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Lin TE, Darvishi S. A Brief Review of In Situ and Operando Electrochemical Analysis of Bacteria by Scanning Probes. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:695. [PMID: 37504094 PMCID: PMC10377567 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are similar to social organisms that engage in critical interactions with one another, forming spatially structured communities. Despite extensive research on the composition, structure, and communication of bacteria, the mechanisms behind their interactions and biofilm formation are not yet fully understood. To address this issue, scanning probe techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) have been utilized to analyze bacteria. This review article focuses on summarizing the use of electrochemical scanning probes for investigating bacteria, including analysis of electroactive metabolites, enzymes, oxygen consumption, ion concentrations, pH values, biofilms, and quorum sensing molecules to provide a better understanding of bacterial interactions and communication. SECM has been combined with other techniques, such as AFM, inverted optical microscopy, SICM, and fluorescence microscopy. This allows a comprehensive study of the surfaces of bacteria while also providing more information on their metabolic activity. In general, the use of scanning probes for the detection of bacteria has shown great promise and has the potential to provide a powerful tool for the study of bacterial physiology and the detection of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Sorour Darvishi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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2
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Chen H, Kong X, Wang D, Zhang M. Flexible Disk Ultramicroelectrode for High-Resolution and Substrate-Tolerable Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17320-17327. [PMID: 36448925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A simple and universal strategy for fabricating flexible 25 μm platinum (Pt) disk ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) was proposed, where a pulled borosilicate glass micropipette acted as a mold for shaping the flexible tip with flexible epoxy resin. The whole preparation procedure was highly efficient, enabling 10 or more probes to be manually fabricated within 10 h. Intriguingly, this technique permits an adjustable RG ratio, tip length, and stiffness, which could be tuned according to varying experimental demands. Besides, the electroactive area of the probe could be exposed and made renewable with a thin blade, allowing its reuse in multiple experiments. The flexibility characterization was then employed to optimize the resin/hardener mass ratio of epoxy resin and the tip position during HF etching in the fabrication process, suggesting that more hardener, a larger RG value, or a longer tip length obtained stronger deformation resistance. Subsequently, the as-prepared probe was examined by optical microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and SECM approach curves. The results demonstrated the probe possessed good geometry with a small RG ratio of less than 3 and exceptional electrochemical properties, and its insulating sheath remained undeformed after blade cutting. Owing to the tip's flexibility, it could be operated in contactless mode with an extremely low working distance and even in contact mode scanning to achieve high spatial resolution and high sensitivity while guaranteeing that the tip and samples would suffer minimal damage if the tip crashed. Finally, the flexible probe was successfully employed in three scanning scenarios where tilted and 3D structured PDMS microchips, a latent fingerprint deposited on the stiff copper sheet, and soft egg white were included. In all, the flexible probe encompasses the advantages of traditional disk UMEs and circumvents their principal drawbacks of tip crash and causing sample scratches, which is thus more compatible with large specimens of 3D structured, stiff, or even soft topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
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Shi M, Wang L, Xie Z, Zhao L, Zhang X, Zhang M. High-Content Label-Free Single-Cell Analysis with a Microfluidic Device Using Programmable Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12417-12425. [PMID: 34464090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular heterogeneity and plasticity are often overlooked due to the averaged bulk assay in conventional methods. Optical imaging-based single-cell analysis usually requires specific labeling of target molecules inside or on the surface of the cell membrane, interfering with the physiological homeostasis of the cell. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), as an alternative approach, enables label-free imaging of single cells, which still confronts the challenge that the long-time scanning process is not feasible for large-scale analysis at the single-cell level. Herein, we developed a methodology combining a programmable SECM (P-SECM) with an addressable microwell array, which dramatically shortened the time consumption for the topography detection of the micropits array occupied by the polystyrene beads as well as the evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of the 82 single cells compared with the traditional SECM imaging. This new arithmetic was based on the line scanning approach, enabling analysis of over 900 microwells within 1.2 h, which is 10 times faster than conventional SECM imaging. By implementing this configuration with the dual-mediator-based voltage-switching (VSM) mode, we investigated the activity of ALP, a promising marker for cancer stem cells, in hundreds of tumor and stromal cells on a single microwell device. The results discovered that not only a higher ALP activity is presented in cancer cells but also the heterogeneous distribution of kinetic constant (kf value) of ALP activity can be obtained at the single-cell level. By directly relating large numbers of addressed cells on the scalable microfluidic device to the deterministic routing of the above SECM tip, our platform holds potential as a high-content screening tool for label-free single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenda Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.,Centre of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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4
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Darvishi S, Pick H, Lin TE, Zhu Y, Li X, Ho PC, Girault HH, Lesch A. Tape-Stripping Electrochemical Detection of Melanoma. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12900-12908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Darvishi
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yingdi Zhu
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Ping-Chih Ho
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, CH-1015 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, Rue de l’Industrie 17, CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, IT-40136 Bologna, Italy
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5
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Filice FP, Ding Z. Analysing single live cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:738-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) offers single live cell activities along its topography toward cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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Lin TE, Lesch A, Li CL, Girault HH. Mapping the antioxidant activity of apple peels with soft probe scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kang M, Momotenko D, Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Frontiers in Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging: Faster, Multifunctional, and Ultrasensitive. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7993-8008. [PMID: 27396415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of interfacial physicochemical processes, from electrochemistry to the functioning of living cells, involve spatially localized chemical fluxes that are associated with specific features of the interface. Scanning electrochemical probe microscopes (SEPMs) represent a powerful means of visualizing interfacial fluxes, and this Feature Article highlights recent developments that have radically advanced the speed, spatial resolution, functionality, and sensitivity of SEPMs. A major trend has been a coming together of SEPMs that developed independently and the use of established SEPMs in completely new ways, greatly expanding their scope and impact. The focus is on nanopipette-based SEPMs, including scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and hybrid techniques thereof, particularly with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Nanopipette-based probes are made easily, quickly, and cheaply with tunable characteristics. They are reproducible and can be fully characterized. Their response can be modeled in considerable detail so that quantitative maps of chemical fluxes and other properties (e.g., local charge) can be obtained and analyzed. This article provides an overview of the use of these probes for high-speed imaging, to create movies of electrochemical processes in action, to carry out multifunctional mapping such as simultaneous topography-charge and topography-activity, and to create nanoscale electrochemical cells for the detection, trapping, and analysis of single entities, particularly individual molecules and nanoparticles (NPs). These studies provide a platform for the further application and diversification of SEPMs across a wide range of interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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9
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Holzinger A, Steinbach C, Kranz C. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM): Fundamentals and Applications in Life Sciences. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has made significant contributions to the life sciences. Innovative developments focusing on high-resolution imaging, developing novel operation modes, and combining SECM with complementary optical or scanning probe techniques renders SECM an attractive analytical approach. This chapter gives an introduction to the essential instrumentation and operation principles of SECM for studying biologically-relevant systems. Particular emphasis is given to applications aimed at imaging the activity of biochemical constituents such as enzymes, antibodies, and DNA, which play a pivotal role in biomedical diagnostics. Furthermore, the unique advantages of SECM and combined techniques for studying live cells is highlighted by discussion of selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Holzinger
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Charlotte Steinbach
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Ulm 89069 Ulm Germany
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10
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Momotenko D, Byers JC, McKelvey K, Kang M, Unwin PR. High-Speed Electrochemical Imaging. ACS NANO 2015; 9:8942-8952. [PMID: 26267455 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The design, development, and application of high-speed scanning electrochemical probe microscopy is reported. The approach allows the acquisition of a series of high-resolution images (typically 1000 pixels μm(-2)) at rates approaching 4 seconds per frame, while collecting up to 8000 image pixels per second, about 1000 times faster than typical imaging speeds used up to now. The focus is on scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), but the principles and practicalities are applicable to many electrochemical imaging methods. The versatility of the high-speed scan concept is demonstrated at a variety of substrates, including imaging the electroactivity of a patterned self-assembled monolayer on gold, visualization of chemical reactions occurring at single wall carbon nanotubes, and probing nanoscale electrocatalysts for water splitting. These studies provide movies of spatial variations of electrochemical fluxes as a function of potential and a platform for the further development of high speed scanning with other electrochemical imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua C Byers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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11
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Kuss S, Trinh D, Danis L, Mauzeroll J. High-Speed Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Method for Substrate Kinetic Determination: Method and Theory. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8096-101. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kuss
- McGill University, Chemistry Department, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Québec H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Dao Trinh
- Université de la Rochelle, Laboratoire des Sciences
de l’Ingénieur Pour l’Environnement, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17000 La Rochelle, France
| | - Laurence Danis
- McGill University, Chemistry Department, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Québec H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- McGill University, Chemistry Department, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Québec H3A 2A7, Canada
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12
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Bondarenko A, Cortés-Salazar F, Gheorghiu M, Gáspár S, Momotenko D, Stanica L, Lesch A, Gheorghiu E, Girault HH. Electrochemical push-pull probe: from scanning electrochemical microscopy to multimodal altering of cell microenvironment. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4479-86. [PMID: 25833001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To understand biological processes at the cellular level, a general approach is to alter the cells' environment and to study their chemical responses. Herein, we present the implementation of an electrochemical push-pull probe, which combines a microfluidic system with a microelectrode, as a tool for locally altering the microenvironment of few adherent living cells by working in two different perturbation modes, namely electrochemical (i.e., electrochemical generation of a chemical effector compound) and microfluidic (i.e., infusion of a chemical effector compound from the pushing microchannel, while simultaneously aspirating it through the pulling channel, thereby focusing the flow between the channels). The effect of several parameters such as flow rate, working distance, and probe inclination angle on the affected area of adherently growing cells was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. As a proof of concept, localized fluorescent labeling and pH changes were purposely introduced to validate the probe as a tool for studying adherent cancer cells through the control over the chemical composition of the extracellular space with high spatiotemporal resolution. A very good agreement between experimental and simulated results showed that the electrochemical perturbation mode enables to affect precisely only a few living cells localized in a high-density cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bondarenko
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mihaela Gheorghiu
- ‡International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Szilveszter Gáspár
- ‡International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luciana Stanica
- ‡International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.,§Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreas Lesch
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eugen Gheorghiu
- ‡International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor Street, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.,§Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hubert H Girault
- †Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pribil MM, Cortés-Salazar F, Andreyev EA, Lesch A, Karyakina EE, Voronin OG, Girault HH, Karyakin AA. Rapid optimization of a lactate biosensor design using soft probes scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nebel M, Erichsen T, Schuhmann W. Constant-distance mode SECM as a tool to visualize local electrocatalytic activity of oxygen reduction catalysts. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:141-51. [PMID: 24600538 PMCID: PMC3943292 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional shearforce-based constant-distance mode scanning electrochemical microscopy (4D SF/CD-SECM) was utilized for the investigation of the activity distribution of oxygen reduction catalysts. Carbon-supported Pt model catalyst powders have been immobilized in recessed microelectrodes and compared to a spot preparation technique. Microcavities serve as platform for the binder-free catalyst sample preparation exhibiting beneficial properties for constant-distance mode SECM imaging concerning modified surface area and catalyst loading. The integration of the redox competition mode of SECM into the detection scheme of the 4D SF/CD mode is demonstrated for specifically adapting high-resolution SECM experiments to powder-based catalyst preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Nebel
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum
- Sensolytics GmbH, Universitätsstr 142, D-44799 Bochum
| | | | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum
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Kranz C. Recent advancements in nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes used in combined scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques. Analyst 2014; 139:336-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01651j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lesch A, Chen PC, Roelfs F, Dosche C, Momotenko D, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH, Wittstock G. Finger Probe Array for Topography-Tolerant Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Extended Samples. Anal Chem 2013; 86:713-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403168p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lesch
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Po-Chung Chen
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Folkert Roelfs
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Dosche
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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17
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High-throughput scanning electrochemical microscopy brushing of strongly tilted and curved surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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20
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Local control of protein binding and cell adhesion by patterned organic thin films. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3673-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Nebel M, Neugebauer S, Eckhard K, Schuhmann W. Ring-disk microelectrodes for simultaneous constant-distance and constant-current mode scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Ebejer N, Güell AG, Lai SCS, McKelvey K, Snowden ME, Unwin PR. Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy: a versatile technique for nanoscale electrochemistry and functional imaging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:329-51. [PMID: 23560932 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is a new pipette-based imaging technique purposely designed to allow simultaneous electrochemical, conductance, and topographical visualization of surfaces and interfaces. SECCM uses a tiny meniscus or droplet, at the end of a double-barreled (theta) pipette, for high-resolution functional imaging and nanoscale electrochemical measurements. Here we introduce this technique and provide an overview of its principles, instrumentation, and theory. We discuss the power of SECCM in resolving complex structure-activity problems and provide considerable new information on electrode processes by referring to key example systems, including graphene, graphite, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, and conducting diamond. The many longstanding questions that SECCM has been able to answer during its short existence demonstrate its potential to become a major technique in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ebejer
- Department of Chemistry, University ofWarwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Guerrette JP, Percival SJ, Zhang B. Fluorescence Coupling for Direct Imaging of Electrocatalytic Heterogeneity. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 135:855-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Guerrette
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Stephen J. Percival
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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24
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Lesch A, Vaske B, Meiners F, Momotenko D, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH, Wittstock G. Parallel Imaging and Template-Free Patterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers with Soft Linear Microelectrode Arrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10413-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Lesch A, Vaske B, Meiners F, Momotenko D, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH, Wittstock G. Parallele Abbildung und templatfreie Strukturierung selbstorganisierter Monoschichten mit weichen linearen Mikroelektrodenarrays. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Momotenko D, Qiao L, Cortés-Salazar F, Lesch A, Wittstock G, Girault HH. Electrochemical Push–Pull Scanner with Mass Spectrometry Detection. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6630-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac300999v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liang Qiao
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111
Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111
Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Cornut R, Poirier S, Mauzeroll J. Forced convection during feedback approach curve measurements in scanning electrochemical microscopy: maximal displacement velocity with a microdisk. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3531-7. [PMID: 22385037 DOI: 10.1021/ac203047d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), an approach curve performed in feedback mode involves the downward displacement of a microelectrode toward a substrate while applying a bias to detect dissolved electroactive species at a diffusion-limited rate. The resulting measured current is said to be at steady state. In order to reduce the required measurement time, the approach velocity can be increased. In this paper, we investigate experimentally and theoretically the combination of diffusion and convection processes related to a moving microdisk electrode during feedback approaches. Transient modeling and numerical simulations with moving boundaries are performed, and the results are compared to the experimental approach curves obtained in aqueous solution. The geometry and misalignment of the microelectrode influence the experimental approach curves recorded at high approach velocities. The effects are discussed through the decomposition of the current into transient diffusional, radial convectional, and axial convectional contributions. Finally a ready-to-use expression is provided to rapidly evaluate the maximal approach velocity for steady state measurements as a function of the microelectrode geometry and the physical properties of the media. This expression holds for the more restrictive case of negative feedback as well as other modes, such as SECM approach curves performed at substrates displaying first order kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cornut
- Department of Chemistry, NanoQAM Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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28
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Lesch A, Momotenko D, Cortés-Salazar F, Wirth I, Tefashe UM, Meiners F, Vaske B, Girault HH, Wittstock G. Fabrication of soft gold microelectrode arrays as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Batchelor-McAuley C, Dickinson EJF, Rees NV, Toghill KE, Compton RG. New Electrochemical Methods. Anal Chem 2011; 84:669-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2026767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund J. F. Dickinson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Neil V. Rees
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn E. Toghill
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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30
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Momotenko D, Cortes-Salazar F, Lesch A, Wittstock G, Girault HH. Microfluidic push-pull probe for scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5275-82. [PMID: 21563749 DOI: 10.1021/ac2006729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a microfluidic push-pull probe for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) consisting of a working microelectrode, an integrated counter/reference electrode and two microchannels for pushing and pulling an electrolyte solution to and away from a substrate. With such a configuration, a droplet of a permanently renewed redox mediator solution is maintained just at the probe tip to carry out SECM measurements on initially dry substrates or in microenvironments. For SECM imaging purposes, the probe fabricated in a soft polymer material is used in a contact regime. SECM images of various gold-on-glass samples demonstrate the proof-of-concept of a push-pull probe for local surface activity characterization with high spatial resolution even on vertically oriented substrates. Finite element computations were performed to guide the improvement of the probe sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Cortés-Salazar F, Momotenko D, Girault HH, Lesch A, Wittstock G. Seeing Big with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1493-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101931d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Andreas Lesch
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg (Germany)
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32
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Mirkin MV, Nogala W, Velmurugan J, Wang Y. Scanning electrochemical microscopy in the 21st century. Update 1: five years after. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21196-212. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22376c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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