibody binding. The surface sensitivity of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to distinguish between different proteins and their orientation on both flat and nanoparticle gold surfaces by monitoring intensity changes of characteristic amino acid mass fragments. Amino acids distributed asymmetrically were used to calculate peak intensity ratios from ToF-SIMS data to determine the orientation of protein G B1 cysteine mutants covalently attached to a maleimide surface. To study the effect of protein orientation on antibody binding, multilayer protein films on flat gold surfaces were formed by binding IgG to the immobilized protein G B1 films. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed that coverage and orientation affected the antibody-binding process. At high protein G B1 coverage, the cysteine mutant immobilized in an end-on orientation with the C-terminus exposed bound 443 ng/cm2 of whole IgG (H + L) antibodies. In comparison, the high coverage cysteine mutant immobilized in an end-on orientation with the N-terminus exposed did not bind detectable amounts of whole IgG (H + L) antibodies.
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10
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Huertas CS, Calvo-Lozano O, Mitchell A, Lechuga LM. Advanced Evanescent-Wave Optical Biosensors for the Detection of Nucleic Acids: An Analytic Perspective. Front Chem 2019; 7:724. [PMID: 31709240 PMCID: PMC6823211 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evanescent-wave optical biosensors have become an attractive alternative for the screening of nucleic acids in the clinical context. They possess highly sensitive transducers able to perform detection of a wide range of nucleic acid-based biomarkers without the need of any label or marker. These optical biosensor platforms are very versatile, allowing the incorporation of an almost limitless range of biorecognition probes precisely and robustly adhered to the sensor surface by covalent surface chemistry approaches. In addition, their application can be further enhanced by their combination with different processes, thanks to their integration with complex and automated microfluidic systems, facilitating the development of multiplexed and user-friendly platforms. The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive synopsis of cutting-edge analytical strategies based on these label-free optical biosensors able to deal with the drawbacks related to DNA and RNA detection, from single point mutations assays and epigenetic alterations, to bacterial infections. Several plasmonic and silicon photonic-based biosensors are described together with their most recent applications in this area. We also identify and analyse the main challenges faced when attempting to harness this technology and how several innovative approaches introduced in the last years manage those issues, including the use of new biorecognition probes, surface functionalization approaches, signal amplification and enhancement strategies, as well as, sophisticated microfluidic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar S. Huertas
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre, School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Olalla Calvo-Lozano
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- Integrated Photonics and Applications Centre, School of Engineering, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura M. Lechuga
- Nanobiosensors and Bioanalytical Applications Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, CIBER-BBN, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Baio JE, Jaye C, Sullivan E, Rasmussen MH, Fischer DA, Gorb S, Weidner T. NEXAFS imaging to characterize the physio-chemical composition of cuticle from African Flower Scarab Eudicella gralli. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4758. [PMID: 31628305 PMCID: PMC6802387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The outermost surface of insect cuticle is a high-performance interface that provides wear protection, hydration, camouflage and sensing. The complex and inhomogeneous structure of insect cuticle imposes stringent requirements on approaches to elucidate its molecular structure and surface chemistry. Therefore, a molecular understanding and possible mimicry of the surface of insect cuticle has been a challenge. Conventional optical and electron microscopies as well as biochemical techniques provide information about morphology and chemistry but lack surface specificity. We here show that a near edge X-ray absorption fine structure microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source can probe the surface chemistry of the curved and inhomogeneous cuticle of the African flower scarab. The analysis shows the distribution of organic and inorganic surface species while also hinting at the presence of aragonite at the dorsal protrusion region of the Eudicella gralli head, in line with its biological function. Biology serves as inspiration in materials development; this requires improved understanding of the surface chemistry responsible for processes which are being mimicked. Here, the authors report on the use of near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) imaging to analyze the surface chemistry of insect cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe E Baio
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Cherno Jaye
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel A Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Stanislav Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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12
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Movilli J, Rozzi A, Ricciardi R, Corradini R, Huskens J. Control of Probe Density at DNA Biosensor Surfaces Using Poly(l-lysine) with Appended Reactive Groups. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4110-4118. [PMID: 30412384 PMCID: PMC6302315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Biosensors and materials
for biomedical applications generally
require chemical functionalization to bestow their surfaces with desired
properties, such as specific molecular recognition and antifouling
properties. The use of modified poly(l-lysine) (PLL) polymers
with appended oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and thiol-reactive maleimide
(Mal) moieties (PLL-OEG-Mal) offers control over the presentation
of functional groups. These reactive groups can readily be conjugated
to, for example, probes for DNA detection. Here we demonstrate the
reliable conjugation of thiol-functionalized peptide nucleic acid
(PNA) probes onto predeposited layers of PLL-OEG-Mal and the control
over their surface density in the preceding synthetic step of the
PLL modification with Mal groups. By monitoring the quartz crystal
microbalance (QCM) frequency shifts of the binding of complementary
DNA versus the density of Mal moieties grafted to the PLL, a linear
relationship between probe density and PLL grafting density was found.
Cyclic voltammetry experiments using Methylene Blue-functionalized
DNA were performed to establish the absolute probe density values
at the biosensor surfaces. These data provided a density of 1.2 ×
1012 probes per cm2 per % of grafted Mal, thus
confirming the validity of the density control in the synthetic PLL
modification step without the need of further surface characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Movilli
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Rozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A , 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Roberto Ricciardi
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE , Enschede , The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Corradini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability , University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A , 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular NanoFabrication group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE , Enschede , The Netherlands
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13
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Castner DG. Surface Analysis: From Single Crystals to Biomaterials. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2018; 50:981-990. [PMID: 30386003 PMCID: PMC6205758 DOI: 10.1002/sia.6422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Surfaces and interfaces play a critical role in material performance in many applications including catalysis, biomaterials, microelectronics, tribology and adhesion. Characterizing the important surfaces and interfaces involved in each application may present different challenges, but the approach to investigating them often is rather similar. Specialized instrumentation is typically used to probe the surface region of a material and often times it is required to develop new instrumentation and data analysis methods to obtain the desired information. It usually best to use multiple experimental techniques, often coupled with theoretical calculations and simulations, to gain a more complete understanding of the surface and interface regions. Careful handling and preparation of the samples is required so the surface is not altered during these processes as well as during analysis. Using model samples with well-defined surface structures and compositions can provide information about fundamental processes as well as help develop the analytical tools and methodology needed to characterize complex surfaces and interfaces. Thus, the expertise and experience a surface analyst acquires in one field can be readily applied to other fields, even when those fields are significantly differently (e.g., biomaterials and microelectronics). This has resulted in surface analysts moving rather easily between different research and application areas. As one example my career path of small molecule chemisorption and reactivity on single crystals to industrial catalysis to biomedical surface science is presented in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Castner
- National ESCA & Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, Departments of Bioengineering & Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653 USA
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Gevrek TN, Kosif I, Sanyal A. Surface-Anchored Thiol-Reactive Soft Interfaces: Engineering Effective Platforms for Biomolecular Immobilization and Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27946-27954. [PMID: 28745494 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of antibiofouling, specifically reactive polymeric coatings that undergo facile functionalization with thiol-bearing small molecules and ligands, yields effective platforms for biomolecular immobilization and sensing. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based copolymers containing alkoxysilyl groups to enable surface-anchoring and furan-protected maleimide groups as latent thiol-reactive moieties as side-chains were synthesized. Reactive interfaces were obtained by coating these copolymers onto Si/SiO2 or glass surfaces and activating the maleimide groups to their thiol-reactive forms via thermal treatment. A series of surfaces modified with copolymers containing varying amounts of maleimide groups were synthesized. Effectiveness of surface modification was probed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Facile surface modification through thiol-maleimide conjugation was established by attachment of a thiol-containing fluorescent dye, namely BODIPY-SH. It was demonstrated that these surfaces allow spatially localized modification through microcontact printing. Importantly, the extent of surface modification could be tuned by varying the initial composition of the copolymer used for coating. Using fluorescence microscopy, it was observed that increasing amount of fluorescent dye was attached onto surfaces fabricated with copolymers with increasing amount of masked maleimide groups. Thereafter, the thiol-maleimide conjugation was utilized to decorate these surfaces with biotin, a protein-binding ligand. It was observed that though these biotinylated surfaces were able to bind Streptavidin effectively, some nonspecific binding was observed on places that were not in conformal contact with the stamp during microcontact printing. This nonspecific binding was eliminated upon neutralizing the residual maleimide units on the printed surface using thiol-containing PEG. Notably, fluorescence analysis of Streptavidin immobilized onto biotinylated surfaces fabricated using varying amounts of maleimide demonstrated that the amount of immobilized protein could be tuned by varying surface composition. It can be envisioned that facile fabrication of these maleimide-containing polymeric surfaces, their effective functionalization in a tunable manner to engineer interfaces for effective immobilization or sensing of biomolecules in a spatially controlled manner would make them attractive candidates for various biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Nihal Gevrek
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University , Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Irem Kosif
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University , Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Amitav Sanyal
- Department of Chemistry, Bogazici University , Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
- Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
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15
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Castner DG. Biomedical surface analysis: Evolution and future directions (Review). Biointerphases 2017; 12:02C301. [PMID: 28438024 PMCID: PMC5403738 DOI: 10.1116/1.4982169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes some of the major advances made in biomedical surface analysis over the past 30-40 years. Starting from a single technique analysis of homogeneous surfaces, it has been developed into a complementary, multitechnique approach for obtaining detailed, comprehensive information about a wide range of surfaces and interfaces of interest to the biomedical community. Significant advances have been made in each surface analysis technique, as well as how the techniques are combined to provide detailed information about biological surfaces and interfaces. The driving force for these advances has been that the surface of a biomaterial is the interface between the biological environment and the biomaterial, and so, the state-of-the-art in instrumentation, experimental protocols, and data analysis methods need to be developed so that the detailed surface structure and composition of biomedical devices can be determined and related to their biological performance. Examples of these advances, as well as areas for future developments, are described for immobilized proteins, complex biomedical surfaces, nanoparticles, and 2D/3D imaging of biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
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Macedo LJA, Miller EN, Opdahl A. Effect of Probe-Probe Distance on the Stability of DNA Hybrids on Surfaces. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1757-1763. [PMID: 28208255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have used temperature gradient surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements to quantitatively evaluate how the stability of different types of hybrids formed with DNA probes on surfaces is affected by probe spacing. SPR sensors with different average surface densities of probes were prepared by coadsorbing probes with lateral spacers strands comprised of phosphorothioated adenine nucleotides (A15*). Increasing the fraction of A15* spacers in the immobilization solution results in larger distances between probes on the sensor, determined here using a combination of SPR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The hybridization activities of probes were simultaneously measured over a temperature range that spanned the denaturation temperature (Tm) of hybrids by applying a spatial temperature gradient across the sensor surface. The resulting temperature profiles of hybridization activity show how the stability of hybrids increases as either the distance between probes or the ionic strength of the hybridization buffer increase. Additionally, hybridization activity profiles sharpen as the spacing between probes increases, indicating more homogeneous hybridization behavior of probes. The results provide quantitative experimental data for testing theoretical models of stability, supporting models that account for both repulsive interactions between DNA strands and local variability in probe surface density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyano J A Macedo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse , La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, United States
| | - Erin N Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse , La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, United States
| | - Aric Opdahl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse , La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, United States
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Zhang L, Li Z, Xu X, Yang G, Zhou X, Wang H. Effect of mixed thiols on the adsorption, capacitive and hybridization performance of DNA self-assembled monolayers on gold. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Cao HH, Nakatsuka N, Serino AC, Liao WS, Cheunkar S, Yang H, Weiss PS, Andrews AM. Controlled DNA Patterning by Chemical Lift-Off Lithography: Matrix Matters. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11439-54. [PMID: 26426585 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide arrays require controlled surface densities and minimal nucleotide-substrate interactions to enable highly specific and efficient recognition by corresponding targets. We investigated chemical lift-off lithography with hydroxyl- and oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers as a means to produce substrates optimized for tethered DNA insertion into post-lift-off regions. Residual alkanethiols in the patterned regions after lift-off lithography enabled the formation of patterned DNA monolayers that favored hybridization with target DNA. Nucleotide densities were tunable by altering surface chemistries and alkanethiol ratios prior to lift-off. Lithography-induced conformational changes in oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated monolayers hindered nucleotide insertion but could be used to advantage via mixed monolayers or double-lift-off lithography. Compared to thiolated DNA self-assembly alone or with alkanethiol backfilling, preparation of functional nucleotide arrays by chemical lift-off lithography enables superior hybridization efficiency and tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan H Cao
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nako Nakatsuka
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andrew C Serino
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sarawut Cheunkar
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hongyan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Health, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Health, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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19
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Zheng J, Hu L, Zhang M, Xu J, He P. An electrochemical sensing strategy for the detection of the hepatitis B virus sequence with homogenous hybridization based on host–guest recognition. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schematic for electrochemically sensing DNA with hybridization in homogeneous solutionviahost–guest recognition based on MNPs/β-CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Liping Hu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Jingli Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Pingang He
- Department of Chemistry
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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20
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Rao AN, Grainger DW. BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS AT SURFACES RELEVANT TO MICROARRAY PERFORMANCE. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:436-471. [PMID: 24765522 PMCID: PMC3992954 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both clinical and analytical metrics produced by microarray-based assay technology have recognized problems in reproducibility, reliability and analytical sensitivity. These issues are often attributed to poor understanding and control of nucleic acid behaviors and properties at solid-liquid interfaces. Nucleic acid hybridization, central to DNA and RNA microarray formats, depends on the properties and behaviors of single strand (ss) nucleic acids (e.g., probe oligomeric DNA) bound to surfaces. ssDNA's persistence length, radius of gyration, electrostatics, conformations on different surfaces and under various assay conditions, its chain flexibility and curvature, charging effects in ionic solutions, and fluorescent labeling all influence its physical chemistry and hybridization under assay conditions. Nucleic acid (e.g., both RNA and DNA) target interactions with immobilized ssDNA strands are highly impacted by these biophysical states. Furthermore, the kinetics, thermodynamics, and enthalpic and entropic contributions to DNA hybridization reflect global probe/target structures and interaction dynamics. Here we review several biophysical issues relevant to oligomeric nucleic acid molecular behaviors at surfaces and their influences on duplex formation that influence microarray assay performance. Correlation of biophysical aspects of single and double-stranded nucleic acids with their complexes in bulk solution is common. Such analysis at surfaces is not commonly reported, despite its importance to microarray assays. We seek to provide further insight into nucleic acid-surface challenges facing microarray diagnostic formats that have hindered their clinical adoption and compromise their research quality and value as genomics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana N. Rao
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
| | - David W. Grainger
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA
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21
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Mahmoud AM, Tang T, Harrison DJ, Lee WE, Jemere AB. A regenerating self-assembled gold nanoparticle-containing electrochemical impedance sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 56:328-33. [PMID: 24530834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on the development of an electrochemical reductive desorption protocol for repeated regeneration of gold electrodes modified with multi-layers of self-assembled surfaces for use in electrochemical sensing. The gold electrodes were first modified with 1,6-hexanedithiol to which gold nanoparticles were attached in a subsequent modification step. Attachment of thiolated single-stranded nucleic acid oligomers to the gold nanoparticles completed the electrochemical sensor. The changes of electrode behavior after each assembly and desorption processes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. The self-assembled sensor showed a wide dynamic range (0.1-100 nM), a low detection limit (20 pM) and high reproducibility (4.4% RSD) for complementary nucleic acid target molecules, along with reusability. On a single gold electrode, the complete sensor-target structure could be assembled and disassembled at least four times with 90% of its original signal intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Thompson Tang
- Defence Research & Development Canada-Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - D Jed Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G2; National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2M9
| | - William E Lee
- Defence Research & Development Canada-Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada T1A 8K6
| | - Abebaw B Jemere
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2M9.
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22
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Escorihuela J, Bañuls MJ, Puchades R, Maquieira Á. Site-specific immobilization of DNA on silicon surfaces by using the thiol–yne reaction. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8510-8517. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covalent immobilization of ssDNA fragments onto silicon-based materials was performed using the thiol–yne reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escorihuela
- Centro de Reconocimiento Moleculary Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Departamento de Química
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María-José Bañuls
- Centro de Reconocimiento Moleculary Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Departamento de Química
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Puchades
- Centro de Reconocimiento Moleculary Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Departamento de Química
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Maquieira
- Centro de Reconocimiento Moleculary Desarrollo Tecnológico
- Departamento de Química
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia, Spain
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23
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Li Z, Zhang L, Mo H, Peng Y, Zhang H, Xu Z, Zheng C, Lu Z. Size-fitting effect for hybridization of DNA/mercaptohexanol mixed monolayers on gold. Analyst 2014; 139:3137-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00280f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Recent Advances in DNA Microarray Technology: an Overview on Production Strategies and Detection Methods. BIONANOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-013-0111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Howell C, Hamoudi H, Zharnikov M. Thymine/adenine diblock-oligonucleotide monolayers and hybrid brushes on gold: a spectroscopic study. Biointerphases 2013; 8:6. [PMID: 24706119 DOI: 10.1186/1559-4106-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of spectroscopic analysis techniques for complex, surface-bound biological systems is an important step toward the further application of these powerful experimental tools to new questions in biology and medicine. METHODS We use a combination of the complementary spectroscopic techniques of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to monitor the composition and molecular orientation in adenine/thymine diblock oligonucleotide films and their hybridized brushes on gold. RESULTS We demonstrate that the surface-bound probe molecules, consisting of a binding adenine block, d(A), and a sensing thymine block, d(T), deviate from the ideal L-shape model due to the internal intra- and intermolecular hybridization. This effect becomes more pronounced with increasing length of the d(A) block. Nevertheless, these films were found to hybridize well with the complementary target d(A) strands, especially if they were treated in advance to reduce internal interaction between the molecules. In spite of the structural complexity of these films, the hybridization efficiency correlated well with the potential accessibility of the sensing d(T) blocks, defined by their lateral spacing. CONCLUSIONS These findings are a good demonstration of the strength of multi-technique spectroscopic analysis when applied to assemblies of biological molecules intrinsically prone to complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Howell
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany,
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Marotta NE, Beavers KR, Bottomley LA. Limitations of surface enhanced Raman scattering in sensing DNA hybridization demonstrated by label-free DNA oligos as molecular rulers of distance-dependent enhancement. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1440-6. [PMID: 23259584 DOI: 10.1021/ac302454j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a critical evaluation of silver nanorod arrays as substrates for assaying nucleic acid hybridization by surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). SERS spectra acquired on complementary oligos, alone or in combination, contain the known spectral signatures of the nucleotides that comprise the oligo; however, no signature bands characteristic of the hybrid were observed. Spectra acquired on an oligo with a 5'- or 3'-thiol were distinctly different from that acquired on the identical oligo without a thiol pendant group suggesting a degree of control over the orientation of the oligo on the nanorod surface. A set of oligos consisting of adenine tracts in a polycytosine chain served as molecular rulers to probe the distance dependence of the SERS enhancement. Using these, we have identified the point at which the characteristic bands for the nucleotides that comprise the oligo disappear from the spectrum. These findings suggest that the applicability of SERS for label-free detection of nucleic acid hybridization is limited to short oligos of less than nine nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Marotta
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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Harrison A, Binder H, Buhot A, Burden CJ, Carlon E, Gibas C, Gamble LJ, Halperin A, Hooyberghs J, Kreil DP, Levicky R, Noble PA, Ott A, Pettitt BM, Tautz D, Pozhitkov AE. Physico-chemical foundations underpinning microarray and next-generation sequencing experiments. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:2779-96. [PMID: 23307556 PMCID: PMC3597649 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization of nucleic acids on solid surfaces is a key process involved in high-throughput technologies such as microarrays and, in some cases, next-generation sequencing (NGS). A physical understanding of the hybridization process helps to determine the accuracy of these technologies. The goal of a widespread research program is to develop reliable transformations between the raw signals reported by the technologies and individual molecular concentrations from an ensemble of nucleic acids. This research has inputs from many areas, from bioinformatics and biostatistics, to theoretical and experimental biochemistry and biophysics, to computer simulations. A group of leading researchers met in Ploen Germany in 2011 to discuss present knowledge and limitations of our physico-chemical understanding of high-throughput nucleic acid technologies. This meeting inspired us to write this summary, which provides an overview of the state-of-the-art approaches based on physico-chemical foundation to modeling of the nucleic acids hybridization process on solid surfaces. In addition, practical application of current knowledge is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Harrison
- University of Essex-Mathematical Sciences, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, United Kingdom
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Šípová H, Homola J. Surface plasmon resonance sensing of nucleic acids: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 773:9-23. [PMID: 23561902 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have become a central tool for the investigation and quantification of biomolecules and their interactions. Nucleic acids (NAs) play a vital role in numerous biological processes and therefore have been one of the major groups of biomolecules targeted by the SPR biosensors. This paper discusses the advances of NA SPR biosensor technology and reviews its applications both in the research of molecular interactions involving NAs (NA-NA, NA-protein, NA-small molecule), as well as for the field of bioanalytics in the areas of food safety, medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Šípová
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Chaberská 57, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Homola
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Chaberská 57, Prague, Czech Republic.
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29
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Belozerova I, Levicky R. Melting thermodynamics of reversible DNA/ligand complexes at interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18667-76. [PMID: 23046441 PMCID: PMC3498581 DOI: 10.1021/ja3066368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of solution methods exist for analysis of interactions between small molecule ligands and nucleic acids; however, accomplishing this task economically at the scale of hundreds to thousands of sequences remains challenging. Surface assays offer a prospective solution through array-based multiplexing, capable of mapping out the full sequence context of a DNA/ligand interaction in a single experiment. However, relative to solution assays, accurate quantification of DNA/ligand interactions in a surface format must contend with limited understanding of molecular activities and interactions at a solid-liquid interface. We report a surface adaptation of a solution method in which shifts in duplex stability, induced by ligand binding and quantified from melting transitions, are used for thermodynamic analysis of DNA/ligand interactions. The results are benchmarked against solution calorimetric data. Equilibrium operation is confirmed through superposition of denaturation/hybridization transitions triggered by heating and cooling. The antibiotic compound netropsin, which undergoes electrostatic and sequence-specific minor groove interactions with DNA, is used as a prototypical small molecule. DNA/netropsin interactions are investigated as a function of ionic strength and drug concentration through electrochemical tracing of surface melt transitions. Comparison with solution values finds excellent agreement in free energy, though reliable separation into enthalpic and entropic contributions proves more difficult. The results establish key guidelines for analysis of DNA-ligand interactions via reversible melting denaturation at surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Belozerova
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, 11201, United States
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31
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Khan MN, Tjong V, Chilkoti A, Zharnikov M. Fabrication of ssDNA/oligo(ethylene glycol) monolayers and complex nanostructures by an irradiation-promoted exchange reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10303-6. [PMID: 22987725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Nuruzzaman Khan
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, Heidelberg, Germany
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Khan MN, Tjong V, Chilkoti A, Zharnikov M. Fabrication of ssDNA/Oligo(ethylene glycol) Monolayers and Complex Nanostructures by an Irradiation-Promoted Exchange Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Thipmanee O, Samanman S, Sankoh S, Numnuam A, Limbut W, Kanatharana P, Vilaivan T, Thavarungkul P. Label-free capacitive DNA sensor using immobilized pyrrolidinyl PNA probe: effect of the length and terminating head group of the blocking thiols. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 38:430-5. [PMID: 22770826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports, for the first time, the influence of the length and the terminating head group of blocking thiols on the sensitivity and specificity of a label-free capacitive DNA detection system using immobilized pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid (acpcPNA) probes. A C-terminal lysine-modified acpcPNA was immobilized through four different alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), i.e., 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), thioctic acid (TA), thiourea (TU) and mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA). The hybridization between the acpcPNA probes and the target DNA was directly measured using the capacitive system. Five blocking thiols of various lengths (C=3, 6, 8, 9 and 11), with the -OH terminating head group, i.e., 3-mercapto-1-propanol (3-MPL), 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (6-MHL), 8-mercapto-1-octanol (8-MOL), 9-mercapto-1-nonanol (9-MNL), 11-mercapto-1-undecanol (11-MUL) and another blocking thiol (C=11) with a -CH(3) terminating head group, and 1-dodecanethiol (1-DDT) were investigated. The blocking thiol with the same length as the total spacer of the immobilized acpcPNA gave the highest sensitivity and specificity with the -OH terminating head group providing a slightly better signal than the -CH(3) group. Under the optimized conditions, the immobilized acpcPNA probes provided a wide linear range for DNA detection (1.0 × 10(-11)-1.0 × 10(-8)M) with a very low detection limit in the picomolar range. The modified acpcPNA electrode could be reused through at least 58 cycles. The high sensitivity and very low detection limits are potentially useful for the analysis of ultra-trace levels of DNA in samples. Preliminary studies were also performed to see the effect of probe concentration and target length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orawan Thipmanee
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Janssen KPF, Knez K, Vanysacker L, Schrooten J, Spasic D, Lammertyn J. Enabling fiber optic serotyping of pathogenic bacteria through improved anti-fouling functional surfaces. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:235503. [PMID: 22609831 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/23/235503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Significant research efforts are continually being directed towards the development of sensitive and accurate surface plasmon resonance biosensors for sequence specific DNA detection. These sensors hold great potential for applications in healthcare and diagnostics. However, the performance of these sensors in practical usage scenarios is often limited due to interference from the sample matrix. This work shows how the co-immobilization of glycol(PEG) diluents or 'back filling' of the DNA sensing layer can successfully address these problems. A novel SPR based melting assay is used for the analysis of a synthetic oligomer target as well as PCR amplified genomic DNA extracted from Legionella pneumophila. The benefits of sensing layer back filling on the assay performance are first demonstrated through melting analysis of the oligomer target and it is shown how back filling enables accurate discrimination of Legionella pneumophila serogroups directly from the PCR reaction product with complete suppression of sensor fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P F Janssen
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem De Croylaan 42, Leuven, Belgium
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Wang L, Wang X, Chen X, Liu J, Liu S, Zhao C. Development of an electrochemical DNA biosensor with the DNA immobilization based on in situ generation of dithiocarbamate ligands. Bioelectrochemistry 2012; 88:30-5. [PMID: 22763422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a simple and effective strategy for DNA immobilization on gold electrode surface is developed. The amine-modified oligonucleotide was firstly reacted with CS(2) and then in situ generated dithiocarbamate group functionalized probe DNA (DTC-DNA) was directly attached onto the gold surface by bidentate anchoring points. The DNA biosensor fabrication process was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with the use of Fe(CN)(6)(3-/4-) as a redox indicator. The hybridization of DTC-DNA with complementary target DNA could be well distinguished with the use of Co(phen)(3)(3+) as an electrochemical indicator. The fabricated electrochemical DNA biosensor could achieve a detection limit of about 0.1nM toward complementary target DNA. Also, the current strategy is readily operated with less time consumed and lower cost compared with those commonly used strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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36
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Liu Y, Cheng Q. Detection of Membrane-Binding Proteins by Surface Plasmon Resonance with an All-Aqueous Amplification Scheme. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3179-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203142n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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37
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Real-Time Analysis of Specific Protein-DNA Interactions with Surface Plasmon Resonance. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2012; 2012:816032. [PMID: 22500214 PMCID: PMC3303711 DOI: 10.1155/2012/816032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several proteins, like transcription factors, bind to certain DNA sequences, thereby regulating biochemical pathways that determine the fate of the corresponding cell. Due to these key positions, it is indispensable to analyze protein-DNA interactions and to identify their mode of action. Surface plasmon resonance is a label-free method that facilitates the elucidation of real-time kinetics of biomolecular interactions. In this article, we focus on this biosensor-based method and provide a detailed guide how SPR can be utilized to study binding of proteins to oligonucleotides. After a description of the physical phenomenon and the instrumental realization including fiber-optic-based SPR and SPR imaging, we will continue with a survey of immobilization methods. Subsequently, we will focus on the optimization of the experiment, expose pitfalls, and introduce how data should be analyzed and published. Finally, we summarize several interesting publications of the last decades dealing with protein-DNA and RNA interaction analysis by SPR.
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38
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Liu J. Adsorption of DNA onto gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide: surface science and applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:10485-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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39
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Orientation changes in surface-bound hybridized DNA undergoing preparation for ex situ spectroscopic measurements. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Liu Y, Irving D, Qiao W, Ge D, Levicky R. Kinetic mechanisms in morpholino-DNA surface hybridization. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:11588-96. [PMID: 21699181 PMCID: PMC3148943 DOI: 10.1021/ja202631b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Morpholinos (MOs) are DNA analogues whose uncharged nature can bring fundamental advantages to surface hybridization technologies such as DNA microarrays, by using MOs as the immobilized, or "probe", species. Advancement of MO-based diagnostics, however, is challenged by limited understanding of the surface organization of MO molecules and of how this organization impacts hybridization kinetics and thermodynamics. The present study focuses on hybridization kinetics between monolayers of MO probes and DNA targets as a function of the instantaneous extent of hybridization (i.e., duplex coverage), total probe coverage, and ionic strength. Intriguingly, these experiments reveal distinct kinetic stages, none of which are consistent with Langmuir kinetics. The initial stage, in which duplex coverage remains relatively sparse, indicates confluence of two effects: blockage of target access to unhybridized probes by previously formed duplexes and deactivation of the solid support due to consumption of probe molecules. This interpretation is consistent with a surface organization in which unhybridized MO probes localize near the solid support, underneath a layer of MO-DNA duplexes. As duplex coverage builds, provided saturation is not reached first, the initial stage can transition to an unusual regime characterized by near independence of hybridization rate on duplex coverage, followed by a prolonged approach to equilibrium. The possible origins of these more complex latter behaviors are discussed. Comparison with published data for DNA and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes is carried out to look for universal trends in kinetics. This comparison reveals qualitative similarities when comparable surface organization of probes is expected. In addition, MO monolayers are found capable of a broad range of reactivities that span reported values for PNA and DNA probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatao Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
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41
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Howell C, Zhao J, Koelsch P, Zharnikov M. Hybridization in ssDNA films--a multi-technique spectroscopy study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15512-22. [PMID: 21792438 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20374f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution XPS, near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, and sum-frequency-generation (SFG) spectroscopy was used to monitor two types of ssDNA films on Au(111) before and after hybridization. As probe systems, films of thiolated and block-oligonucleotides were used, taking thiolated thymine d(T) homo-oligonucleotides and thymine-adenine d(A-T) diblock-oligonucleotides as representative examples. In accordance with previous work, hybridization of the shorter and more densely packed thiolated ssDNA films produced fewer (if any) hybrids, whereas the longer and less densely packed layers exhibited a larger hybridization yield. The above effects were less pronounced in the case of the d(A-T) films where the hybridization yield of the less densely packed monolayers was significantly lower. This was presumably due to the formation of internal dimeric hybrids in the immobilization step of the probe molecules, resulting in the generation of fewer probe-target hybrids upon exposure to the target molecules. In all ssDNA films displaying a reasonable number of hybrids present, significant orientational changes were observed and could be monitored in detail. These results suggest that the given combination of spectroscopic techniques can be a valuable tool to gain molecular-level information about hybrids at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Howell
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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42
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Liu P, Hun X, Qing H. Dendrimer-based biosensor for chemiluminescent detection of DNA hybridization. Mikrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-011-0637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Schreiner SM, Hatch AL, Shudy DF, Howard DR, Howell C, Zhao J, Koelsch P, Zharnikov M, Petrovykh DY, Opdahl A. Impact of DNA-surface interactions on the stability of DNA hybrids. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4288-95. [PMID: 21561066 DOI: 10.1021/ac200814y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure and stability of single- and double-stranded DNA hybrids immobilized on gold are strongly affected by nucleotide-surface interactions. To systematically analyze the effects of these interactions, a set of model DNA hybrids was prepared in conformations that ranged from end-tethered double-stranded to directly adsorbed single-stranded (hairpins) and characterized by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), fluorescence microscopy, and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The stabilities of these hybrids were evaluated by exposure to a series of stringency rinses in solutions of successively lower ionic strength and by competitive hybridization experiments. In all cases, directly adsorbed DNA hybrids are found to be significantly less stable than either free or end-tethered hybrids. The surface-induced weakening and the associated asymmetry in hybridization responses of the two strands forming hairpin stems are most pronounced for single-stranded hairpins containing blocks of m adenine (A) nucleotides and n thymine (T) nucleotides, which have high and low affinity for gold surfaces, respectively. The results allow a qualitative scale of relative stabilities to be developed for DNA hybrids on surfaces. Additionally, the results suggest a route for selectively weakening portions of immobilized DNA hybrids and for introducing asymmetric hybridization responses by using sequence design to control nucleotide-surface interactions--a strategy that may be used in advanced biosensors and in switches or other active elements in DNA-based nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schreiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin 54601, USA
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44
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Auer S, Nirschl M, Schreiter M, Vikholm-Lundin I. Detection of DNA hybridisation in a diluted serum matrix by surface plasmon resonance and film bulk acoustic resonators. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1387-96. [PMID: 21472364 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanomolar quantities of single-stranded DNA products ~100 nucleotides long can be detected in diluted 1% serum by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs). We have used a novel FBAR sensor in parallel with SPR and obtained promising results with both the acoustic and the optical device. Oligonucleotides and a repellent lipoamide, Lipa-DEA, were allowed to assemble on the sensor chip surfaces for only 15 min by dispensing. Lipa-DEA surrounds the analyte-binding probes on the surface and effectively reduces the non-specific binding of bovine serum albumin and non-complementary strands. In a highly diluted serum matrix, the non-specific binding is, however, a hindrance, and the background response must be reduced. Nanomolar concentrations of short complementary oligos could be detected in buffer, whereas the response was too low to be measured in serum. DNA strands that are approximately 100 base pairs long at concentrations as low as 1-nM could be detected both in buffer and in 1% serum by both SPR and the FBAR resonator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Auer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1300, 33101 Tampere, Finland.
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45
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Baio JE, Cheng F, Ratner DM, Stayton PS, Castner DG. Probing orientation of immobilized humanized anti-lysozyme variable fragment by time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 97:1-7. [PMID: 21308984 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As methods to orient proteins are conceived, techniques must also be developed that provide an accurate characterization of immobilized protein orientation. In this study, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were used to probe the orientation of a surface immobilized variant of the humanized anti-lysozyme variable fragment (HuLys Fv, 26 kDa). This protein contained both a hexahistidine tag and a cysteine residue, introduced at opposite ends of the HuLys Fv, for immobilization onto nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and maleimide oligo(ethylene glycol) (MEG)-terminated substrates, respectively. The thiol group on the cysteine residue selectively binds to the MEG groups, while the his-tag selectively binds to the Ni-loaded NTA groups. XPS was used to monitor protein coverage on both surfaces by following the change in the nitrogen atomic %. SPR results showed a 10-fold difference in lysozyme binding between the two different HuLys Fv orientations. The ToF-SIMS data provided a clear differentiation between the two samples due to the intensity differences of secondary ions originating from asymmetrically located amino acids in HuLys Fv (histidine: 81, 82, and 110 m/z; phenylalanine: 120 and 131 m/z). An intensity ratio of the secondary ion peaks from the histidine and phenylalanine residues at either end of the protein was then calculated directly from the ToF-SIMS data. The 45% change in this ratio, observed between the NTA and MEG substrates with similar HuLys Fv surface coverages, indicates that the HuLys Fv fragment has opposite orientations on two different surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Baio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Box 351750, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750
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46
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Hua W, Gao B, Li S, Agren H, Luo Y. Refinement of DNA structures through near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure analysis: applications on guanine and cytosine nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides. J Phys Chem B 2011; 114:13214-22. [PMID: 20873844 DOI: 10.1021/jp1034745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work we highlight the potential of NEXAFS—near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure—analysis to perform refinements of hydrogen-bond structure in DNA. For this purpose we have carried out first-principle calculations of the N1s NEXAFS spectra of the guanine and cytosine nucleobases and their tautomers, nucleosides, and nucleotides in the gas phase, as well as for five crystal structures of guanine, cytosine, or guanosine. The spectra all clearly show imine (π1*) and amine (π2*) nitrogen absorption bands with a characteristic energy difference (Δ). Among all of the intramolecule covalent connections, the tautomerism of hydrogens makes the largest influence, around ±0.4−0.5 eV change of Δ, to the spectra due to a switch of single−double bonds. Deoxyribose and ribose sugars can cause at most 0.2 eV narrowing of Δ, while the phosphate groups have nearly negligible effects on the spectra. Two kinds of intermolecule interactions are analyzed, the hydrogen bonds and the stacking effect, by comparing “compressed” and “expanded” models or by comparing models including or excluding the nearest stacking molecules. The shortening of hydrogen-bond length by 0.2−0.3 Å can result in the reduction of Δ by 0.2−0.8 eV. This is because the hydrogen bonds make the electrons more delocalized, and the amine and imine nitrogens become less distinguishable. Moreover, the hydrogen bond has a different ability to influence the spectra of different crystals, with guanine crystals as the largest (change by 0.8 eV) and the guanosine crystal as the smallest (change by 0.2 eV). The stacking has negligible effects on the spectra in all studied systems. A comparison of guanosine to guanine crystals shows that the sugars in the crystal could create “blocks” in the π-and hydrogen bonds network of bases and thus makes the imine and amine nitrogens more distinguishable with a larger Δ. Our theoretical calculations offer a good match with experimental findings and explain earlier discrepancies in the NEXAFS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Hua
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Singh V, Zharnikov M, Gulino A, Gupta T. DNA immobilization, delivery and cleavage on solid supports. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm04359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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48
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Monti S, Cacelli I, Ferretti A, Prampolini G, Barone V. Complementary and partially complementary DNA duplexes tethered to a functionalized substrate: a molecular dynamics approach to biosensing. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:12478-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21115c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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49
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Cederquist KB, Keating CD. Hybridization efficiency of molecular beacons bound to gold nanowires: effect of surface coverage and target length. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18273-80. [PMID: 21038880 PMCID: PMC2994276 DOI: 10.1021/la1031703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface-bound nucleic acid probes designed to adopt specific secondary structures are becoming increasingly important in a range of biosensing applications but remain less well characterized than traditional single-stranded probes, which are typically designed to avoid secondary structure. We report the hybridization efficiency for surface-immobilized hairpin DNA probes. Our probes are molecular beacons, carrying a 3' dye moiety and a 5' thiol for attachment to gold nanowires, which serve as both scaffolds for probe attachment and quenchers. Hybridization efficiency was dependent on probe surface coverage, reaching a maximum of ∼90% at intermediate coverages of (1-2) × 10(12) probes/cm(2) and dropping to ≤20% at higher or lower coverages. Fluorescence intensity did not track with the number of target molecules bound, and was highest for high probe coverage despite the lower bound targets per square centimeter. Backfilling with short thiolated oligoethylene glycol spacers increased hybridization efficiency at low hairpin probe coverages (∼(3-4) × 10(11) probes/cm(2)), but not at higher probe coverages (1 × 10(12)/cm(2)). We also evaluated the effect of target length by adding up to 50 nonhybridizing nucleotides to the 3' or 5' end of the complementary target sequence. Additional nucleotides on the 3' end of the complementary target sequence (i.e., the end near the nanowire surface) had a much greater impact on hybridization efficiency as compared to nucleotides added to the 5' end. This work provides guidance in designing sensors in which surface-bound probes designed to adopt secondary structures are used to detect target sequences from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B. Cederquist
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christine D. Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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50
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Baugh L, Weidner T, Baio J, Nguyen PC, Gamble LJ, Stayton PS, Castner DG. Probing the orientation of surface-immobilized protein G B1 using ToF-SIMS, sum frequency generation, and NEXAFS spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:16434-41. [PMID: 20384305 PMCID: PMC2911509 DOI: 10.1021/la1007389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to orient active proteins on surfaces is a critical aspect of many medical technologies. An important related challenge is characterizing protein orientation in these surface films. This study uses a combination of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy, and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to characterize the orientation of surface-immobilized Protein G B1, a rigid 6 kDa domain that binds the Fc fragment of IgG. Two Protein G B1 variants with a single cysteine introduced at either end were immobilized via the cysteine thiol onto maleimide-oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized gold and bare gold substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to measure the amount of immobilized protein, and ToF-SIMS was used to measure the amino acid composition of the exposed surface of the protein films and to confirm covalent attachment of protein thiol to the substrate maleimide groups. SFG and NEXAFS were used to characterize the ordering and orientation of peptide or side chain bonds. On both substrates and for both cysteine positions, ToF-SIMS data showed enrichment of mass peaks from amino acids located at the end of the protein opposite to the cysteine surface position as compared with nonspecifically immobilized protein, indicating end-on protein orientations. Orientation on the maleimide substrate was enhanced by increasing pH (7.0-9.5) and salt concentration (0-1.5 M NaCl). SFG spectral peaks characteristic of ordered α-helix and β-sheet elements were observed for both variants but not for cysteine-free wild type protein on the maleimide surface. The phase of the α-helix and β-sheet peaks indicated a predominantly upright orientation for both variants, consistent with an end-on protein binding configuration. Polarization dependence of the NEXAFS signal from the N 1s to π* transition of β-sheet peptide bonds also indicated protein ordering, with an estimated tilt angle of inner β-strands of 40-50° for both variants (one variant more tilted than the other), consistent with SFG results. The combined results demonstrate the power of using complementary techniques to probe protein orientation on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Baugh
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Tobias Weidner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - J.E. Baio
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Phuong Cac Nguyen
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Lara J. Gamble
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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