1
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Asserghine A, Juillard S, Ducrot J, Vivier V, Sánchez-Sánchez CM. Oxygen reduction reaction monitored during corrosion by means of pumped-micropipette delivery/substrate collection (Pumped-MD/SC) mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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2
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Zhao Z, Martino N, Tagliabue L, Minguzzi A, Vertova A. Facile preparation of robust and multipurpose microelectrodes based on injected epoxy resin. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Uses of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) for the Characterization with Spatial and Chemical Resolution of Thin Surface Layers and Coating Systems Applied on Metals: A Review. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12050637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) is increasingly used in the study and characterization of thin surface films as well as organic and inorganic coatings applied on metals for the collection of spatially- and chemically-resolved information on the localized reactions related to material degradation processes. The movement of a microelectrode (ME) in close proximity to the interface under study allows the application of various experimental procedures that can be classified into amperometric and potentiometric operations depending on either sensing faradaic currents or concentration distributions resulting from the corrosion process. Quantitative analysis can be performed using the ME signal, thus revealing different sample properties and/or the influence of the environment and experimental variables that can be observed on different length scales. In this way, identification of the earlier stages for localized corrosion initiation, the adsorption and formation of inhibitor layers, monitoring of water and specific ions uptake by intact polymeric coatings applied on metals for corrosion protection as well as lixiviation, and detection of coating swelling—which constitutes the earlier stages of blistering—have been successfully achieved. Unfortunately, despite these successful applications of SECM for the characterization of surface layers and coating systems applied on metallic materials, we often find in the scientific literature insufficient or even inadequate description of experimental conditions related to the reliability and reproducibility of SECM data for validation. This review focuses specifically on these features as a continuation of a previous review describing the applications of SECM in this field.
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4
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Fan A, Chen J, Li N, Guo H, Li X, Zhang L, Shao H. Probing Ca2+-induced electron transfer on the surface of self-assembled monolayer using SECM. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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5
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Li X, Pan S. Transparent Ultramicroelectrodes for Studying Interfacial Charge-Transfer Kinetics of Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation at TiO 2 Nanorods with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:15886-15896. [PMID: 34816719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has been extensively applied to the electrochemical analysis of the surfaces and interfaces of a photoelectrochemical (PEC) system. A semiconductor photoelectrode with a well-defined geometry and active surface area comparable to SECM's tip is highly desired for accurately quantifying interfacial charge-transfer activities and photoelectrochemically generated redox species, where the broadening effects due to the mass transfer gradient and nonlocal electron transfer at a planar semiconductor surface can be minimized. Here, we present a newly developed platform as a SECM substrate for investigating semiconductor PEC activities, which is based on a transparent ultramicroelectrode (UME) fabricated by using two-step photolithographic patterning and ion milling methods. This transparent UME with a 25 μm recessed disk shape is fully characterized with SECM for quantifying the interfacial charge-transfer rates of IrCl62-/IrCl63- by comparing with theoretical results from finite element simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics. When coated with TiO2 nanorods as a model semiconductor material, the transparent UME can be used to quantify the catalytic PEC water oxidation in a feedback mode of SECM by sampling tip and substrate current signals simultaneously. This transparent UME-SECM study provides insights into the potential-dependent PEC water oxidation reaction mechanism and the quantitative analysis of photocurrent contributions from water oxidation and the SECM tip-generated redox mediator. The transparent UME-SECM method can be potentially expanded to other SECM operation modes such as surface interrogation for understanding the dynamics of the electrode surfaces and interfaces of a PEC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Shanlin Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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6
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Deng Z, Renault C. Unravelling the last milliseconds of an individual graphene nanoplatelet before impact with a Pt surface by bipolar electrochemistry. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12494-12500. [PMID: 34603681 PMCID: PMC8480341 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03646g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactless interactions of micro/nano-particles near electrochemically or chemically active interfaces are ubiquitous in chemistry and biochemistry. Forces arising from a convective field, an electric field or chemical gradients act on different scales ranging from few microns down to few nanometers making their study difficult. Here, we correlated optical microscopy and electrochemical measurements to track at the millisecond timescale the dynamics of individual two-dimensional particles, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), when approaching an electrified Pt micro-interface. Our original approach takes advantage of the bipolar feedback current recorded when a conducting particle approaches an electrified surface without electrical contact and numerical simulations to access the velocity of individual GNPs. We evidenced a strong deceleration of GNPs from few tens of μm s-1 down to few μm s-1 within the last μm above the surface. This observation reveals the existence of strongly non-uniform forces between tens of and a thousand nanometers from the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Deng
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris Route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Christophe Renault
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, IP Paris Route de Saclay 91128 Palaiseau France
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Abstract
Layered MoS2 is considered as one of the most promising two-dimensional photocatalytic materials for hydrogen evolution and water splitting; however, the electronic structure at the MoS2-liquid interface is so far insufficiently resolved. Measuring and understanding the band offset at the surfaces of MoS2 are crucial for understanding catalytic reactions and to achieve further improvements in performance. Herein, the heterogeneous charge transfer behavior of MoS2 flakes of various layer numbers and sizes is addressed with high spatial resolution in organic solutions using the ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+) redox pair as a probe in near-field scanning electrochemical microscopy, i.e. in close nm probe-sample proximity. Redox mapping reveals an area and layer dependent reactivity for MoS2 with a detailed insight into the local processes as band offset and confinement of the faradaic current obtained. In combination with additional characterization methods, we deduce a band alignment occurring at the liquid-solid interface. Here, high-resolution atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy are used to investigate the electron transfer behaviour of layered MoS2 flakes in organic solutions, offering insights on the electronic band alignment at the solid-liquid interface.
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8
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Berg KE, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Henry CS. SECM Investigation of Carbon Composite Thermoplastic Electrodes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1304-1309. [PMID: 33373524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic electrodes (TPEs) are carbon composite electrodes consisting of graphite and thermoplastic polymer binder. TPE production is a solvent-based method, which makes it easy to fabricate and pattern into complex geometries, contrary to classical carbon composite electrodes. Depending on the composition (carbon type, binder, and composition ratio), TPEs can give excellent electrochemical performance and high conductivity. However, these TPEs are relatively new electrode materials, and thorough electrochemical characterization is still missing to understand and predict why large differences between TPEs exist. We used scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as a screening tool to characterize TPEs. SECM data treatment based on scanning probe microscopy imaging allows a fast and easy comparison of the numerous images, as well as the optimization of the preparation. Experiments suggest that TPEs behave as a network of interacting microelectrodes made by electrochemically active islands isolated between less active areas. Higher carbon content in TPEs is not always indicative of more uniform electrodes with better electrochemical performances. Using various SECM redox probes, it is possible to select a specific graphite or polymer type for the analyte of interest. For example, TPEs made with COC:3569 are the best compromise for general detection, whereas PMMA:11 μm is better suited for catechol-like polyphenol analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yann R Leroux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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9
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Characterization of Inherently Chiral Electrosynthesized Oligomeric Films by Voltammetry and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM). Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225368. [PMID: 33212850 PMCID: PMC7698396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A voltammetric and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) investigation was performed on an inherently chiral oligomer-coated gold electrode to establish its general properties (i.e., conductivity and topography), as well as its ability to discriminate chiral electroactive probe molecules. The electroactive monomer (S)-2,2′-bis(2,2′-bithiophene-5-yl)-3,3′-bibenzothiophene ((S)-BT2T4) was employed as reagent to electrodeposit, by cyclic voltammetry, the inherently chiral oligomer film of (S)-BT2T4 (oligo-(S)-BT2T4) onto the Au electrode surface (resulting in oligo-(S)-BT2T4-Au). SECM measurements, performed in either feedback or competition mode, using the redox mediators [Fe(CN)6]4− and [Fe(CN)6]3− in aqueous solutions, and ferrocene (Fc), (S)-FcEA, (R)-FcEA and rac-FcEA (FcEA is N,N-dimethyl-1-ferrocenylethylamine) in CH3CN solutions, indicated that the oligomer film, as produced, was uncharged. The use of [Fe(CN)6]3− allowed establishing that the oligomer film behaved as a porous insulating membrane, presenting a rather rough surface. This was inferred from both the approach curves and linear and bidimensional SECM scans, which displayed negative feedback effects. The oligomer film acquired semiconducting or fully conducting properties when the Au electrode was biased at potential more positive than 0.6 V vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl. Under the latter conditions, the approach curves displayed positive feedback effects. SECM measurements, performed in competition mode, allowed verifying the discriminating ability of the oligo-(S)-BT2T4 film towards the (S)-FcEA and (R)-FcEA redox mediators, which confirmed the results obtained by cyclic voltammetry. SECM linear scans indicated that the enantiomeric discriminating ability of the oligo-(S)-BT2T4 was even across its entire surface.
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Sun T, Wang D, Mirkin MV. Tunneling Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Probing Electrochemical Processes at Single Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
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11
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Sun T, Wang D, Mirkin MV. Tunneling Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Probing Electrochemical Processes at Single Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7463-7467. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
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12
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Takahashi Y, Ida H, Matsumae Y, Komaki H, Zhou Y, Kumatani A, Kanzaki M, Shiku H, Matsue T. 3D electrochemical and ion current imaging using scanning electrochemical-scanning ion conductance microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26728-26733. [PMID: 28951914 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Local cell-membrane permeability and ionic strength are important factors for maintaining the functions of cells. Here, we measured the spatial electrochemical and ion concentration profile near the sample surface with nanoscale resolution using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) combined with scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM). The ion current feedback system is an effective way to control probe-sample distance without contact and monitor the kinetic effect of mediator regeneration and the chemical concentration profile. For demonstrating 3D electrochemical and ion concentration mapping, we evaluated the reaction rate of electrochemical mediator regeneration on an unbiased conductor and visualized inhomogeneous permeability and the ion concentration 3D profile on a single fixed adipocyte cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 980-8577, Japan.
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Henrotte O, Bottein T, Casademont H, Jaouen K, Bourgeteau T, Campidelli S, Derycke V, Jousselme B, Cornut R. Electronic Transport of MoS 2 Monolayered Flakes Investigated by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2777-2781. [PMID: 28771994 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The amazing properties of 2D materials are envisioned to revolutionize several domains such as flexible electronics, electrocatalysis, or biosensing. Herein we introduce scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as a tool to investigate molybdenum disulfide in a straightforward fashion, providing localized information regarding the electronic transport within chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown crystalline MoS2 single layers having micrometric sizes. Our investigations show that within flakes assemblies some flakes are well electrically interconnected, with no detectable contact resistance, whereas others are not electrically connected at all, independent of the size of the physical contact between them. Overall, the work shows how the complex electronic behavior of MoS2 flake assemblies (semiconducting nature, contact quality between flakes) can be investigated with SECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Henrotte
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Bottein
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Hugo Casademont
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Kevin Jaouen
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Tiphaine Bourgeteau
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Stephane Campidelli
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Derycke
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Cornut
- LICSEN, NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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14
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Steentjes T, Sarkar S, Jonkheijm P, Lemay SG, Huskens J. Electron Transfer Mediated by Surface-Tethered Redox Groups in Nanofluidic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603268. [PMID: 27982518 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides a powerful sensor transduction and amplification mechanism that is highly suited for use in integrated, massively parallelized assays. Here, the cyclic voltammetric detection of flexible, linear poly(ethylene glycol) polymers is demonstrated, which have been functionalized with redox-active ferrocene (Fc) moieties and surface-tethered inside a nanofluidic device consisting of two microscale electrodes separated by a gap of <100 nm. Diffusion of the surface-bound polymer chains in the aqueous electrolyte allows the redox groups to repeatedly shuttle electrons from one electrode to the other, resulting in a greatly amplified steady-state electrical current. Variation of the polymer length provides control over the current, as the activity per Fc moiety appears to depend on the extent to which the polymer layers of the opposing electrodes can interpenetrate each other and thus exchange electrons. These results outline the design rules for sensing devices that are based on changing the polymer length, flexibility, and/or diffusivity by binding an analyte to the polymer chain. Such a nanofluidic enabled configuration provides an amplified and highly sensitive alternative to other electrochemical detection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Steentjes
- Molecular NanoFabrication, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sahana Sarkar
- NanoIonics, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Molecular NanoFabrication, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Serge G Lemay
- NanoIonics, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular NanoFabrication, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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He D, Yan J, Zhu F, Zhou Y, Mao B, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C. Enhancing the Bipolar Redox Cycling Efficiency of Plane-Recessed Microelectrode Arrays by Adding a Chemically Irreversible Interferent. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8535-41. [PMID: 27490270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The individual electrochemical anodic responses of dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP), and pyrocatechol (CT) were investigated at arrays of recessed gold disk-microelectrodes arrays (MEAs) covered by a gold plane electrode and compared to those of their binary mixture (CT and EP) when the top-plane electrode was operated as a bipolar electrode or as a collector. The interferent species (EP) displays a chemically irreversible wave over the same potential range as the chemically reversible ones of DA or CT. As expected, in the generator-collector (GC) mode, EP did not contribute to the redox cycling amplification that occurred only for DA or CT. Conversely, in the bipolar mode, the presence of EP drastically increased the bipolar redox cycling efficiency of DA and CT. This evidenced that the chemically irreversible oxidation of EP at the anodic poles of the top plane floating electrode provided additional electron fluxes that were used to more efficiently reduce the oxidized DA or CT species at the cathodic poles. This suggests an easy experimental strategy for enhancing the bipolar efficiency of MEAs up to reach a performance identical to that achieved when the same MEAs are operated in a GC mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingwen He
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, PR China
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS UMR 8640 "PASTEUR", Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, Ecole Normale Supérieure - PSL Research University , Département de Chimie, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
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Sarkar S, Lai SCS, Lemay SG. Unconventional Electrochemistry in Micro-/Nanofluidic Systems. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E81. [PMID: 30404256 PMCID: PMC6189913 DOI: 10.3390/mi7050081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry is ideally suited to serve as a detection mechanism in miniaturized analysis systems. A significant hurdle can, however, be the implementation of reliable micrometer-scale reference electrodes. In this tutorial review, we introduce the principal challenges and discuss the approaches that have been employed to build suitable references. We then discuss several alternative strategies aimed at eliminating the reference electrode altogether, in particular two-electrode electrochemical cells, bipolar electrodes and chronopotentiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Sarkar
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Stanley C S Lai
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Serge G Lemay
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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17
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Plettenberg I, Wittstock G. Combined detection of electrochemical reactions and topographical effects - imaging with scanning ohmic microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Simpson BH, Rodríguez-López J. Redox Titrations via Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy at an Extended Semiconducting Surface for the Quantification of Photogenerated Adsorbed Intermediates. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Oleinick A, Yan J, Mao B, Svir I, Amatore C. Theory of Microwell Arrays Performing as Generators-Collectors Based on a Single Bipolar Plane Electrode. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oleinick
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 PR China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Department of Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen Fujian 361005 PR China
| | - Irina Svir
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Christian Amatore
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24 rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
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20
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Noël JM, Mottet L, Bremond N, Poulin P, Combellas C, Bibette J, Kanoufi F. Multiscale electrochemistry of hydrogels embedding conductive nanotubes. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3900-3905. [PMID: 29218161 PMCID: PMC5707460 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00549c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The local functionalities of biocompatible objects can be characterized under conditions similar to the operating ones, using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). In the case of alginate beads entrapping carbon nanotubes (CNTs), SECM allows evidencing of the local conductivity, organization, and communication between the CNTs. It shows that the CNT network is active enough to allow long range charge evacuation, enabling the use of alginate/CNT beads as soft 3D electrodes. Direct connection or local interrogation by a microelectrode allows visualization of their communication as a network and eventually the study of them individually at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Noël
- Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris Diderot University , Interfaces , Traitements , Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS) , CNRS-UMR 7086 , 15 rue J. A. de Baif , 75013 Paris , France . ; ; Tel: +33 157277217
| | - Léopold Mottet
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés , Institute of Chemistry , Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS-UMR8231/PSL Research University , 10 rue Vauquelin 75231 , Paris Cedex , France
| | - Nicolas Bremond
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés , Institute of Chemistry , Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS-UMR8231/PSL Research University , 10 rue Vauquelin 75231 , Paris Cedex , France
| | - Philippe Poulin
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal - CNRS , University of Bordeaux , 115 Avenue Schweitzer , 33600 Pessac , France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris Diderot University , Interfaces , Traitements , Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS) , CNRS-UMR 7086 , 15 rue J. A. de Baif , 75013 Paris , France . ; ; Tel: +33 157277217
| | - Jérôme Bibette
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés , Institute of Chemistry , Biology and Innovation (CBI) - ESPCI ParisTech/CNRS-UMR8231/PSL Research University , 10 rue Vauquelin 75231 , Paris Cedex , France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris Diderot University , Interfaces , Traitements , Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS) , CNRS-UMR 7086 , 15 rue J. A. de Baif , 75013 Paris , France . ; ; Tel: +33 157277217
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21
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Lee E, Sung J, An T, Shin H, Gil Nam H, Lim G. Simultaneous imaging of the topography and electrochemical activity of a 2D carbon nanotube network using a dual functional L-shaped nanoprobe. Analyst 2015; 140:3150-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous imaging of the topography and electrochemical activity using a dual functional L-shaped nanoprobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering
- POSTECH
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Sung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- POSTECH
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Taechang An
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering
- Andong National University
- Andong
- Republic of Korea
| | - Heungjoo Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- UNIST
- Ulsan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research
- Institute for Basic Science
- and Department of New Biology
- DGIST
- Daegu 711–873
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- POSTECH
- Pohang
- Republic of Korea
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22
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Bourgeteau T, Le Vot S, Bertucchi M, Derycke V, Jousselme B, Campidelli S, Cornut R. New Insights into the Electronic Transport of Reduced Graphene Oxide Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:4162-4166. [PMID: 26278948 DOI: 10.1021/jz502224f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigates the electronic conduction of reduced graphene oxide flakes and the coupling between flakes through a combined SECM (scanning electrochemical microscopy), AFM, and SEM analysis. Images of individual and interconnected flakes directly reveal the signature of the contact resistance between flakes in a noncontact and substrate-independent way. Quantitative evaluation of the parameters is achieved with the support of numerical simulations to interpret the experimental results. The interflakes contact resistance importantly impacts the transport of electrons, which can be anticipated as a key parameter in r-GO-based materials used in fuel cells, lithium batteries, supercapacitors, and organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Bourgeteau
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Bat. 466, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex F-91191, France
| | - Steven Le Vot
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Bat. 466, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex F-91191, France
| | - Michael Bertucchi
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Bat. 466, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex F-91191, France
| | - Vincent Derycke
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Bat. 466, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex F-91191, France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Bat. 466, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex F-91191, France
| | - Stéphane Campidelli
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Bat. 466, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex F-91191, France
| | - Renaud Cornut
- CEA Saclay, IRAMIS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Bat. 466, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex F-91191, France
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23
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Abstract
The reference electrode is a key component in electrochemical measurements, yet it remains a challenge to implement a reliable reference electrode in miniaturized electrochemical sensors. Here we explore experimentally and theoretically an alternative approach based on redox cycling which eliminates the reference electrode altogether. We show that shifts in the solution potential caused by the lack of reference can be understood quantitatively, and determine the requirements for accurate measurements in miniaturized systems in the absence of a reference electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Sarkar
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
| | - Shuo Kang
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
| | - Ab. F. Nieuwenhuis
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands, ; Fax: +31 53 489 3511; Tel : +31 53 489 2306
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24
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Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk AM, Asuero AG, Martin J, Alonso E, Jurado JM, Michałowski T. A uniform nonlinearity criterion for rational functions applied to calibration curve and standard addition methods. Talanta 2014; 130:307-14. [PMID: 25159414 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rational functions of the Padé type are used for the calibration curve (CCM), and standard addition (SAM) methods purposes. In this paper, the related functions were applied to results obtained from the analyses of (a) nickel with use of FAAS method, (b) potassium according to FAES method, and (c) salicylic acid according to HPLC-MS/MS method. A uniform, integral criterion of nonlinearity of the curves, obtained according to CCM and SAM, is suggested. This uniformity is based on normalization of the approximating functions within the frames of a unit area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agustin G Asuero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Julia Martin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Marcos Jurado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Tadeusz Michałowski
- Faculty of Engineering and Chemical Technology, Technical University of Cracow, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
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25
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A non-linearity criterion applied to the calibration curve method involved with ion-selective electrodes. Talanta 2014; 124:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Lhenry S, Leroux YR, Orain C, Conan F, Cosquer N, Le Poul N, Reinaud O, Le Mest Y, Hapiot P. Locally induced and self-induced "electroclick" onto a self-assembled monolayer: writing and reading with SECM under unbiased conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4501-4508. [PMID: 24673288 DOI: 10.1021/la405005f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Localized "electroclick" was achieved on azido-terminated self-assembled monolayers using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) in feedback mode, in which the substrate is not electrically connected (unbiased conditions). The method allows both the local immobilization of diverse functional moieties and the monitoring of each modification step at a micrometer scale. Conditions of the "click" coupling reaction were optimized especially to avoid the deposit of metallic copper by the choice of a specific ligand to stabilize the Cu(I) species. The catalytic efficiency in localized "electroclick" reaction of Cu(II)TMPA (TMPA: tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) as the "click" catalyst was compared with a derivative containing an alkyne group Cu(II)6eTMPA, the same molecule playing the role of the catalyst and the substrate. Evidences for surface self-catalysis propagation are demonstrated through SECM imaging showing a random 2D progression of the catalytic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lhenry
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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27
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Zhu F, Yan J, Pang S, Zhou Y, Mao B, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C. Strategy for Increasing the Electrode Density of Microelectrode Arrays by Utilizing Bipolar Behavior of a Metallic Film. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3138-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404202p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Yongliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Mao
- State Key Laboratory
for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department
of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS UMR 8640
“PASTEUR”, Departement de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Irina Svir
- CNRS UMR 8640
“PASTEUR”, Departement de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- CNRS UMR 8640
“PASTEUR”, Departement de Chimie, Ecole Normale Superieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
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28
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Fang PP, Chen S, Deng H, Scanlon MD, Gumy F, Lee HJ, Momotenko D, Amstutz V, Cortés-Salazar F, Pereira CM, Yang Z, Girault HH. Conductive gold nanoparticle mirrors at liquid/liquid interfaces. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9241-9248. [PMID: 24047434 DOI: 10.1021/nn403879g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle (Au NP) mirrors, which exhibit both high reflectance and electrical conductance, were self-assembled at a [heptane + 1,2-dichloroethane]/water liquid/liquid interface. The highest reflectance, as observed experimentally and confirmed by finite difference time domain calculations, occurred for Au NP films consisting of 60 nm diameter NPs and approximate monolayer surface coverage. Scanning electrochemical microscopy approach curves over the interfacial metallic NP films revealed a transition from an insulating to a conducting electrical material on reaching a surface coverage at least equivalent to the formation of a single monolayer. Reflectance and conductance transitions were interpreted as critical junctures corresponding to a surface coverage that exceeded the percolation threshold of the Au NP films at the [heptane + 1,2-dichloroethane]/water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Ping Fang
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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30
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Fosdick SE, Knust KN, Scida K, Crooks RM. Bipolar Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10438-56. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Mampallil D, Mathwig K, Kang S, Lemay SG. Redox Couples with Unequal Diffusion Coefficients: Effect on Redox Cycling. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6053-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400910n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Mampallil
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Mathwig
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Shuo Kang
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Serge G. Lemay
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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32
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Oleinick A, Zhu F, Yan J, Mao B, Svir I, Amatore C. Theoretical investigation of generator-collector microwell arrays for improving electroanalytical selectivity: application to selective dopamine detection in the presence of ascorbic acid. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:1887-98. [PMID: 23576475 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recessed generator-collector assemblies consisting of an array of recessed disks (generator electrodes) with a gold layer (collector electrode) deposited over the top-plane insulator reportedly allow increased selectivity and sensitivity during electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA), a situation which is frequently encountered. In sensor design, the potential of the disk electrodes is set to the wave plateau of DA, whereas the plane electrode is biased at the irreversible wave plateau of AA before the onset of the DA oxidation wave. Thus, AA is scavenged but DA is allowed to enter the nanocavities to be oxidized at the disk electrodes, and its signal is further amplified by redox cycling between disk and plane electrodes. Several different theoretical approaches are elaborated herein to analyze the behavior of the system, and their conclusions are successfully tested by experiments. This reveals the crucial role of the plane-electrode area which screens access to the recessed disks (i.e. acts as a diffusional Faraday cage) and simultaneously contributes to amplification of the analyte signal through positive feedback, as occurs in interdigitated arrays and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Simulations also allow for the evaluation of the benefits of different geometries inspired by the above design and different operating modes for increasing the sensor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oleinick
- CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
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33
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Lhenry S, Leroux YR, Hapiot P. Chemically irreversible redox mediator for SECM kinetics investigations: determination of the absolute tip-sample distance. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1840-5. [PMID: 23286357 DOI: 10.1021/ac303226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of a chemically irreversible redox probe in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was evaluated for the determination of the absolute tip-substrate distance. This data is required for a quantitative use of the method in the analysis of functional surfaces with an unknown redox response. Associated with the relevant model curves, the electrochemical response allows an easy positioning of the tip versus the substrate that is independent of the nature of the materials under investigation. The irreversible oxidation of polyaromatic compounds was found to be well adapted for such investigations in organic media. Anthracene oxidation in acetonitrile was chosen as a demonstrative example for evaluating the errors and limits of the procedure. Interest in the procedure was exemplified for the local investigations of surfaces modified by redox entities. This permits discrimination between the different processes occurring at the sample surface as the permeability of the probe through the layer or the charge transfer pathways. It was possible to observe small differences with simple kinetic models (irreversible charge transfer) that are related to permeation: charge transport steps through a permeable redox layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Lhenry
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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34
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Azevedo J, Bourdillon C, Derycke V, Campidelli S, Lefrou C, Cornut R. Contactless Surface Conductivity Mapping of Graphene Oxide Thin Films Deposited on Glass with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1812-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Azevedo
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service
de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, Laboratoire
d’Electronique Moléculaire, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette,
France
| | - Céline Bourdillon
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service de Physique et de Chimie des Surfaces
et Interfaces, Laboratoire
de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Vincent Derycke
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service
de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, Laboratoire
d’Electronique Moléculaire, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette,
France
| | - Stéphane Campidelli
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service
de Physique de l’Etat Condensé, Laboratoire
d’Electronique Moléculaire, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette,
France
| | - Christine Lefrou
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5279, CNRS-Grenoble-INP-UdS-UJF, 1130 rue de la piscine,
B.P. 75, Domaine Universitaire, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères
Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Cornut
- CEA, IRAMIS, Service de Physique et de Chimie des Surfaces
et Interfaces, Laboratoire
de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
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35
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Bergner S, Vatsyayan P, Matysik FM. Recent advances in high resolution scanning electrochemical microscopy of living cells--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 775:1-13. [PMID: 23601970 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses advances in the field of high resolution scanning electrochemical microscopy (HR-SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) to study living cells. Relevant references from the advent of this technique in the late 1980s to most recent contributions in 2012 are presented with special discussion on high resolution images. A clear progress especially within the last 5 years can be seen in the field of HR-SECM. Furthermore, we also concentrate on the intrinsic properties of SECM imaging techniques e.g. different modes of image acquisition, their advantages and disadvantages in imaging living cells and strategies for further enhancement of image resolution, etc. Some of the recent advances of SECM in nanoimaging have also been discussed which may have potential applications in high resolution imaging of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bergner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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36
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Battistel D, Daniele S, Fratter D. A scanning electrochemical microscopy procedure for micropatterning Al2O3-thin films deposited on a platinum substrate. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Lhenry S, Leroux YR, Hapiot P. Use of Catechol As Selective Redox Mediator in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Investigations. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7518-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301634s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Lhenry
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226 (Equipe
MaCSE), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yann R. Leroux
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226 (Equipe
MaCSE), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226 (Equipe
MaCSE), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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