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Brenden CK, Iyer H, Zhang Y, Kim S, Shi W, Vlasov YA. Enhancement of faradaic current in an electrochemical cell integrated into silicon microfluidic channels. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2023; 385:133733. [PMID: 37214161 PMCID: PMC10194083 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2023.133733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Implantable electrochemical sensors enable fast and sensitive detection of analytes in biological tissue, but are hampered by bio-foulant attack and are unable to be recalibrated in-situ. Herein, an electrochemical sensor integrated into ultra-low flow (nL/min) silicon microfluidic channels for protection from foulants and in-situ calibration is demonstrated. The small footprint (5 μm radius channel cross-section) of the device allows its integration into implantable sampling probes for monitoring chemical concentrations in biological tissues. The device is designed for fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in the thin-layer regime when analyte depletion at the electrode is efficiently compensated by microfluidic flow. A 3X enhancement of faradaic peak currents is observed due to the increased flux of analytes towards the electrodes. Numerical analysis of in-channel analyte concentration confirmed near complete electrolysis in the thin-layer regime below 10 nL/min. The manufacturing approach is highly scalable and reproducible as it utilizes standard silicon microfabrication technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hrishikesh Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sungho Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Weihua Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yurii A. Vlasov
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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A new angle to control concentration profiles at electroactive biofilm interfaces: investigating a microfluidic perpendicular flow approach. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Quantitative electrolysis of droplet contents in microfluidic channels. Concept and experimental validation. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Leroy A, Teixidor J, Bertsch A, Renaud P. In-flow electrochemical detection of chemicals in droplets with pyrolysed photoresist electrodes: application as a module for quantification of microsampled dopamine. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3328-3337. [PMID: 34250532 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical quantification of analytes in droplets of PBS separated by a fluorinated phase was investigated. PDMS-fused silica chips with pyrolysed photoresist electrodes were prepared using a simple fabrication technique and used to analyze droplets in flow. Potentiostatic chronoamperometry provided current readouts consistent with mass transport and the concentration inside the droplets. This paper highlights measurements of dopamine in droplets in T-junction microfluidic chips at unprecedently low concentrations, with a limit of detection of 207 nM and a linear range of 0.21-20 μM, giving results similar to continuous flow electrochemistry and allowing the analysis in the striatal extracellular range (<1 μM). The system was applied to the quick and reliable on-line detection of dopamine concentration steps in droplets collected with a microsampling probe in vitro, demonstrating the usefulness of the electrochemical device as a quantification module for microsampled chemicals in droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Leroy
- EPFL-STI-IMT-LMIS4, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Delahaye T, Lombardo T, Sella C, Thouin L. Electrochemical assessments of droplet contents in microfluidic channels. Application to the titration of heterogeneous droplets. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1155:338344. [PMID: 33766324 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Series of aqueous droplets containing redox species were generated on-demand in a microfluidic channel and detected downstream by an electrochemical cell. Depending on the cell geometry, amperometric detections were performed to simultaneously determine the velocity, volume and content of circulating droplets in oil. Volumes and velocities were estimated from specific transition times on the chronoamperometric responses, while charge were evaluated from current integration. The results showed that the total charge within droplets was controlled by the geometry of the electrochemical cell and droplet velocity, leading to accurate determinations of droplet content under specific operating conditions. An active merging of droplets with titrating solutions was tested for analytical purposes. The results demonstrated that even if the mixing was not complete during detection, the assessment of droplet content was still valid. The performance of electrochemical detection was thus evidenced to determine the content of heterogeneous droplets. This property is pertinent since the design of sophisticated circuits is no longer required to fully homogenize the droplet content before characterization, opening broader perspectives in droplet-based microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Delahaye
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Teo Lombardo
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sella
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Thouin
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.
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Perrodin P, Sella C, Thouin L. Electrochemical Generation of Steady-State Linear Concentration Gradients within Microfluidic Channels Perpendicular to the Flow Field. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7699-7707. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Perrodin
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Sella
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Thouin
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
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Abadie T, Sella C, Perrodin P, Thouin L. Electrochemical Generation and Detection of Transient Concentration Gradients in Microfluidic Channels. Theoretical and Experimental Investigations. Front Chem 2019; 7:704. [PMID: 31709233 PMCID: PMC6822297 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient concentration gradients generated and detected electrochemically in continuous flow microchannels were investigated by numerical simulations and amperometric measurements. Operating conditions including device geometry and hydrodynamic regime were theoretically delineated for producing gradients of various profiles with tunable characteristics. Experiments were carried out with microfluidic devices incorporating a dual-channel-electrode configuration. Under these conditions, high electrochemical performance was achieved both to generate concentration gradients and to monitor their dynamics along linear microchannels. Good agreement was observed between simulated and experimental data validating predictions between gradient properties and generation conditions. These results demonstrated the capability of electrochemical microdevices to produce in situ tunable concentration gradients with real-time monitoring. This approach is versatile for the active control in microfluidics of microenvironments or chemical gradients with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laurent Thouin
- PASTEUR, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
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Lombardo T, Lancellotti L, Souprayen C, Sella C, Thouin L. Electrochemical Detection of Droplets in Microfluidic Devices: Simultaneous Determination of Velocity, Size and Content. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teo Lombardo
- Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieureUniversité PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Lidia Lancellotti
- Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieureUniversité PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Christelle Souprayen
- Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieureUniversité PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Catherine Sella
- Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieureUniversité PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 75005 Paris France
| | - Laurent Thouin
- Département de chimie, Ecole normale supérieureUniversité PSL, Sorbonne Université, CNRS 75005 Paris France
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Understanding Mass Transport at Channel Microband Electrodes: Influence of Confined Space under Stagnant Conditions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dickinson EJ, Ekström H, Fontes E. COMSOL Multiphysics®: Finite element software for electrochemical analysis. A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Oliveira R, Bento F, Sella C, Thouin L, Amatore C. Direct Electroanalytical Method for Alternative Assessment of Global Antioxidant Capacity Using Microchannel Electrodes. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9057-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401566w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Oliveira
- Centro
de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fátima Bento
- Centro
de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Catherine Sella
- Département
de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640
PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laurent Thouin
- Département
de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640
PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- Département
de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UMR CNRS-ENS-UPMC 8640
PASTEUR, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Barnes EO, Xiong L, Ward KR, Compton RG. Double potential step chronoamperometry at a microband electrode: Theory and experiment. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Li Y, Sella C, Lemaître F, Guille Collignon M, Thouin L, Amatore C. Highly Sensitive Platinum-Black Coated Platinum Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitrite in Microchannel. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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