1
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Guo Z, Zhao Y, Jin Z, Chang Y, Wang X, Guo G, Zhao Y. Monolithic 3D nanoelectrospray emitters based on a continuous fluid-assisted etching strategy for glass droplet microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7781-7788. [PMID: 38784731 PMCID: PMC11110156 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01700e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Glass microfluidic chips are suitable for coupling with mass spectrometry (MS) due to their flexible design, optical transparency and resistance to organic reagents. However, due to the high hardness and brittleness of glass, there is a lack of simple and feasible technology to manufacture a monolithic nanospray ionization (nESI) emitter on a glass microchip, which hinders its coupling with mass spectrometry. Here, a continuous fluid-assisted etching strategy is proposed to fabricate monolithic three-dimensional (3D) nESI emitters integrated into glass microchips. A continuous fluid of methanol is adopted to protect the inner wall of the channels and the bonding interface of the glass microfluidic chip from being wet-etched, forming sharp 3D nESI emitters. The fabricated 3D nESI emitter can form a stable electrospray plume, resulting in consistent nESI detection of acetylcholine with an RSD of 4.5% within 10 min. The fabricated 3D emitter is integrated on a glass microfluidic chip designed with a T-junction droplet generator, which can realize efficient analysis of acetylcholine in picoliter-volume droplets by nESI-MS. Stability testing of over 20 000 droplets detected by the established system resulted in an RSD of 9.1% over approximately 180 min. The detection of ten neurochemicals in rat cerebrospinal fluid droplets is achieved. The established glass droplet microfluidic chip-MS system exhibits potential for broad applications such as in vivo neurochemical monitoring and single-cell analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Yingqi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Yaran Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
| | - Guangsheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
- Minzu University of China Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124 China
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2
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Guo Y, Cupp‐Sutton KA, Zhao Z, Anjum S, Wu S. Multidimensional Separations in Top-Down Proteomics. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 4:181-203. [PMID: 38188188 PMCID: PMC10769458 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Top-down proteomics (TDP) identifies, quantifies, and characterizes proteins at the intact proteoform level in complex biological samples to understand proteoform function and cellular mechanisms. However, analyzing complex biological samples using TDP is still challenging due to high sample complexity and wide dynamic range. High-resolution separation methods are often applied prior to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis to decrease sample complexity and increase proteomics throughput. These separation methods, however, may not be efficient enough to characterize low abundance intact proteins in complex samples. As such, multidimensional separation techniques (combination of two or more separation methods with high orthogonality) have been developed and applied that demonstrate improved separation resolution and more comprehensive identification in TDP. A suite of multidimensional separation methods that couple various types of liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and/or gel electrophoresis-based separation approaches have been developed and applied in TDP to analyze complex biological samples. Here, we reviewed multidimensional separation strategies employed for TDP, summarized current applications, and discussed the gaps that may be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Guo
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of OklahomaOklahomaNormanUSA
| | | | - Zhitao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of OklahomaOklahomaNormanUSA
| | - Samin Anjum
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of OklahomaOklahomaNormanUSA
| | - Si Wu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of OklahomaOklahomaNormanUSA
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3
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De Figueiredo I, Bartenlian B, Van der Rest G, Pallandre A, Halgand F. Proteomics Methodologies: The Search of Protein Biomarkers Using Microfluidic Systems Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Proteomes 2023; 11:proteomes11020019. [PMID: 37218924 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein biomarkers have been the subject of intensive studies as a target for disease diagnostics and monitoring. Indeed, biomarkers have been extensively used for personalized medicine. In biological samples, these biomarkers are most often present in low concentrations masked by a biologically complex proteome (e.g., blood) making their detection difficult. This complexity is further increased by the needs to detect proteoforms and proteome complexity such as the dynamic range of compound concentrations. The development of techniques that simultaneously pre-concentrate and identify low-abundance biomarkers in these proteomes constitutes an avant-garde approach to the early detection of pathologies. Chromatographic-based methods are widely used for protein separation, but these methods are not adapted for biomarker discovery, as they require complex sample handling due to the low biomarker concentration. Therefore, microfluidics devices have emerged as a technology to overcome these shortcomings. In terms of detection, mass spectrometry (MS) is the standard analytical tool given its high sensitivity and specificity. However, for MS, the biomarker must be introduced as pure as possible in order to avoid chemical noise and improve sensitivity. As a result, microfluidics coupled with MS has become increasingly popular in the field of biomarker discovery. This review will show the different approaches to protein enrichment using miniaturized devices and the importance of their coupling with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel De Figueiredo
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, Avenue Jean Perrin, F91400 Orsay, France
| | - Bernard Bartenlian
- Centre des Nanosciences et Nanotechnologies, Université Paris Saclay, 10 Boulevard Thomas Gobert, F91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Guillaume Van der Rest
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, Avenue Jean Perrin, F91400 Orsay, France
| | - Antoine Pallandre
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, Avenue Jean Perrin, F91400 Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Halgand
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris Saclay, Avenue Jean Perrin, F91400 Orsay, France
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4
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Zhou Y, Jönsson A, Sticker D, Zhou G, Yuan Z, Kutter JP, Emmer Å. Thiol-ene-based microfluidic chips for glycopeptide enrichment and online digestion of inflammation-related proteins osteopontin and immunoglobulin G. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1173-1185. [PMID: 36607393 PMCID: PMC9817458 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, and more specifically glycoproteins, have been widely used as biomarkers, e.g., to monitor disease states. Bottom-up approaches based on mass spectrometry (MS) are techniques commonly utilized in glycoproteomics, involving protein digestion and glycopeptide enrichment. Here, a dual function polymeric thiol-ene-based microfluidic chip (TE microchip) was applied for the analysis of the proteins osteopontin (OPN) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), which have important roles in autoimmune diseases, in inflammatory diseases, and in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). TE microchips with larger internal surface features immobilized with trypsin were successfully utilized for OPN digestion, providing rapid and efficient digestion with a residence time of a few seconds. Furthermore, TE microchips surface-modified with ascorbic acid linker (TEA microchip) have been successfully utilized for IgG glycopeptide enrichment. To illustrate the use of the chips for more complex samples, they were applied to enrich IgG glycopeptides from human serum samples with antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The dual functional TE microchips could provide high throughput for online protein digestion and glycopeptide enrichment, showing great promise for future extended applications in proteomics and the study of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Jönsson
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Drago Sticker
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Biophysics and Formulation, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Guojun Zhou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zishuo Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Åsa Emmer
- Department of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Shao X, Huang Y, Wang G. Microfluidic devices for protein analysis using intact and top‐down mass spectrometry. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20220032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyang Shao
- Institute for Cell Analysis Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen China
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Institute for Cell Analysis Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen China
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center Peking University Beijing China
- Peking‐Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University Beijing China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Peking University Beijing China
| | - Guanbo Wang
- Institute for Cell Analysis Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen China
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center Peking University Beijing China
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6
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Li W, Chaihu L, Jiang J, Wu B, Zheng X, Dai R, Tian Y, Huang Y, Wang G, Men Y. Microfluidic Platform for Time-Resolved Characterization of Protein Higher-Order Structures and Dynamics Using Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7520-7527. [PMID: 35584038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of protein higher-order structures and dynamics is essential for understanding the biological functions of proteins and revealing the underlying mechanisms. Top-down mass spectrometry (MS) accesses structural information at both the intact protein level and the peptide fragment level. Native top-down MS allows analysis of a protein complex's architecture and subunits' identity and modifications. Top-down hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) MS offers high spatial resolution for conformational or binding interface analysis and enables conformer-specific characterization. A microfluidic chip can provide superior performance for front-end reactions useful for these MS workflows, such as flexibility in manipulating multiple reactant flows, integrating various functional modules, and automation. However, most microchip-MS devices are designed for bottom-up approaches or top-down proteomics. Here, we demonstrate a strategy for designing a microchip for top-down MS analysis of protein higher-order structures and dynamics. It is suitable for time-resolved native MS and HDX MS, with designs aiming for efficient ionization of intact protein complexes, flexible manipulation of multiple reactant flows, and precise control of reaction times over a broad range of flow rates on the submicroliter per minute scale. The performance of the prototype device is demonstrated by measurements of systems including monoclonal antibodies, antibody-antigen complexes, and coexisting protein conformers. This strategy may benefit elaborate structural analysis of biomacromolecules and inspire method development using the microchip-MS approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lingxiao Chaihu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Institute of Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Jialu Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bizhu Wu
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongrong Dai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Institute of Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Institute of Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.,Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guanbo Wang
- Institute of Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.,Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongfan Men
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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7
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Characterisation of a new online nanoLC-CZE-MS platform and application for the glycosylation profiling of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:1745-1757. [PMID: 34881393 PMCID: PMC8791864 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing complexity of biological samples to be analysed by mass spectrometry has led to the necessity of sophisticated separation techniques, including multidimensional separation. Despite a high degree of orthogonality, the coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has not gained notable attention in research. Here, we present a heart-cut nanoLC-CZE-ESI-MS platform to analyse intact proteins. NanoLC and CZE-MS are coupled using a four-port valve with an internal nanoliter loop. NanoLC and CZE-MS conditions were optimised independently to find ideal conditions for the combined setup. The valve setup enables an ideal transfer efficiency between the dimensions while maintaining good separation conditions in both dimensions. Due to the higher loadability, the nanoLC-CZE-MS setup exhibits a 280-fold increased concentration sensitivity compared to CZE-MS. The platform was used to characterise intact human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), an extremely heterogeneous N-glycosylated protein. With the nanoLC-CZE-MS approach, 368 glycoforms can be assigned at a concentration of 50 μg/mL as opposed to the assignment of only 186 glycoforms from 1 mg/mL by CZE-MS. Additionally, we demonstrate that glycosylation profiling is accessible for dried blood spot analysis (25 μg/mL AGP spiked), indicating the general applicability of our setup to biological matrices. The combination of high sensitivity and orthogonal selectivity in both dimensions makes the here-presented nanoLC-CZE-MS approach capable of detailed characterisation of intact proteins and their proteoforms from complex biological samples and in physiologically relevant concentrations.
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8
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Li H, Guo C, Zhang Q, Bao L, Zheng Q, Guo Z, Chen Y. A substantial increase of analytical throughput in capillary electrophoresis throughput by separation-interrupted sequential injections. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1995-2004. [PMID: 33955989 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
How to further improve the throughput of capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a fascinating question. Herein an idea to substantially increase the throughput of CE has been proposed together with theory and experimental demonstration. The key is to introduce samples for CE, one after another, by a short suspension of voltage application, which was hence termed separation-interrupted sequential injections (Sisi). The idea was demonstrated to be feasible on a laboratory-built CE instrument coupled with tandem C4D (contactless capacitively-coupled conductivity) detectors. At least 50 injections of a testing sample (mixture of NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Na+ and Mg2+) were successfully separated in only a single run. The separation took 145 min in total, equivalent to 2.9 min per analysis which is only 21% of that of normal CE. Quantification of the separated ions was performed, with a limit of detection of 1.1-2.6 μM, a limit of quantification of 3.2-8.9 μM, and a linear range up to 1000 μM (R2 > 0.99). The recovery was between 88% and 112% measured by spiking standards into samples at low, middle and high levels. The real applicability of Sisi-CE was evaluated by direct injection and analysis of 45 mineral water samples also in a single run. Its clinical application potential was demonstrated by high throughput assay of the calcium and zinc gluconate oral solution formula, and the blood potassium of hyperkalemia and hypokalemia from patients with renal failure disease. This method can be extended to other applications such as omics studies through the use of more suitable detectors. The theory proposed may also be applicable to other high throughput methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianchun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis and Environmental Pollution Control-Remediation Technology of Guizhou Province, School of Biology and Chemistry, Xingyi Normal University for Nationalities, Xingyi 562400, China
| | - Linchun Bao
- Clinical Laboratory, Qian Xi Nan People's Hospital, Xingyi 562400, China
| | - Qingfeng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenpeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Cheng M, Shu H, Peng Y, Feng X, Yan G, Zhang L, Yao J, Bao H, Lu H. Specific Analysis of α-2,3-Sialylated N-Glycan Linkage Isomers by Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5537-5546. [PMID: 33752328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sialylated N-glycan isomers with α-2,3 and α-2,6 linkages play crucial and distinctive roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Changes of α-2,3-linked sialic acids in sialylated N-glycans are especially important in monitoring the initiation and progression of diseases. However, the specific analysis of α-2,3-sialylated N-glycan linkage isomers remains challenging due to their extremely low abundance and technical limitations in separation and detection. Herein, we designed an integrated strategy that combines linkage-specific derivatization and a charge-sensitive separation method based on microfluidic chip capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (microchip CE-MS) for specific analysis of α-2,3-sialylated N-glycan linkage isomers for the first time. The α-2,6- and α-2,3-sialic acids were selectively labeled with methylamine (MA) and N,N-dimethylethylenediamine (DMEN), respectively, which selectively makes α-2,3-sialylated N-glycans positively charged and realizes online purification, concentration, and discrimination of α-2,3-sialylated N-glycans from other N-glycans in microchip CE-MS. This new approach was demonstrated with standard multisialylated N-glycans, and it was found that only the α-2,3-sialylated N-glycans migrated and were detected in order according to the number of α-2,3-sialic acids. Finally, this strategy was successfully applied in highly sensitive profiling and reproducible quantitation of the serum α-2,3-sialylated N-glycome from ovarian cancer (OC) patients, where 7 of 33 detected α-2,3-sialylated N-glycans significantly changed in the OC group compared with healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Peng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoquan Yan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yao
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huimin Bao
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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10
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Urban RD, Fischer TG, Charvat A, Wink K, Krafft B, Ohla S, Zeitler K, Abel B, Belder D. On-chip mass spectrometric analysis in non-polar solvents by liquid beam infrared matrix-assisted laser dispersion/ionization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1561-1570. [PMID: 33479818 PMCID: PMC7921053 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
By the on-chip integration of a droplet generator in front of an emitter tip, droplets of non-polar solvents are generated in a free jet of an aqueous matrix. When an IR laser irradiates this free liquid jet consisting of water as the continuous phase and the non-polar solvent as the dispersed droplet phase, the solutes in the droplets are ionized. This ionization at atmospheric pressure enables the mass spectrometric analysis of non-polar compounds with the aid of a surrounding aqueous matrix that absorbs IR light. This works both for non-polar solvents such as n-heptane and for water non-miscible solvents like chloroform. In a proof of concept study, this approach is applied to monitor a photooxidation of N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline. By using water as an infrared absorbing matrix, analytes, dissolved in non-polar solvents from reactions carried out on a microchip, can be desorbed and ionized for investigation by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael D Urban
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tillmann G Fischer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ales Charvat
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V., Abteilung Funktionale Oberflächen, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantin Wink
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Krafft
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Ohla
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kirsten Zeitler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Leibniz-Institut für Oberflächenmodifizierung e.V., Abteilung Funktionale Oberflächen, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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11
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Peretzki AJ, Schmidt S, Flachowsky E, Das A, Gerhardt RF, Belder D. How electrospray potentials can disrupt droplet microfluidics and how to prevent this. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4456-4465. [PMID: 33103684 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00936a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A pressure-resistant microfluidic glass chip that integrates a packed-bed HPLC column, a droplet generator and a monolithic electrospray emitter is presented. This approach enables a seamless coupling of chip-HPLC and droplet microfluidics with ESI-MS detection. For the electrical contacting of the emitter, an electrode was integrated into the channel, which reaches up to the emitter tip. The incidental finding that under certain circumstances, the electrospray potential can strongly disturb the droplet microfluidics by electrowetting, was investigated in detail. Strategies to avoid this are evaluated and include electrical shielding and/or chip layouts, where the droplet generator is positioned at a long distance from the emitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Peretzki
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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12
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Piendl SK, Geissler D, Weigelt L, Belder D. Multiple Heart-Cutting Two-Dimensional Chip-HPLC Combined with Deep-UV Fluorescence and Mass Spectrometric Detection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3795-3803. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Weigelt
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Yang Z, Shen X, Chen D, Sun L. Improved Nanoflow RPLC-CZE-MS/MS System with High Peak Capacity and Sensitivity for Nanogram Bottom-up Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:4046-4054. [PMID: 31610113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic tools with extremely high sensitivity and high peak capacity are required for comprehensive characterization of protein molecules in mass-limited samples. We reported a nanoRPLC-CZE-MS/MS system for deep bottom-up proteomics of low micrograms of human cell samples in previous work. In this work, we improved the sensitivity of the nanoRPLC-CZE-MS/MS system drastically via employing bovine serum albumin (BSA)-treated sample vials, improving the nanoRPLC fraction collection procedure, and using a short capillary for fast CZE separation. The improved nanoRPLC-CZE produced a peak capacity of 8500 for peptide separation. The improved system identified 6500 proteins from a MCF7 proteome digest starting with only 500 ng of peptides using a Q-Exactive HF mass spectrometer. The system produced a comparable number of protein identifications (IDs) to our previous system and the two-dimensional (2D) nanoRPLC-MS/MS system developed by Mann's group with 10-fold and 4-fold less sample consumption, respectively. We coupled the single-spot solid phase sample preparation (SP3) method to the improved nanoRPLC-CZE-MS/MS for bottom-up proteomics of 5000 HEK293T cells, resulting in 3689 protein IDs with the consumption of a peptide amount that corresponded to only roughly 1000 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 S Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Xiaojing Shen
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 S Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Daoyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 S Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry , Michigan State University , 578 S Shaw Lane , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
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14
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Heiland JJ, Geissler D, Piendl SK, Warias R, Belder D. Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography On-Chip with Two-Photon-Excited-Fluorescence Detection for High-Speed Chiral Separations. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6134-6140. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef J. Heiland
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Geissler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian K. Piendl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rico Warias
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Jooß K, Scholz N, Meixner J, Neusüß C. Heart-cut nano-LC-CZE-MS for the characterization of proteins on the intact level. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1061-1065. [PMID: 30575976 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Multidimensional separation techniques play an increasingly important role in separation science, especially for the analysis of complex samples such as proteins. The combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography in the nanoscale and CZE is especially beneficial due to their nearly orthogonal separation mechanism and well-suited geometries/dimensions. Here, a heart-cut nano-LC-CZE-MS setup was developed utilizing for the first time a mechanical 4-port valve as LC-CE interface. A model protein mixture containing four different protein species was first separated by nano LC followed by a heart-cut transfer of individual LC peaks and subsequent CZE-MS analysis. In the CZE dimension, various glycoforms of one protein species were separated. Improved separation capabilities were achieved compared to the 1D methods, which was exemplarily shown for ribonuclease B and its different glycosylated forms. LODs in the lower μg/mL range were determined, which are considerably lower compared to traditional CZE-MS. In addition, this study represents the first application of an LC-CE-MS system for intact protein analysis. The nano-LC-CZE-MS system is expected to be applicable to various other analytical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jooß
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany.,Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nico Scholz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
| | - Jens Meixner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
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16
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Lazar IM. Achieving Stable Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Detection from Microfluidic Chips. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1906:225-237. [PMID: 30488396 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8964-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in the development of microfluidic devices as bioanalytical platforms for the analysis of biological molecules. The implementation of mass spectrometry (MS) detection systems on these devices has become inevitable, and various chip-MS ionization interfaces have been developed. As electrospray ionization (ESI) is particularly relevant for the analysis of large biological molecules such as proteins or peptides, efforts have focused on advancing interfaces that meet the demands of nano-separation techniques that are typically used prior to MS detection. Achieving stable ESI conditions that enable sensitive MS detection is, however, not trivial, especially when the spray is generated from a microfabricated platform. This chapter is aimed at providing a step-by-step protocol for producing stable and efficient electrospray sample ionization from microfluidic chips that are used for capillary electrophoresis (CE) separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia M Lazar
- Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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17
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Beutner A, Herl T, Matysik FM. Selectivity enhancement in capillary electrophoresis by means of two-dimensional separation or dual detection concepts. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1057:18-35. [PMID: 30832915 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For the identification and quantification of analytes in complex samples, highly selective analytical strategies are required. The selectivity of single separation techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), or capillary electrophoresis (CE) with common detection principles can be enhanced by hyphenating orthogonal separation techniques but also by using complementary detection systems. In this review, two-dimensional systems containing CE in at least one dimension are reviewed, namely LC-CE or 2D CE systems. Particular attention is paid to the aspect of selectivity enhancement due to the orthogonality of the different separation mechanisms. As an alternative concept, dual detection approaches are reviewed using the common detectors of CE such as UV/VIS, laser-induced fluorescence, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity (C4D), electrochemical detection, and mass spectrometry. Special emphasis is given to dual detection systems implementing the highly flexible C4D as one detection component. Selectivity enhancement can be achieved in case of complementarity of the different detection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beutner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Herl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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18
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Dou M, Chouinard CD, Zhu Y, Nagy G, Liyu AV, Ibrahim YM, Smith RD, Kelly RT. Nanowell-mediated multidimensional separations combining nanoLC with SLIM IM-MS for rapid, high-peak-capacity proteomic analyses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 411:5363-5372. [PMID: 30397757 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis of complex biological samples is essential for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. The separation prior to MS plays a key role in the overall analysis, with separations having larger peak capacities often leading to more identified species and improved confidence in those identifications. High-resolution ion mobility (IM) separations enabled by Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulation (SLIM) can provide extremely rapid, high-resolution separations and are well suited as a second dimension of separation following nanoscale liquid chromatography (nanoLC). However, existing sample handling approaches for offline coupling of separation modes require microliter-fraction volumes and are thus not well suited for analysis of trace biological samples. We have developed a novel nanowell-mediated fractionation system that enables nanoLC-separated samples to be efficiently preconcentrated and directly infused at nanoelectrospray flow rates for downstream analysis. When coupled with SLIM IM-MS, the platform enables rapid and high-peak-capacity multidimensional separations of small biological samples. In this study, peptides eluting from a 100 nL/min nanoLC separation were fractionated into ~ 60 nanowells on a microfluidic glass chip using an in-house-developed robotic system. The dried samples on the chip were individually reconstituted and ionized by nanoelectrospray for SLIM IM-MS analysis. Using model peptides for characterization of the nanowell platform, we found that at least 80% of the peptide components of the fractionated samples were recovered from the nanowells, providing up to ~tenfold preconcentration for SLIM IM-MS analysis. The combined LC-SLIM IM separation peak capacities exceeded 3600 with a measurement throughput that is similar to current one-dimensional (1D) LC-MS proteomic analyses. Graphical abstract A nanowell-mediated multidimensional separation platform that combines nanoLC with SLIM IM-MS enables rapid, high-peak-capacity proteomic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maowei Dou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Christopher D Chouinard
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Gabe Nagy
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andrey V Liyu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
| | - Ryan T Kelly
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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19
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20
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Sosic Z, Zang L, Bergelson S, Zhang W. Identification of adeno-associated virus capsid proteins using ZipChip CE/MS. Anal Biochem 2018; 555:22-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Beutner A, Piendl SK, Wert S, Matysik FM. Methodical studies of the simultaneous determination of anions and cations by IC×CE–MS using arsenic species as model analytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6321-6330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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22
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Chung S, Tian J, Tan Z, Chen J, Lee J, Borys M, Li ZJ. Industrial bioprocessing perspectives on managing therapeutic protein charge variant profiles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jun Tian
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jie Chen
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Jongchan Lee
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Devens Massachusetts
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23
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Chun H. Integration of electropreconcentration and electrospray ionization in a microchip. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1543:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Rodríguez-Ruiz I, Babenko V, Martínez-Rodríguez S, Gavira JA. Protein separation under a microfluidic regime. Analyst 2017; 143:606-619. [PMID: 29214270 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01568b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-Chip (LoC), or micro-Total Analysis Systems (μTAS), is recognized as a powerful analytical technology with high capabilities, though end-user products for protein purification are still far from being available on the market. Remarkable progress has been achieved in the separation of nucleic acids and proteins using electrophoretic microfluidic devices, while pintsize devices have been developed for protein isolation according to miniaturized chromatography principles (size, charge, affinity, etc.). In this work, we review the latest advances in the fabrication of components, detection methods and commercial implementation for the separation of biological macromolecules based on microfluidic systems, with some critical remarks on the perspectives of their future development towards standardized microfluidic systems and protocols. An outlook on the current needs and future applications is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V Babenko
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalograficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-University of Granada, Avenida de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - S Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology. University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - J A Gavira
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalograficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-University of Granada, Avenida de las Palmeras 4, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard D Oleschuk
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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26
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Khatri K, Klein JA, Haserick JR, Leon DR, Costello CE, McComb ME, Zaia J. Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Glycopeptides. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6645-6655. [PMID: 28530388 PMCID: PMC5554952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycomics and glycoproteomics analyses by mass spectrometry require efficient front-end separation methods to enable deep characterization of heterogeneous glycoform populations. Chromatography methods are generally limited in their ability to resolve glycoforms using mobile phases that are compatible with online liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The adoption of capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry methods (CE-MS) for glycomics and glycoproteomics is limited by the lack of convenient interfaces for coupling the CE devices to mass spectrometers. Here, we describe the application of a microfluidics-based CE-MS system for analysis of released glycans, glycopeptides and monosaccharides. We demonstrate a single CE method for three different modalities, thus contributing to comprehensive glycoproteomics analyses. In addition, we explored compatible sample derivatization methods. We used glycan TMT-labeling to improve electrophoretic migration and enable multiplexed quantitation by tandem MS. We used sialic acid linkage-specific derivatization methods to improve separation and the level of information obtained from a single analytical step. Capillary electrophoresis greatly improved glycoform separation for both released glycans and glycopeptides over that reported for chromatography modes more frequently employed for such analyses. Overall, the CE-MS method described here enables rapid setup and analysis of glycans and glycopeptides using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Khatri
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Joshua A. Klein
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - John R. Haserick
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Deborah R. Leon
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Catherine E. Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark E. McComb
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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27
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Ranjbar L, Foley JP, Breadmore MC. Multidimensional liquid-phase separations combining both chromatography and electrophoresis – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 950:7-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Česla P, Křenková J. Fraction transfer process in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid-phase separations. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:109-123. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Česla
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Jana Křenková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v.v.i.; Brno Czech Republic
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29
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Analysis of proteins and peptides by electromigration methods in microchips. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:228-250. [PMID: 27704694 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the developments and applications of microchip electromigration methods in the separation and analysis of peptides and proteins in the period 2011-mid-2016. The developments in sample preparation and preconcentration, microchannel material, and surface treatment are described. Separations by various microchip electromigration methods (zone electrophoresis in free and sieving media, affinity electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) are demonstrated. Advances in detection methods are reported and novel applications in the areas of proteomics and peptidomics, quality control of peptide and protein pharmaceuticals, analysis of proteins and peptides in biomatrices, and determination of physicochemical parameters are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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30
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Lotter C, Heiland JJ, Stein V, Klimkait M, Queisser M, Belder D. Evaluation of Pressure Stable Chip-to-Tube Fittings Enabling High-Speed Chip-HPLC with Mass Spectrometric Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7481-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Volkmar Stein
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Str.
18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Klimkait
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Queisser
- Fraunhofer IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee
25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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31
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A simple sheathless CE-MS interface with a sub-micrometer electrical contact fracture for sensitive analysis of peptide and protein samples. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:157-67. [PMID: 27566351 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Online coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) has shown considerable potential, however, technical challenges have limited its use. In this study, we have developed a simple and sensitive sheathless CE-MS interface based on the novel concept of forming a sub-micrometer fracture directly in the capillary. The simple interface design allowed the generation of a stable ESI spray capable of ionization at low nanoliter flow-rates (45-90 nL/min) for high sensitivity MS analysis of challenging samples like those containing proteins and peptides. By analysis of a model peptide (leucine enkephalin), a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.045 pmol/μL (corresponding to 67 attomol in a sample volume of ∼15 nL) was obtained. The merit of the CE-MS approach was demonstrated by analysis of bovine serum albumin (BSA) tryptic peptides. A well-resolved separation profile was achieved and comparable sequence coverage was obtained by the CE-MS method (73%) compared to a representative UPLC-MS method (77%). The CE-MS interface was subsequently used to analyse a more complex sample of pharmaceutically relevant human proteins including insulin, tissue factor and α-synuclein. Efficient separation and protein ESI mass spectra of adequate quality could be achieved using only a small amount of sample (30 fmol). In addition, analysis of ubiquitin samples under both native and denatured conditions, indicate that the CE-MS setup can facilitate native MS applications to probe the conformational properties of proteins. Thus, the described CE-MS setup should be useful for a wide range of high-sensitivity applications in protein research.
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32
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Dietze C, Hackl C, Gerhardt R, Seim S, Belder D. Chip-based electrochromatography coupled to ESI-MS detection. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1345-52. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dietze
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Claudia Hackl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Renata Gerhardt
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Stephan Seim
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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33
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Lotter C, Heiland JJ, Thurmann S, Mauritz L, Belder D. HPLC-MS with Glass Chips Featuring Monolithically Integrated Electrospray Emitters of Different Geometries. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2856-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Thurmann
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laura Mauritz
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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34
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Open channel-based microchip electrophoresis interfaced with mass spectrometry via electrostatic spray ionization. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomic and peptidomic analyses. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:198-211. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague Czech Republic
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36
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Feng X, Liu BF, Li J, Liu X. Advances in coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:535-57. [PMID: 24399782 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has shown advantages of low sample consumption, reduced analysis time, high throughput, and potential for integration and automation. Coupling microfluidic chips to mass spectrometry (Chip-MS) can greatly improve the overall analytical performance of MS-based approaches and expand their potential applications. In this article, we review the advances of Chip-MS in the past decade, covering innovations in microchip fabrication, microchips coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS. Development of integrated microfluidic systems for automated MS analysis will be further documented, as well as recent applications of Chip-MS in proteomics, metabolomics, cell analysis, and clinical diagnosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid/instrumentation
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Microchip/methods
- Equipment Design
- Humans
- Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
- Lipids/analysis
- Metabolomics/instrumentation
- Metabolomics/methods
- Polysaccharides/analysis
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteomics/instrumentation
- Proteomics/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Xin Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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37
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Ranjbar L, Gaudry AJ, Breadmore MC, Shellie RA. Online Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Ion Chromatography × Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8673-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ranjbar
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Adam J. Gaudry
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Robert A. Shellie
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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38
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Grinias JP, Kennedy RT. Evaluation of 5 µm Superficially Porous Particles for Capillary and Microfluidic LC Columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:502-514. [PMID: 26714261 PMCID: PMC4669065 DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Large-size (4–5 µm) superficially porous particles yield lower plate heights (e.g., the minimal reduced plate height or hmin ≈ 1.5) than fully porous particles of a similar size when packed into large-bore columns. This property allows for better chromatographic performance without the higher pressures required for smaller particles. This study explores the use of such particles in microfluidic LC columns where materials and fitting pressure limits can constrain the size of particle used. The theoretically predicted performance improvements compared to fully porous particles were not demonstrated in capillary columns (with hmin ≈ 2 for both particle types), in agreement with previous studies that examined smaller superficially porous particles. Microfluidic columns were then compared to capillary columns. Capillary columns significantly outperformed microfluidic columns due to imperfections imposed by microfluidic channel asymmetry and world-to-chip connection at the optimal flow rate; however, superficially porous particles packed in microfluidic LC columns had flatter plate height versus flow rate curves indicating potential for better performance at high reduced velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Grinias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Robert T. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-734-615-4376
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39
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High-performance liquid chromatography on glass chips using precisely defined porous polymer monoliths as particle retaining elements. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1370:33-9. [PMID: 25459645 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A stable and permanent integration of miniature packed bed separation columns into microfluidic systems is a major issue in nano liquid chromatography. Various approaches like differently shaped retaining elements or the use of key stone effect have been investigated. We show a flexible integration of miniature packed bed separation columns into microfluidic chips utilising common HPLC material achieved by laser-assisted generation of narrow, photopolymerised frits. The generated retaining elements serve as an in- and outlet frits for the columns. An optimised pre-polymeric solution, consisting of butyl acrylates and a porogen, allows a precise fabrication of frit-type structures with lengths of less than 100 m and the capability to withstand common slurry packing pressures of more than 250 bar. The separation of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by pressure-driven, reversed-phase chromatography proves the high quality of the created chromatographic column inside a glass chip. Plate heights down to 2.9 were achieved and extremely fast separations with sub-second peak widths were performed in isocratic and gradient elution modes on very short columns (≤ 25 mm).
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40
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Black WA, Stocks BB, Mellors JS, Engen JR, Ramsey JM. Utilizing Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis Electrospray Ionization for Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6280-7. [PMID: 25992468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen exchange (HX) mass spectrometry (MS) of complex mixtures requires a fast, reproducible, and high peak capacity separation prior to MS detection. The current paradigm relies on liquid chromatography (LC) with fast gradients performed at low temperatures to minimize back exchange. Unfortunately, under these conditions, the efficiency of LC is limited due to resistance to mass transfer, reducing the capability to analyze complex samples. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), on the other hand, is not limited by resistance to mass transfer, enabling very rapid separations that are not adversely affected by low temperature. Previously, we have demonstrated an integrated microfluidic device coupling CE with electrospray ionization (ESI) capable of very rapid and high efficiency separations. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of this microchip CE-ESI device for HX MS. High speed CE-ESI of a bovine hemoglobin pepsin digestion was performed in 1 min with a peak capacity of 62 versus a similar LC separation performed in 7 min with peak capacity of 31. A room temperature CE method performed in 1.25 min provided similar deuterium retention as an 8.5 min LC method conducted at 0 °C. Separation of a complex mixture with CE was done with considerably better speed and nearly triple the peak capacity than the equivalent separation by LC. Overall, the results indicate the potential utility of microchip CE-ESI for HX MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley B Stocks
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - John R Engen
- ∥Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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41
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Thurmann S, Lotter C, Heiland JJ, Chankvetadze B, Belder D. Chip-Based High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for High-Speed Enantioseparations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5568-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Thurmann
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef J. Heiland
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Department
of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural
Sciences, Tbilisi State University, 0179 Tbilisi, Republic of Georgia
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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42
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Beutner A, Kochmann S, Mark JJP, Matysik FM. Two-dimensional separation of ionic species by hyphenation of capillary ion chromatography × capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3134-8. [PMID: 25708415 DOI: 10.1021/ac504800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The separation of complex mixtures such as biological or environmental samples requires high peak capacities, which cannot be established with a single separation technique. Therefore, multidimensional systems are in demand. In this work, we present the hyphenation of the two most important (orthogonal) techniques in ion analysis, namely, ion chromatography (IC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), in combination with mass spectrometry. A modulator was developed ensuring a well-controlled coupling of IC and CE separations. Proof-of-concept measurements were performed using a model system consisting of nucleotides and cyclic nucleotides. The data are presented in a multidimensional contour plot. Analyte stacking in the CE separation could be exploited on the basis of the fact that the suppressed IC effluent is pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Beutner
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sven Kochmann
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Josef Peter Mark
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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43
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Redman EA, Batz NG, Mellors JS, Ramsey JM. Integrated Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization Devices with Online MS Detection for the Separation and Characterization of Intact Monoclonal Antibody Variants. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2264-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503964j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Redman
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nicholas G. Batz
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - J. Scott Mellors
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - J. Michael Ramsey
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Applied
Physical Sciences, §Department of Biomedical
Engineering, ∥Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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44
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Rainville PD, Murphy JP, Tomany M, Wilson ID, Smith NW, Evans C, Kheler J, Bowen C, Plumb RS, Nicholson JK. An integrated ceramic, micro-fluidic device for the LC/MS/MS analysis of pharmaceuticals in plasma. Analyst 2015; 140:5546-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00646e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A capillary scale ceramic microfluidic LC/MS/MS system was successfully employed for the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian D. Wilson
- Imperial College
- Department of Surgery and Cancer
- South Kensington, London
- UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert S. Plumb
- Imperial College
- Department of Surgery and Cancer
- South Kensington, London
- UK
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45
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Thürmann S, Belder D. Phase-optimized chip-based liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6599-606. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Creamer JS, Oborny NJ, Lunte SM. Recent advances in the analysis of therapeutic proteins by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2014; 6:5427-5449. [PMID: 25126117 PMCID: PMC4128283 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay00447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic proteins and peptides is an expensive and time-intensive process. Biologics, which have become a multi-billion dollar industry, are chemically complex products that require constant observation during each stage of development and production. Post-translational modifications along with chemical and physical degradation from oxidation, deamidation, and aggregation, lead to high levels of heterogeneity that affect drug quality and efficacy. The various separation modes of capillary electrophoresis (CE) are commonly utilized to perform quality control and assess protein heterogeneity. This review attempts to highlight the most recent developments and applications of CE separation techniques for the characterization of protein and peptide therapeutics by focusing on papers accepted for publication in the in the two-year period between January 2012 and December 2013. The separation principles and technological advances of CE, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary electrochromatography and CE-mass spectrometry are discussed, along with exciting new applications of these techniques to relevant pharmaceutical issues. Also included is a small selection of papers on microchip electrophoresis to show the direction this field is moving with regards to the development of inexpensive and portable analysis systems for on-site, high-throughput analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Creamer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Nathan J. Oborny
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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47
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Thurmann S, Dittmar A, Belder D. A low pressure on-chip injection strategy for high-performance chip-based chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Batz NG, Mellors JS, Alarie JP, Ramsey JM. Chemical vapor deposition of aminopropyl silanes in microfluidic channels for highly efficient microchip capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3493-500. [PMID: 24655020 DOI: 10.1021/ac404106u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for the surface modification of glass microfluidic devices designed to perform electrophoretic separations of cationic species. The microfluidic channel surfaces were modified using aminopropyl silane reagents. Coating homogeneity was inferred by precise measurement of the separation efficiency and electroosmotic mobility for multiple microfluidic devices. Devices coated with (3-aminopropyl)di-isopropylethoxysilane (APDIPES) yielded near diffusion-limited separations and exhibited little change in electroosmotic mobility between pH 2.8 and pH 7.5. We further evaluated the temporal stability of both APDIPES and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) coatings when stored for a total of 1 week under vacuum at 4 °C or filled with pH 2.8 background electrolyte at room temperature. Measurements of electroosmotic flow (EOF) and separation efficiency during this time confirmed that both coatings were stable under both conditions. Microfluidic devices with a 23 cm long, serpentine electrophoretic separation channel and integrated nanoelectrospray ionization emitter were CVD coated with APDIPES and used for capillary electrophoresis (CE)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) of peptides and proteins. Peptide separations were fast and highly efficient, yielding theoretical plate counts over 600,000 and a peak capacity of 64 in less than 90 s. Intact protein separations using these devices yielded Gaussian peak profiles with separation efficiencies between 100,000 and 400,000 theoretical plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Batz
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, and §Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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49
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Rogers CI, Oxborrow JB, Anderson RR, Tsai LF, Nordin GP, Woolley AT. Microfluidic Valves Made From Polymerized Polyethylene Glycol Diacrylate. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2014; 191:10.1016/j.snb.2013.10.008. [PMID: 24357897 PMCID: PMC3864702 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Pneumatically actuated, non-elastomeric membrane valves fabricated from polymerized polyethylene glycol diacrylate (poly-PEGDA) have been characterized for temporal response, valve closure, and long-term durability. A ~100 ms valve opening time and a ~20 ms closure time offer valve operation as fast as 8 Hz with potential for further improvement. Comparison of circular and rectangular valve geometries indicates that the surface area for membrane interaction in the valve region is important for valve performance. After initial fabrication, the fluid pressure required to open a closed circular valve is ~50 kPa higher than the control pressure holding the valve closed. However, after ~1000 actuations to reconfigure polymer chains and increase elasticity in the membrane, the fluid pressure required to open a valve becomes the same as the control pressure holding the valve closed. After these initial conditioning actuations, poly-PEGDA valves show considerable robustness with no change in effective operation after 115,000 actuations. Such valves constructed from non-adsorptive poly-PEGDA could also find use as pumps, for application in small volume assays interfaced with biosensors or impedance detection, for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad I. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Joseph B. Oxborrow
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Ryan R. Anderson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Long-Fang Tsai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Gregory P. Nordin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Adam T. Woolley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 801-422-1701.
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50
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He X, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Lin JM. Recent advances in microchip-mass spectrometry for biological analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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