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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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2
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Poboży E, Trojanowicz M. Application of Capillary Electrophoresis for Determination of Inorganic Analytes in Waters. Molecules 2021; 26:6972. [PMID: 34834063 PMCID: PMC8625978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aside from HPLC and GC, capillary electrophoresis (CE) is one of the most important techniques for high-performance separations in modern analytical chemistry. Its main advantages are the possibility of using different detection techniques, the possibility of in-capillary sample processing for preconcentration or derivatization, and ease of instrumental miniaturization down to the microfluidic scale. Those features are utilized in the separation of macromolecules in biochemistry and in genetic investigations, but they can be also used in determinations of inorganic ions in water analysis. This review, based on about 100 original research works, presents applications of CE methods in water analysis reported in recent decade, mostly regarding conductivity detection or indirect UV detection. The developed applications include analysis of high salinity sea waters, as well as analysis of other surface waters and drinking waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Poboży
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Trojanowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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KITAGAWA F, NIIMIYA Y, NUKATSUKA I. LVSEP Analysis of Cationic Analytes in Cationic Polymer-Coating Microchannel Prepared by Vacuum-Drying Method. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2021.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Yuka NIIMIYA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Isoshi NUKATSUKA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
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4
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Pérez-Alcaraz A, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. An electrokinetic supercharging approach for the enantiodetermination of cathinones in urine samples by capillary electrophoresis. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Li X, Yang Y, Miao J, Yin Z, Zhai Y, Shi H, Li Z. Determination of sulfa antibiotic residues in river and particulate matter by field-amplified sample injection-capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1584-1591. [PMID: 32683752 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present research, field-amplified sample injection-CZE (FASI-CZE) coupled with a diode array detector was established to determine trace level sulfa antibiotic. Sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfisoxazole were selected as analytes for the experiments. The background electrolyte solution consisted of 70.0 mmol/L borax and 60.0 mmol/L boric acid (including 10% methanol, pH 9.1). The plug was 2.5 mmol/L borax, which was injected into the capillary at a pressure of 0.5 psi for 5 s. Then the sample was injected into the capillary at an injection voltage of -10 kV for 20 s. The electrophoretic separation was carried out under a voltage of +19 kV. The capillary temperature was maintained at 20˚C throughout the analysis, and six sulfonamides were completely separated within 35 min. Compared with pressure injection-CZE, the sensitivity of FASI-CZE was increased by 6.25-10.0 times, and the LODs were reduced from 0.2-0.5 to 0.02-0.05 μg/mL. The method was applied to the determination of sulfonamides in river water and particulate matter samples. The recoveries were 78.59-106.59%. The intraday and interday precisions were 2.89-7.35% and 2.77-7.09%, respectively. This provides a simpler and faster method for the analysis of sulfa antibiotic residues in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Li
- School of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Yang
- School of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Miao
- School of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Yin
- School of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Yijing Zhai
- Department of Nutrition, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Shi
- School of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health of Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Zengning Li
- Department of Nutrition, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
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6
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KITAGAWA F, WAKAGI S, TAKEGAWA Y, NUKATSUKA I. Highly Sensitive Analysis in Capillary Electrophoresis Using Large-volume Sample Stacking with an Electroosmotic Flow Pump Combined with Field-amplified Sample Injection. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:889-893. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko KITAGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Shinichiro WAKAGI
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Yuuki TAKEGAWA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
| | - Isoshi NUKATSUKA
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University
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7
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Fukushi K, Hirokawa T, Timerbaev AR. Recent developments of capillary electrophoresis in seawater analysis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1606:360240. [PMID: 31109744 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to the determination of various seawater analytes are critically examined, with the aim to reveal method's state-of-the-art and possible future research trends in the area. Given highly developed separation and detection methodology, emphasis is given to the most advantageous sample preconcentration strategies used to evolve the method's practical utility, particularly to low-level analytes. Analytical performance of CE applied to seawater analysis is illustrated with a selection of real-world applications published from 2006, from which it appears that the primary developmental tendency is presently confined to a transit from inorganic to organic seawater analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukushi
- Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, 657-8501 Kobe, Japan
| | - T Hirokawa
- Professor-in-residence, 1087-3, Kamifukawa-cho, Asakita-ku, 739-1752 Hiroshima, Japan
| | - A R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Kosygin St. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Breadmore MC, Grochocki W, Kalsoom U, Alves MN, Phung SC, Rokh MT, Cabot JM, Ghiasvand A, Li F, Shallan AI, Keyon ASA, Alhusban AA, See HH, Wuethrich A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2016-2018). Electrophoresis 2018; 40:17-39. [PMID: 30362581 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most cited limitations of capillary and microchip electrophoresis is the poor sensitivity. This review continues to update this series of biannual reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, on developments in the field of online/in-line concentration methods in capillaries and microchips, covering the period July 2016-June 2018. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field-amplified sample stacking and large-volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction, and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or in-line extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Wojciech Grochocki
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Mónica N Alves
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Joan M Cabot
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Aliaa I Shallan
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, Australia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aemi S Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ala A Alhusban
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalized Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, Chemistry, School of Natural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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9
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Quirino JP, Grochocki W, Markuszewski MJ. Sample Concentration of Charged Small Molecules and Peptides in Capillary Electrophoresis by Micelle to Cyclodextrin Stacking. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13422-13428. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Wojciech Grochocki
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał J. Markuszewski
- Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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10
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Friedrich SM, Burke JM, Liu KJ, Ivory CF, Wang TH. Molecular rheotaxis directs DNA migration and concentration against a pressure-driven flow. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1213. [PMID: 29089494 PMCID: PMC5663963 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In-line preconcentration techniques are used to improve the sensitivity of microfluidic DNA analysis platforms. The most common methods are electrokinetic and require an externally applied electric field. Here we describe a microfluidic DNA preconcentration technique that does not require an external field. Instead, pressure-driven flow from a fluid-filled microcapillary into a lower ionic strength DNA sample reservoir induces spontaneous DNA migration against the direction of flow. This migratory phenomenon that we call Molecular Rheotaxis initiates in seconds and results in a concentrated DNA bolus at the capillary orifice. We demonstrate the ease with which this concentration method can be integrated into a microfluidic total analysis system composed of in-line DNA preconcentration, size separation, and single-molecule detection. Paired experimental and numerical simulation results are used to delineate the parameters required to induce Molecular Rheotaxis, elucidate the underlying mechanism, and optimize conditions to achieve DNA concentration factors exceeding 10,000 fold. Implementing a nucleic acid preconcentration method can improve the sensitivity of microfluidic analysis systems. Here Friedrich et al. concentrate DNA by many orders of magnitude using pressure-driven flow, which could lead to a simple and practical microanalysis platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Friedrich
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | | | | | - Cornelius F Ivory
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Tza-Huei Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Mechanical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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11
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Lu Y, Hou X, Wang D, Zhong H. Advances of a capillary electrophoretic on-line concentration technique: Electrokinetic supercharging. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1330756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Lu
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - X. Hou
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
- Department of General Surgery, Dezhou People’s Hospital, Dezhou, P. R. China
| | - D. Wang
- Analysis and Testing Centre, Dezhou University, Dezhou, P. R. China
| | - H. Zhong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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12
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Kitagawa F, Ishiguro T, Tateyama M, Nukatsuka I, Sueyoshi K, Kawai T, Otsuka K. Combination of large-volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow pump with field-amplified sample injection on cross-channel chips. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2075-2080. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; Aomori Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishiguro
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; Aomori Japan
| | - Misaki Tateyama
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; Aomori Japan
| | - Isoshi Nukatsuka
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology; Hirosaki University; Aomori Japan
| | - Kenji Sueyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka Prefecture University; Sakai Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawai
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice Unit; Quantitative Biology Center; Hyogo Japan
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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13
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Šesták J, Thormann W. Insights into head-column field-amplified sample stacking: Part I. Detailed study of electrokinetic injection of a weak base across a short water plug. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1502:51-61. [PMID: 28460869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The fundamentals of electrokinetic injection of the weak base methadone across a short water plug into a phosphate buffer at low pH were studied experimentally and with computer simulation. The current during electrokinetic injection, the formation of the analyte zone, changes occurring within and around the water plug and mass transport of all compounds in the electric field were investigated. The impact of water plug length, plug injection velocity, and composition of sample, plug and background electrolyte are discussed. Experimental data revealed that properties of sample, water plug and stacking boundary are significantly and rapidly altered during electrokinetic injection. Simulation provided insight into these changes, including the nature of the migrating boundaries and the stacking of methadone at the interface to a newly formed phosphoric acid zone. The data confirm the role of the water plug to prevent contamination of the sample by components of the background electrolyte and suggest that mixing caused by electrohydrodynamic instabilities increases the water plug conductivity. The sample conductivity must be controlled by addition of an acid to prevent generation of reversed flow which removes the water plug and to create a buffering environment. Results revealed that a large increase in background electrolyte concentration is not accompanied with a significant increase in stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Šesták
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Brno, Czechia
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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14
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Yelkenci HE, Öztekin N. Separation and Sensitive Detection of Lanthanides by Capillary Electrophoresis and Contactless Conductivity Detection. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 55:465-470. [PMID: 27988487 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive capillary zone electrophoresis method for the simultaneous separation and determination of lanthanide ions, combined with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D), is reported. The influence of experimental parameters on separation was investigated. The optimal separation conditions were obtained when 4.5 mM 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid and 1 mM acetic acid (HAc) at pH 4.5 were used as buffer solution. Under these conditions, complete separation of all 14 lanthanide ions was achieved in 6 min. With the use of the C4D detector, the sensitive detection of non-UV active lanthanide ions was achieved without the need of a UV active ligand or a visualization agent. The sensitivities were further enhanced with a sample stacking procedure. The limits of detection were to be found between 2.77 and 8.26 nmol/L and the limits of quantification were between 9.29 and 27.5 nmol/L for 14 lanthanide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ecem Yelkenci
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevin Öztekin
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Xu X, Li N, Li X, Shi H, Ma C, Kang W, Cong B. Capillary electrophoresis chemiluminescence assay of naphthol isomers in human urine and river water using Ni(IV) complex-luminol system. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2992-3001. [PMID: 27591165 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis method involving online indirect chemiluminescence (CL) detection was used to determine naphthol (NAP) isomers. The method was based on the quenching effect of 1- and 2-NAP on a new CL reaction of luminol with Ni(IV) complex in an alkaline medium. Separation was conducted with a 25.0 mM sodium borate buffer containing 0.8 mmol/L luminol. Under optimized conditions, 1- and 2-NAP were baseline separated and detected in less than 8 min. The limits of detection of 1- and 2-NAP were 3.1 and 2.7 μg/L, respectively (S/N = 3), with a linear range of 4.0-80.0 μg/L (r > 0.995). Analysis of real samples demonstrated that the spiked recoveries were in the range of 89.2-107.5% (n = 3). The proposed method was successfully used to determine 1- and 2-NAP contents in three environmental water samples and 14 human urine samples. No derivatization or tedious pretreatment was required in the analysis. The proposed method is a potential approach for routine tests of naphthol isomers in a facile CE-CL system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China.,School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Shi
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Kang
- School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Bin Cong
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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16
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Recent applications of capillary electromigration methods to separation and analysis of proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 933:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Headspace in-tube microextraction coupled with micellar electrokinetic chromatography of neutral aromatic compounds. Talanta 2016; 148:729-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Wang WF, Ju FR, Ran YL, Zhang HG, Chen XG. Detection of biogenic amines in C57BL/6 mice brain by capillary electrophoresis electrokinetic supercharging. Analyst 2016; 141:956-62. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01642h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile, sensitive EKS/MEKD-PDAD method was developed for the detection of neurotransmitters in C57BL/6 mice brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Fu-rong Ju
- School of Life Science
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Yan-li Ran
- School of Life Science
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Hui-ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xing-guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
- Department of Chemistry
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19
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Grochocki W, Markuszewski MJ, Quirino JP. Three-step stacking of cationic analytes by field-enhanced sample injection, sweeping, and micelle to solvent stacking in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1424:111-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Gstoettenmayr D, Quirino J, Ivory CF, Breadmore M. Stacking in a continuous sample flow interface in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1408:236-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Application of capillary electrophoresis with electrokinetic supercharging and sweeping for the on-line preconcentration of phenolic acids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7093-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Wuethrich A, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Green Sample Preparation for Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis of Anionic and Cationic Analytes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4117-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504765h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences−Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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23
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Breadmore MC, Tubaon RM, Shallan AI, Phung SC, Abdul Keyon AS, Gstoettenmayr D, Prapatpong P, Alhusban AA, Ranjbar L, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2012-2014). Electrophoresis 2015; 36:36-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ria Marni Tubaon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Daniel Gstoettenmayr
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pornpan Prapatpong
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mahidol University; Rajathevee Bangkok Thailand
| | - Ala A. Alhusban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Leila Ranjbar
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Hong Heng See
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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24
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Wang WF, Zhang HG, Qi SD, Chen HL, Chen XG. Determination of enantiomers by FESI-sweeping with an acid-labile sweeper in nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2015; 140:4253-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00283d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An acid-labile sweeper based on-line NACE concentration method was developed for analyzing trace enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Hui-ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Sheng-da Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Hong-li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xing-guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
- Department of Chemistry
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25
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Progress in stacking techniques based on field amplification of capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6129-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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26
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Xu Z, Li A, Wang Y, Chen Z, Hirokawa T. Pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection stacking for verteporfin drug to achieve highly sensitive enantioseparation and detection in artificial urine by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355:284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Recent applications of on-line sample preconcentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011-2013). Electrophoresis 2013; 35:69-95. [PMID: 24255019 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review presents a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography) for analysis, isolation, purification, and physicochemical and biochemical characterization of peptides. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides, in the methodology of their analysis, including sample preseparation, preconcentration and derivatization, adsorption suppression and EOF control, as well as in detection of peptides, are presented. New developments in particular CE and CEC modes are reported and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are described: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex (bio)matrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid, sequence and chiral analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some micropreparative peptide separations are shown and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide relevant physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Ye X, Mori S, Xu Z, Hayakawa S, Hirokawa T. DNA aggregation and cleavage in CGE induced by high electric field in aqueous solution accompanying electrokinetic sample injection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:3155-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ye
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Satomi Mori
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Zhongqi Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile; Donghua University; Ministry of Education; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shinjiro Hayakawa
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Japan
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30
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Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. Inorganic analysis using CE: Advanced methodologies to face old challenges. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:225-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation; CEITEC - Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andrei R. Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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31
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Ren H, Qiu H, Liang X, Wang X, Jiang S. Determination of inorganic anions in saliva by electroosmotic flow controlled counterflow isotachophoretic stacking under field-amplified sample injection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 935:75-9. [PMID: 23954658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Under a strong counter-electroosmotic flow, five salivary inorganic anions, bromide, iodide, nitrite, nitrate and thiocyanate were determined by field-amplified sample injection in combination with isotachophoretic stacking. Separation and concentration conditions were investigated. A terminating electrolyte, 5mM borate, was added in the sample. Under the optimized conditions, Br(-), I(-) and SCN(-) were concentrated online using 150mM HCl-Tris buffer at pH 7.8 in a bare fused capillary, providing more than ten thousand of sensitivity enrichment compared with normal injections. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=5) were less than 1% in migration times, 8% in peak areas. Using direct UV detection at 200nm and 226nm, the limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) were of 0.002-0.01μM. Unfortunately, NO2(-) and NO3(-) could be observed in purified or deionized water. Therefore, a low dilution factor was applied to saliva samples. Due to the matrix effect, samples were injected in a shorter time, and standard addition method was applied to determine all the five inorganic anions in saliva. The RSDs of the migration times and peak areas were in a range of 0.2-0.4% and 3.0-4.0%, respectively. The LODs were 0.2-2.0μM. The salivary levels of the anions obtained were in accord with the reference data. The external standard method can not be adapted to real samples due to biases caused by electrokinetic injection and errors from high dilutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Ren
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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32
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Kawai T, Ueda M, Fukushima Y, Sueyoshi K, Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Toward 10,000-fold sensitivity improvement of oligosaccharides in capillary electrophoresis using large-volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow pump combined with field-amplified sample injection. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2303-10. [PMID: 23580137 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A combination of two online sample concentration techniques, large-volume sample stacking with an electroosmotic flow pump (LVSEP) and field-amplified sample injection (FASI), was investigated in CE to achieve highly sensitive oligosaccharide analysis. In CE with LVSEP-FASI, analytes injected throughout the capillary were concentrated on the basis of LVSEP, followed by an electrokinetic introduction of concentrated analytes from the inlet vial by the FASI mechanism. After switching the inlet vial solution from the sample to running buffer, the concentrated analytes were then separated by CZE. In the present LVSEP-FASI-CZE, pressure was applied to the capillary inlet until the inlet vial solution was exchanged. The applied pressure generated a counterflow against the EOF. It kept the stacked sample zone within the capillary, minimizing loss of concentrated analytes. Fluorescein was first analyzed by LVSEP-FASI-CZE to optimize preconcentration condition. Up to 110 000-fold sensitivity increase was obtained with 200 μL of sample, compared to normal CZE with sample injection of 0.3 psi for 3 s (ca. 1.7 nL). From the results, the pressure application improved the efficiency of the FASI-mode concentration significantly at total concentration time longer than 10 min. In the analysis of maltoheptaose, a 10 000-fold sensitivity increase was achieved, which is the highest concentration efficiency ever reported in CE of oligosaccharides. The relative standard deviations of the detection time and peak height were 2.4 and 11%, respectively. In the analysis of glucose oligomer, up to 8600-fold sensitivity increases were achieved without reducing the separation performance of conventional CZE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Stress Signal Research Group, Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan.
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33
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Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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34
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Preconcentration of 3-nitrotyrosine in urine by transient isotachophoresis in MEKC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:100-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Zhang Z, Zhang F, Liu Y. Recent Advances in Enhancing the Sensitivity and Resolution of Capillary Electrophoresis. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 51:666-83. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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36
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Ye X, Mori S, Yamada M, Inoue J, Xu Z, Hirokawa T. Electrokinetic supercharging preconcentration prior to CGE analysis of DNA: Sensitivity depends on buffer viscosity and electrode configuration. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:583-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Ye
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Satomi Mori
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Mihoro Yamada
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | - Junji Inoue
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Hirokawa
- Applied Chemistry,; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University; Hiroshima; Japan
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37
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Botello I, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Electrokinetic supercharging in CE for the separation and preconcentration of barbiturate drugs in urine samples. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:524-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Botello
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Faculty of Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
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38
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Recent progress in analytical capillary isotachophoresis. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:19-28. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdena Malá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Petr Gebauer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Petr Boček
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno; Czech Republic
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39
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Rabanes HR, Aranas AT, Benbow NL, Quirino JP. Synergistic effect of field enhanced sample injection on micelle to solvent stacking in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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40
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Dong YL, Zhang HG, Rahman ZU, Zhang HJ, Chen XJ, Hu J, Chen XG. A new on-line concentration method of cationic molecules in capillary electrophoresis by a hyphenated micelle to solvent stacking coupling with large amount sample electrokinetic stacking injection. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:176-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Review of recent developments of on-line sample stacking techniques and their application in capillary electrophoresis. OPEN CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-012-0007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) has become one of the most useful tools in separation science because of its high separation efficiency, low cost, versatility, ease of sample preparation and automation. However, some limitations of CE, such as poor concentration sensitivity due to its lower sample loading and shorter optical path length, limits its further applications in separation science. In order to solve this problem, various on-line sample preconcentration techniques such as transient isotachophoresis preconcentration, field-enhanced sample stacking, micelle to solvent stacking, micelle collapse, dynamic pH junction, sweeping, solid phase extraction, single drop microextraction and liquid phase microextraction have been combined with CE. Recent developments, applications and some variants together with different combinations of these techniques integrating in CE are reviewed here and our discussions will be confined to the past three years (2008–2011).
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42
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Chen Y, Wang K, Yang H, Liu Y, Yao S, Chen B, Nie L, Xu G. Synthesis of sulfo/vinyl biphasic silica hybrid monolithic capillary column and its application to on-column preconcentration for capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1233:91-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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43
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Wang Q, Qiu H, Han H, Liu X, Jiang S. Two-step stacking by sweeping and micelle to solvent stacking using a long-chain cationic ionic liquid surfactant. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:589-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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44
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Yang J, Li HF, Li M, Lin JM. Gas dispersion concentration of trace inorganic contaminants from fuel gas and analysis using head-column field-amplified sample stacking capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2012; 137:3710-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35409h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Breadmore MC. Capillary and microchip electrophoresis: Challenging the common conceptions. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:42-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Geiger
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207
Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Amy L. Hogerton
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207
Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael T. Bowser
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, 207
Pleasant Street South East, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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47
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Quirino JP, Breadmore MC. Acid-induced transient isotachophoretic stacking of basic drugs in co-electroosmotic flow capillary zone electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2011; 35:60-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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48
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Quirino JP, Aranas AT. Micelle to solvent stacking of organic cations in micellar electrokinetic chromatography with sodium dodecyl sulfate. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7377-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Quirino JP, Haddad PR. Separation and sweeping of metal ions with EDTA in CZE-ESI-MS. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2872-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Dawod M, Chung DS. High-sensitivity capillary and microchip electrophoresis using electrokinetic supercharging. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2790-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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