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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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2
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Wolf A, Desport JS, Dieden R, Frache G, Weydert M, Poorters L, Schmidt DF, Verge P. Sequence-Controlled α-Methylstyrene/Styrene Copolymers: Syntheses and Sequence Distribution Resolution. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Wolf
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jessica S. Desport
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Reiner Dieden
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Weydert
- Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Poorters
- Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F. Schmidt
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Pierre Verge
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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3
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Morgan TE, Kerr A, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AW, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Electron Capture Dissociation of Trithiocarbonate-Terminated Acrylamide Homo- and Copolymers: A Terminus-Directed Mechanism? Anal Chem 2020; 92:12852-12859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anthony W.T. Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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Riches E, Palmer ME. Application of a novel cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometer to the analysis of synthetic polymers: A preliminary evaluation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8710. [PMID: 31856357 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mass spectrometry (MS) is often employed in the characterisation of synthetic polymers. As polymer architecture becomes more complex, ion mobility (IM) is increasingly being coupled with MS to provide an additional dimension of separation, along with structural information. In this study, we explore the use of a novel cyclic ion mobility (cIM) mass spectrometer for the analysis of a co-polymer sample. METHODS A solution of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol) random co-polymer (PEG-ran-PPG) was used as a representative polymer sample. The solution was infused into a cIM-enabled quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. An m/z region of interest, selected using the quadrupole, was passed around the cIM device multiple times. Subsequently, regions of an arrival time distribution were 'sliced' and subjected to tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS Typical, multiply charged series were observed for the polymer under electrospray ionisation. Multiple passes of the cIM device resulted in the separation of otherwise-overlapping charge states within a narrow m/z window (~3 m/z units), allowing individual selection of ions. These isolated ions were then subjected to post-mobility fragmentation resulting in clean, high-resolution product ion spectra, with a significant reduction in interference. CONCLUSIONS Scalable IM separation (IMS), brought about by passing ions multiple times around the cIM device, was demonstrated to provide increased IM resolution for ions in the selected m/z window. After multiple passes, deconvoluted high-resolution MS/MS product ion spectra were successfully acquired for ions that previously had interfering overlapping species present.
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Mao J, Zhang B, Zhang H, Elupula R, Grayson SM, Wesdemiotis C. Elucidating Branching Topology and Branch Lengths in Star-Branched Polymers by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1981-1991. [PMID: 31363988 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) has been employed to elucidate the topology and branching architecture of star-branched polyethers. The polymers were ionized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to positive ions and dissociated after leaving the ion source via laser-induced fragmentation. The bond scissions caused under MALDI-MS2 conditions occur preferentially near the core-branch joining points due to energetically favorable homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavages near the core and release of steric strain and/or reduction of crowding. This unique fragmentation mode detaches complete arms from the core generating fragment ion series at the expected molecular weight of each branch. The number of fragment ion distributions observed combined with their mass-to-charge ratios permit conclusive determination of the degree of branching and the corresponding branch lengths, as demonstrated for differently branched homo- and mikto-arm polyether stars synthesized via azide-alkyne click chemistry. The results of this study underscore the utility of MS2 for the characterization of branching architecture and branch lengths of (co) polymers with two or more linear chains attached to a functionalized central core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3601, USA
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Ravinder Elupula
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3601, USA.
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Morgan TE, Ellacott SH, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Coupling Electron Capture Dissociation and the Modified Kendrick Mass Defect for Sequencing of a Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Polymer. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11710-11715. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Sean H. Ellacott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1452-1464. [PMID: 27712048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre-ionization in the solution state or post-ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS2 exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end-group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS2 , LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo- and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross-linked or nonionizable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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8
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Wesdemiotis C. Mehrdimensionale Massenspektrometrie von synthetischen Polymeren und modernen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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9
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Liu X, Cool LR, Lin K, Kasko AM, Wesdemiotis C. Tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry for the analysis of molecular sequence and architecture of hyperbranched glycopolymers. Analyst 2015; 140:1182-91. [PMID: 25519163 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry techniques, combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization (ESI) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)), multistage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) or ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), have been employed to gain precise structural insight on the compositions, sequences and architectures of small oligomers of a hyperbranched glycopolymer, prepared by atom transfer radical copolymerization of an acrylate monomer (A) and an acrylate inimer (B), both carrying mannose ester pendants. The MS data confirmed the incorporation of multiple inimer repeat units, which ultimately lead to the hyperbranched material. The various possible structures of n-mers with the same composition were subsequently elucidated based on MS(2) and MS(n) studies. The characteristic elimination of bromomethane molecule provided definitive information about the comonomer connectivity in the copolymeric AB2 trimer and A2B2 tetramer, identifying as present only one of the three possible trimeric isomers (viz. sequence BBA) and only two of the six possible tetrameric isomers (viz. sequences BBA2 and BABA). Complementary IM-MS studies confirmed that only one of the tetrameric structures is formed. Comparison of the experimentally determined collision cross-section of the detected isomer with those predicted by molecular simulations for the two possible sequences ascertained BBA2 as the predominant tetrameric architecture. The multidimensional MS approaches presented provide connectivity information at the atomic level without requiring high product purity (due to the dispersive nature of MS) and, hence, should be particularly useful for the microstructure characterization of novel glycopolymers and other types of complex copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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10
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Charles L. MALDI of synthetic polymers with labile end-groups. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:523-543. [PMID: 24285426 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is increasingly used in the field of synthetic polymers as a fast and accurate technique for end-group analysis. More particularly, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has gained much popularity because it allows quite simple mass spectra to be obtained, displaying a single distribution for each polymeric species present in the sample, in contrast to electrospray ionization (ESI) which readily promotes multiple charging for most polymers. A soft ionization process, ensuring the integrity of the species upon transfer into gas phase ions, is however mandatory for polymer end-group analysis since information about the chain terminations mainly rely on the m/z values measured for polymer adducts. As compared to ESI, MALDI is sometimes suspected to be a quite "hard" ionization technique, leading to spontaneous dissociation of ionized species either in the source or during their flight time. This issue is of particular concern for polymers carrying so-called fragile end-groups arising from their mode of synthesis. In particular, controlled radical polymerization (CRP) processes, one of the most important advances in the field of polymer science during the last 20 years, allow the production of polymers with well-defined molecular distribution and low polydispersities, but they are all based on the low dissociation energy of the chemical bond between the last monomer and the terminating group. As a result, if macromolecules are activated while being ionized, this end-group is prone to fragmentation and ions measured in the mass spectra do no longer reflect the original chain composition. However, different results are reported in the literature about the ability of MALDI to generate intact ions from CRP synthetic polymers. This article reviews MALDI MS data reported for synthetic polymers produced by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization (RAFT), and nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), the three most studied CRP techniques. The general principle of each polymerization process, which defines the structure of the end-groups in both targeted macromolecules and species arising from eventual side-reactions, is first briefly presented. An overview of MALDI data reported for samples obtained upon polymerization of different monomers are then commented for each polymerization techniques with regards to the success of the ionization method to generate intact cationic adducts and its propensity to distinguish in-source fragments from polymerization side-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire: ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
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11
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Exploration of cardanol-based phenolated and epoxidized resins by size exclusion chromatography and MALDI mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 843:46-58. [PMID: 25150696 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardanol and cardanol derivatives are among the most important biobased materials currently investigated in green chemistry, as renewable and promising building blocks in lieu of traditional raw materials from non renewable resources, in particular owing to the olefinic linkages on the C15 alkyl side-chain. Despite the increasing interest they arouse, analytical chemistry dedicated to cardanol and associated resins has been rarely reported in the literature, found even poorer when dealing with chromatography and mass spectrometry. In this work, a thorough molecular characterization was conducted using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and SEC-MALDI coupling to gain insights into the composition of phenolated, epoxidized, and epoxidized phenolated cardanol. A nomenclature was proposed to properly describe the numerous species found in these materials, while simulations of the unsaturation patterns and their comparison with the detected patterns in MALDI-MS gave useful details about the phenolation treatment expected to occur on the polyunsaturated C15 side chain. Finally, the SEC-MALDI off-line coupling allowed SEC peaks to be deconvoluted by mass spectrometry and MALDI artefacts related to matrix adduction to be pointed out.
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12
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Yol AM, Janoski J, Quirk RP, Wesdemiotis C. Sequence Analysis of Styrenic Copolymers by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9576-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5019815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleer M. Yol
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jonathan Janoski
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Roderic P. Quirk
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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14
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Chirowodza H, Hartmann PC, Pasch H. Surface-Initiated RAFT Polymerization of Clay Nanoparticles with Polystyrene: New Insights Using MALDI-TOF MS and1H NMR. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Chirowodza
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Patrice C. Hartmann
- Mpact Paper, Department of Forest and Wood Science; University of Stellenbosch; Paul Sauer Building, Bosman Street 7599 Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
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15
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A review of electron-capture and electron-transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Smith MJP, Cameron NR, Mosely JA. Evaluating Atmospheric pressure Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) mass spectrometry for the analysis of low molecular weight synthetic polymers. Analyst 2013; 137:4524-30. [PMID: 22890238 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35556f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) mass spectrometry has facilitated the ionisation of oligomers from low molecular weight synthetic polymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG: M(n) = 1430) and poly(styrene) (PS: M(n) = 1770), directly from solids, providing a fast and efficient method of identification. Ion source conditions were evaluated and it was found that the key instrument parameter was the ion source desolvation temperature which, when set to 600 °C was sufficient to vapourise the heavier oligomers for ionisation. PS, a non-polar polymer that is very challenging to analyse by MALDI or ESI without the aid of metal salts to promote cationisation, was ionised promptly by ASAP resulting in the production of radical cations. A small degree of in-source dissociation could be eliminated by control of the instrument ion source voltages. The fragmentation observed through in-source dissociation could be duplicated in a controlled manner through Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID) of the radical cations. PEG, which preferentially ionises through adduction with alkali metal cations in MALDI and ESI, was observed as a protonated molecular ion by ASAP. In-source dissociation could not be eliminated entirely and the fragmentation observed resulted from cleavage of the C-C and C-O backbone bonds, as opposed to only C-O bond cleavage observed from tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J P Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xian
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
| | - Christopher L. Hendrickson
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Alan G. Marshall
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Florida State University,
95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800
East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
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Girod M, Antoine R, Lemoine J, Dugourd P, Charles L. End-group characterization of poly(styrene sulfonate sodium salt) by activated electron photo-detachment dissociation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3259-3266. [PMID: 22006388 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry of poly(styrene sulfonate sodium salt) (PSS) was performed after activated electron photo-detachment dissociation (activated EPD). In this technique, doubly charged PSS oligomers were first produced in negative mode electrospray ionization, then oxidized into radical anions upon electron photo-detachment using a 220 nm laser wavelength, and further activated by collision. In contrast to the collision-induced dissociation (CID) of negatively charged PSS oligomers, which does not provide informative data with regard to the end-groups, activated-EPD is shown here to promote radical-induced dissociation reactions thanks to the oxidation of a sulfonate group upon laser irradiation. Major product ions generated after backbone bond cleavages contained one or the other chain terminations and could be accounted for by two main mechanisms. Moreover, each of the proposed dissociation reactions was shown to generate two distinct fragments, depending on the location of the oxidized monomer near one or the other chain terminal moieties. As a result, a combination of these two fragments allowed a straightforward mass characterization of each end-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girod
- Université de Lyon, F-69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
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Leesutthiphonchai W, Dungchai W, Siangproh W, Ngamrojnavanich N, Chailapakul O. Selective determination of homocysteine levels in human plasma using a silver nanoparticle-based colorimetric assay. Talanta 2011; 85:870-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wesdemiotis C, Solak N, Polce MJ, Dabney DE, Chaicharoen K, Katzenmeyer BC. Fragmentation pathways of polymer ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:523-559. [PMID: 20623599 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is increasingly applied to synthetic polymers to characterize chain-end or in-chain substituents, distinguish isobaric and isomeric species, and determine macromolecular connectivities and architectures. For confident structural assignments, the fragmentation mechanisms of polymer ions must be understood, as they provide guidelines on how to deduce the desired information from the fragments observed in MS/MS spectra. This article reviews the fragmentation pathways of synthetic polymer ions that have been energized to decompose via collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), the most widely used activation method in polymer analysis. The compounds discussed encompass polystyrenes, poly(2-vinyl pyridine), polyacrylates, poly(vinyl acetate), aliphatic polyester copolymers, polyethers, and poly(dimethylsiloxane). For a number of these polymers, several substitution patterns and architectures are considered, and questions regarding the ionization agent and internal energy of the dissociating precursor ions are also addressed. Competing and consecutive dissociations are evaluated in terms of the structural insight they provide about the macromolecular structure. The fragmentation pathways of the diverse array of polymer ions examined fall into three categories, viz. (1) charge-directed fragmentations, (2) charge-remote rearrangements, and (3) charge-remote fragmentations via radical intermediates. Charge-remote processes predominate. Depending on the ionizing agent and the functional groups in the polymer, the incipient fragments arising by pathways (1)-(3) may form ion-molecule complexes that survive long enough to permit inter-fragment hydrogen atom, proton, or hydride transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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Crecelius AC, Becer C, Knop K, Schubert US. Block length determination of the block copolymer mPEG-b-PS using MALDI-TOF MS/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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24
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Giordanengo R, Viel S, Hidalgo M, Allard-Breton B, Thévand A, Charles L. Methylation of acidic moieties in poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers for end-group characterization by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1941-1947. [PMID: 20552705 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The complete structural characterization of a copolymer composed of methacrylic acid (MAA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) units was achieved using tandem mass spectrometry. In a first step, collision-induced dissociation (CID) of sodiated MAA-MMA co-oligomers allowed us to determine the co-monomeric composition, the random nature of the copolymer and the sum of the end-group masses. However, dissociation reactions of MAA-based molecules mainly involve the acidic pendant groups, precluding individual characterization of the end groups. Therefore, methylation of all the acrylic acid moieties was performed to transform the MAA-MMA copolymer into a PMMA homopolymer, for which CID mainly proceeds via backbone cleavages. Using trimethylsilyldiazomethane as a derivatization agent, this methylation reaction was shown to be complete without affecting the end groups. Using fragmentation rules established for PMMA polymers together with accurate mass measurements of the product ions and knowledge of reagents used for the studied copolymer synthesis, a structure could be proposed for both end groups and it was found to be consistent with signals obtained in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Giordanengo
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II et III-CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, F-13397 Marseille, France
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25
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De Winter J, Lemaur V, Marsal P, Coulembier O, Cornil J, Dubois P, Gerbaux P. Mechanistic study of the collision-induced dissociation of sodium-cationized polylactide oligomers: a joint experimental and theoretical investigation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1159-1168. [PMID: 20427201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The low-kinetic energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) behavior of different sodium-cationized polylactide (PLA) oligomers was thoroughly investigated to shed some light on the analytical potentialities of CID experiments in the context of polymer characterization. Indeed, investigation of several end-groups modified PLA reveals that, in addition to the expected end-group specific dissociations, collisionally-excited PLA.Na(+) suffer from a backbone cleavage. The so-obtained sodium-bound dimer cations consecutively undergo the loss of a monomeric residue that corresponds to neutral acrylic acid. The experimental observations, performed on a hybrid Q-ToF instrument, were totally corroborated by a theoretical study involving DFT calculations, molecular mechanics, and molecular dynamics calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien De Winter
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Spectrométrie de Masse (CISMa), University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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27
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Gruendling T, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry: a state-of-the-art up-date. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Hilton GR, Jackson AT, Thalassinos K, Scrivens JH. Structural analysis of synthetic polymer mixtures using ion mobility and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 80:9720-5. [PMID: 19072273 DOI: 10.1021/ac801716c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility (IM) combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been employed to separate and differentiate between polyether oligomers with the same nominal molecular weights. Poly(ethylene glycol)s with the same nominal mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), but with differing structures, were separated using ion mobility. IM-MS/MS data were able to aid identification of the backbone and end groups of the four individual polyethers in the two sets of isobaric mixtures. The MS/MS data from the resolved oligomers enabled a detailed structural characterization of the polyether mixtures to be completed in one experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian R Hilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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29
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Crecelius AC, Baumgaertel A, Schubert US. Tandem mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1277-1286. [PMID: 19676098 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The detailed characterization of macromolecules plays an important role for synthetic chemists to define and specify the structure and properties of the successfully synthesized polymers. The search for new characterization techniques for polymers is essential for the continuation of the development of improved synthesis methods. The application of tandem mass spectrometry for the detailed characterization of synthetic polymers using the soft ionization techniques matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), which became the basic tools in proteomics, has greatly been increased in recent years and is summarized in this perspective. Examples of a variety of homopolymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene glycol), as well as copolymers, e.g. copolyesters, are given. The advanced mass spectrometric techniques described in this review will presumably become one of the basic tools in polymer chemistry in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Crecelius
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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30
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Giordanengo R, Viel S, Allard-Breton B, Thévand A, Charles L. Positive mode electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of poly(methacrylic acid) oligomers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1557-1562. [PMID: 19399764 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dissociation of small poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) cations produced by electrospray was characterized by tandem mass spectrometry. Similarly to PMAA ions produced in the negative ion mode, the two electrosprayed cationic forms, namely [PMAA+Na](+) and [PMAA-H+2Na](+), were shown to fragment via a major pathway consisting of successive dehydration steps. Elimination of a water molecule would occur between two consecutive acid groups in a charged-remote mechanism and was shown to proceed as many times as pairs of acidic pendant groups were available. As a result, comparing the number of dehydration steps observed in the MS/MS spectrum of two consecutive oligomers from the polymeric distribution reveals the degree of polymerization of the molecule. Secondary less informative reactions were shown to consist of losses of CO and/or CO(2), depending on the nature of the precursor ion. These fragmentation rules could be used to characterize PMAA-based copolymers, as successfully demonstrated for a polymeric impurity in the tested PMAA sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Giordanengo
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II et III - CNRS, UMR 6264, Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, F-13397 Marseille, France
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31
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Asakawa D, Chen LC, Hiraoka K. The analysis of industrial synthetic polymers by electrospray droplet impact/secondary ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:945-951. [PMID: 19266539 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray droplet impact (EDI)/secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a new desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry in which highly charged water clusters produced from the atmospheric-pressure electrospray are accelerated in vacuum by several kV and impact the sample deposited on the metal substrate. In this study, several industrial synthetic polymers, e.g. polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were analyzed by EDI/SIMS mass spectrometry. For higher molecular weight analytes, e.g. PS4000 and PEG4600, EDI/SIMS mass spectra could be obtained when cationization salts are added. For the polymers of lower molecular weights, e.g. PEG300 and PEG600, they could be readily detected as protonated ions without the addition of cationization agents. Anionized PS was also observed in the negative ion mode of operation when acetic acid was added to the charged droplet. Compared to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), ion signal distribution with lower background signals could be obtained particularly for the low-molecular weight polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Asakawa
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, Takeda-4, Kofu, 400-8511, Japan
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32
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Girod M, Phan TNT, Charles L. Tuning block copolymer structural information by adjusting salt concentration in liquid chromatography at critical conditions coupled with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1476-1482. [PMID: 19350528 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Different cationic adducts of poly(ethylene oxide)/polystyrene block co-oligomers could be produced by adjusting the salt concentration in the mobile phase using a coupling between liquid chromatography at critical conditions and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Formation of doubly lithiated adducts was observed at high LiCl concentration (1 mM) while lowering the salt concentration down to 0.1 mM allowed co-oligomers to be ionized with both a proton and a lithium. The fragmentation pathways observed to occur upon collision-induced dissociation of ionized copolymers were shown to be highly dependent on the nature of the cationic adducts. As a result, complementary structural information could be reached by performing MS/MS experiments on different ionic forms of the same co-oligomer molecule. On one hand, release of the nitroxide end-group as a radical from [M+2Li](2+) was followed by a complete depolymerization of the polystyrene block, allowing both this end-group and the polystyrene segment size to be determined. On the other hand, [M+H+Li](2+) precursor ions mainly dissociated via reactions involving bond cleavages within the nitroxide moiety, yielding useful structural information on this end-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girod
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II & III - CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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33
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Gruendling T, Guilhaus M, Barner-Kowollik C. Design of Experiment (DoE) as a Tool for the Optimization of Source Conditions in SEC-ESI-MS of Functional Synthetic Polymers Synthesized via ATRP. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:589-97. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Mazarin M, Girod M, Viel S, Phan TNT, Marque SRA, Humbel S, Charles L. Role of the Adducted Cation in the Release of Nitroxide End Group of Controlled Polymer in Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802372m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Mazarin
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Girod
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Trang N. T. Phan
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Humbel
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
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35
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Alhazmi AM, Mayer PM. Protonating polymer oligomers in the gas phase to change fragmentation pathways. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:60-66. [PMID: 18845449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ionization of polymers in mass spectrometry is usually achieved by forming metal ion adducts. The metal ion has been shown by Wesdemiotis to often play a spectator role in the collision-induced dissociation (CID) chemistry of these species, wherein they fragment according to a free-radical mechanism similar to that found in their pyrolysis. The result is a predominance of low-mass ions in the CID mass spectrum. We have changed this behavior by generating protonated oligomers in the gas phase by first forming proton-bound complexes of the oligomers with amino acids or peptides by electrospray ionization. These complexes dissociate first by loss of the amino acid/peptide to form protonated oligomers, which then undergo a unique fragmentation chemistry. In this article we discuss the results for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA). Initially, protonated PMMA and PBA lose methanol and butanol, respectively, from the side chains of the respective monomers. The resulting PMMA-derived ion then undergoes a series of neutral losses corresponding to 32 and 28 Da, methanol and carbon monoxide. This continues as collision energy increases until a final, carbon-rich backbone ion is formed, which then undergoes a classic hydrocarbon fragmentation pattern. The PBA-derived ions are proposed to fragment by the loss of butylether molecules to form anhydride rings along the oligomer chain. The number of ether molecules lost corresponded to half the number of available side chains in the oligomer. The resulting poly-anhydride ion dissociates by small molecule loss. Mechanisms have been suggested for the fragmentation chemistry of these two classes of oligomers.
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36
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Giordanengo R, Viel S, Allard-Breton B, Thévand A, Charles L. Tandem mass spectrometry of poly(methacrylic Acid) oligomers produced by negative mode electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:25-33. [PMID: 18926720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dissociation of small poly(methyl acrylic acid) (PMAA) anions produced by electrospray was characterized by tandem mass spectrometry. Upon collisional activation, singly, and doubly deprotonated PMAA oligomers were shown to fragment via two major reactions, dehydration and decarboxylation. The elimination of a water molecule would occur between two consecutive acid groups in a charged-remote mechanism, giving rise to cyclic anhydrides, and was shown to proceed as many times as pairs of neutral pendant groups were available. As a result, the number of dehydration steps, together with the abundance of the fragment ions produced after the release of all water molecules, revealed the polymerization degree of the molecule in the particular case of doubly charged oligomers. For singly deprotonated molecules, the exact number of MAA units could be reached from the number of carbon dioxide molecules successively eliminated from the fully dehydrated precursor ions. In contrast to dehydration, decarboxylation reactions would proceed via a charge-induced mechanism. The proposed dissociation mechanisms are consistent with results commonly reported in thermal degradation studies of poly(acrylic acid) resins and were supported by accurate mass measurements. These fragmentation rules were successfully applied to characterize a polymeric impurity detected in the tested PMAA sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Giordanengo
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II & III-CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Marseille, France
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37
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Ladavière C, Lacroix-Desmazes P, Delolme F. First Systematic MALDI/ESI Mass Spectrometry Comparison to Characterize Polystyrene Synthesized by Different Controlled Radical Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8013788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ladavière
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, UMR CNRS 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Lyon 1, 15 Bd André Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR CNRS 5253, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, and Service Central d’Analyses du CNRS, Chemin du canal, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, UMR CNRS 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Lyon 1, 15 Bd André Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR CNRS 5253, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, and Service Central d’Analyses du CNRS, Chemin du canal, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Frédéric Delolme
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, UMR CNRS 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Lyon 1, 15 Bd André Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR CNRS 5253, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, and Service Central d’Analyses du CNRS, Chemin du canal, 69360 Solaize, France
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38
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Girod M, Phan TNT, Charles L. On-line coupling of liquid chromatography at critical conditions with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the characterization of a nitroxide-mediated poly(ethylene oxide)/polystyrene block copolymer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3767-3775. [PMID: 18980254 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCC) with on-line mass spectrometry (MS) detection was implemented via an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface, using a mobile phase containing the cationizing agent. Critical conditions established for poly(ethylene oxide) were used to characterize a poly(ethylene oxide)/polystyrene block copolymer (PEO-b-PS) in both MS and MS/MS modes. As co-oligomer molecules were successfully separated according to the PS block size, structural information could be reached from simplified MS spectra. The microstructure of this copolymer, synthesized by nitroxide-mediated polymerization, could further be unambiguously characterized in LCCC/ESI-MS/MS experiments since the PS block size could be reached by both the co-oligomer chromatographic behavior and its MS/MS pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girod
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II & III - CNRS, UMR 6264, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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39
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Girod M, Phan TNT, Charles L. Microstructural study of a nitroxide-mediated poly(ethylene oxide)/polystyrene block copolymer (PEO-b-PS) by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1163-1175. [PMID: 18524621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry has been used to characterize the microstructure of a nitroxide-mediated poly(ethylene oxide)/polystyrene block copolymer, called SG1-capped PEO-b-PS. The main dissociation route of co-oligomers adducted with lithium or silver cation was observed to proceed via the homolytic cleavage of a C-ON bond, aimed at undergoing reversible homolysis during nitroxide mediated polymerization. This cleavage results in the elimination of the terminal SG1 end-group as a radical, inducing a complete depolymerization process of the PS block from the so-formed radical cation. These successive eliminations of styrene molecules allowed a straightforward determination of the PS block size. An alternative fragmentation pathway of the radical cation was shown to provide structural information on the junction group between the two blocks. Proposed dissociation mechanisms were supported by accurate mass measurements. Structural information on the SG1 end-group could be reached from weak abundance fragment ions detected in the low m/z range of the MS/MS spectrum. Amongst fragments typically expected from PS dissociation, only beta ions were produced. Moreover, specific dissociation of the PEO block was not observed to occur in MS/MS, suggesting that these rearrangement reactions do not compete effectively with dissociations of the odd-electron fragment ions. Information about the PEO block length and the initiated end-group were obtained in MS(3) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girod
- Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II and III-CNRS, UMR 6264, Marseille, France
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40
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Characterization of linear and branched polyacrylates by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:595-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Polce MJ, Ocampo M, Quirk RP, Leigh AM, Wesdemiotis C. Tandem Mass Spectrometry Characteristics of Silver-Cationized Polystyrenes: Internal Energy, Size, and Chain End versus Backbone Substituent Effects. Anal Chem 2007; 80:355-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ac701917x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Polce
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
| | - Manuela Ocampo
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
| | - Roderic P. Quirk
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
| | - Alyison M. Leigh
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
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Polce MJ, Ocampo M, Quirk RP, Wesdemiotis C. Tandem Mass Spectrometry Characteristics of Silver-Cationized Polystyrenes: Backbone Degradation via Free Radical Chemistry. Anal Chem 2007; 80:347-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac071071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Polce
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
| | - Manuela Ocampo
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
| | - Roderic P. Quirk
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325
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