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Li L, Wei J, Zhang J, Li B, Yang Y, Zhang J. Challenges and strategies for commercialization and widespread practical applications of superhydrophobic surfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj1554. [PMID: 37862425 PMCID: PMC10588945 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces have progressed rapidly in fundamental research over the past 20 years, but their practical applications lag far behind. In this perspective, we first present the findings of a survey on the current state of SH surfaces including fundamental research, patenting, and commercialization. On the basis of the survey and our experience, this perspective explores the challenges and strategies for commercialization and widespread practical applications of SH surfaces. The comprehensive performances, preparation methods, and application scenarios of SH surfaces are the major constraints. These challenges should be addressed simultaneously, and the actionable strategies are provided. We then highlight the standard test methods of the comprehensive performances including mechanical stability, impalement resistance, and weather resistance. Last, the prospects of SH surfaces in the future are discussed. We anticipate that SH surfaces may be widely commercialized and used in practical applications around the year 2035 through combination of the suggested strategies and input from both academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Li
- Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinfei Wei
- Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, P.R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bucheng Li
- Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanfei Yang
- Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Center of Eco-Material and Green Chemistry, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, P.R. China
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Yu ES, Chae K, Kim T, Lee J, Seo J, Kim IS, Chung AJ, Lee SD, Ryu YS. Development of a Photonic Switch via Electro-Capillarity-Induced Water Penetration Across a 10-nm Gap. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107060. [PMID: 35187805 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With narrow and dense nanoarchitectures increasingly adopted to improve optical functionality, achieving the complete wetting of photonic devices is required when aiming at underwater molecule detection over the water-repellent optical materials. Despite continuous advances in photonic applications, real-time monitoring of nanoscale wetting transitions across nanostructures with 10-nm gaps, the distance at which photonic performance is maximized, remains a chronic hurdle when attempting to quantify the water influx and molecules therein. For this reason, the present study develops a photonic switch that transforms the wetting transition into perceivable color changes using a liquid-permeable Fabry-Perot resonator. Electro-capillary-induced Cassie-to-Wenzel transitions produce an optical memory effect in the photonic switch, as confirmed by surface-energy analysis, simulations, and an experimental demonstration. The results show that controlling the wetting behavior using the proposed photonic switch is a promising strategy for the integration of aqueous media with photonic hotspots in plasmonic nanostructures such as biochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Sang Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyomin Chae
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsu Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmok Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soo Kim
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram J Chung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Doo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sang Ryu
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
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Mehanna YA, Sadler E, Upton RL, Kempchinsky AG, Lu Y, Crick CR. The challenges, achievements and applications of submersible superhydrophobic materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6569-6612. [PMID: 33889879 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic materials have been widely reported throughout the scientific literature. Their properties originate from a highly rough morphology and inherently water repellent surface chemistry. Despite promising an array of functionalities, these materials have seen limited commercial development. This could be attributed to many factors, like material compatibility, low physical resilience, scaling-up complications, etc. In applications where persistent water contact is required, another limitation arises as a major concern, which is the stability of the air layer trapped at the surface when submerged or impacted by water. This review is aimed at examining the diverse array of research focused on monitoring/improving air layer stability, and highlighting the most successful approaches. The reported complexity of monitoring and enhancing air layer stability, in conjunction with the variety of approaches adopted, results in an assortment of suggested routes to achieving success. The review is addressing the challenge of finding a balance between maximising water repulsion and incorporating structures that protect air pockets from removal, along with challenges related to the variant approaches to testing air-layer stability across the research field, and the gap between the achieved progress and the required performance in real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A Mehanna
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
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Zhang D, Takase S, Nagayama G. Measurement of effective wetting area at hydrophobic solid-liquid interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 591:474-482. [PMID: 33640849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESES The effective wetting area, a parameter somewhat different from the apparent contact area at solid-liquid interfaces, plays a significant role in surface wettability. However, determination of the effective wetting area for hydrophobic surfaces remains an open question. In the present study, we developed an electrochemical impedance method to evaluate the effective wetting area at a hydrophobic solid-liquid interface. EXPERIMENTS Patterned Si surfaces were prepared using the anisotropic wet etching method, and the water contact angle and electrochemical impedance were measured experimentally. The effective wetting area at the solid-liquid interface was examined based on the wettability and impedance results. FINDINGS The electrochemical impedance for the patterned Si surfaces increased with increasing surface hydrophobicity, whereas the effective wetting area decreased. The intermediate wetting state (i.e. partial wetting model) was confirmed at the patterned Si surfaces, and the effective wetting area was theoretically estimated. The effective wetting area predicted from the electrochemical impedance agreed well with that predicted from the partial wetting model, thereby demonstrating the validity of the electrochemical impedance method for evaluating the effective wetting area at the hydrophobic solid-liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejian Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui 1-1, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan
| | - Satoko Takase
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui 1-1, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan
| | - Gyoko Nagayama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Sensui 1-1, Tobata, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan.
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Wang Z, Chen Y, Sun X, Duddu R, Lin S. Mechanism of pore wetting in membrane distillation with alcohol vs. surfactant. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lloyd BP, Bartlett PN, Wood RJK. Active gas replenishment and sensing of the wetting state in a submerged superhydrophobic surface. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:1413-1419. [PMID: 28121004 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previously superhydrophobic surfaces have demonstrated effective drag reduction by trapping a lubricious gas layer on the surface with micron-sized hydrophobic features. However, prolonged reduction of drag is hindered by the dissolution of the gas into the surrounding water. This paper demonstrates a novel combination of superhydrophobic surface design and electrochemical control methods which allow quick determination of the wetted area and a gas replenishment mechanism to maintain the desirable gas filled state. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to measure the capacitance of the surface which is shown to be proportional to the solid/liquid interface area. To maintain a full gas coverage for prolonged periods the surface is held at an electrical potential which leads to hydrogen evolution. In the desired gas filled state the water does not touch the metallic area of the surface, however after gas has dissolved the water touches the metal which closes the electrochemical circuit causing hydrogen to be produced replenishing the gas in the surface and returning to the gas filled state; in this way the system is self-actuating. This type of surface and electrochemical control shows promise for applications where the gas filled state of superhydrophobic surfaces must be maintained when submerged for long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben P Lloyd
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Robert J K Wood
- National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS), University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Wang P, Su J, Shen M, Ruths M, Sun H. Detection of Liquid Penetration of a Micropillar Surface Using the Quartz Crystal Microbalance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:638-644. [PMID: 27973850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative characterization of the wetting states of droplets on hydrophobic textured surfaces requires direct measurement of the liquid penetration into surface cavities, which is challenging. Here, the use of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technology is reported for the characterization of the liquid penetration depth on a micropillar-patterned surface. The actual liquid-air interface of the droplet was established by freezing the droplet and characterizing it using a cryogenically focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope (cryo FIB-SEM) technique. It was found that a direct correlation exists between the liquid penetration depth and the responses of the QCM. A very small frequency shift of the QCM (1.5%) was recorded when the droplet was in the Cassie state, whereas a significant frequency shift was observed when the wetting state changed to the Wenzel state (where full liquid penetration occurs). Furthermore, a transition from the Cassie to the Wenzel state can be captured by the QCM technique. An acoustic-structure-interaction based numerical model was developed to further understand the effect of penetration. The numerical model was validated by experimentally measured responses of micropillar-patterned QCMs. The results also show a nonlinear response of the QCM to the increasing liquid penetration depth. This research provides a solid foundation for utilizing QCM sensors for liquid penetration and surface wettability characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Physics, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Junwei Su
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Physics, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Mengyan Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Physics, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Marina Ruths
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Physics, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Physics, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell , Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
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Hisler V, Jendoubi H, Hairaye C, Vonna L, Le Houérou V, Mermet F, Nardin M, Haidara H. Tensiometric Characterization of Superhydrophobic Surfaces As Compared to the Sessile and Bouncing Drop Methods. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7765-7773. [PMID: 27408983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have considered in this work the Wilhelmy plate tensiometer to characterize the wetting properties of two model surface textures: (i) a series of three superhydrophobic micropillared surfaces and (ii) a series of two highly water-repellent surfaces microtextured with a femtosecond laser. The wetting forces obtained on these surfaces with the Wilhelmy plate technique were compared to the contact angles of water droplets measured with the sessile drop technique and to the bouncing behavior of water droplets recorded at a high frame rate. We showed that it is possible with this technique to directly measure triple-line anchoring forces that are not accessible with the commonly used sessile drop technique. In addition, we have demonstrated on the basis of the bouncing drop experiments wetting transitions induced by the specific test conditions associated with the Wilhelmy plate tensiometer for the two series of textured surfaces. Finally, the tensiometer technique is proposed as an alternative test for characterizing the wetting properties of highly liquid-repellent surface, especially under immersion conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Hisler
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M) CNRS - UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 15 rue Jean Starcky BP2488, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Hiba Jendoubi
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M) CNRS - UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 15 rue Jean Starcky BP2488, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Camille Hairaye
- IREPA-LASER, Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Laurent Vonna
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M) CNRS - UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 15 rue Jean Starcky BP2488, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Vincent Le Houérou
- Institut Charles Sadon (ICS) (UPR22-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Mermet
- IREPA-LASER, Boulevard Gonthier d'Andernach, Parc d'Innovation, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Michel Nardin
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M) CNRS - UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 15 rue Jean Starcky BP2488, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Hamidou Haidara
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M) CNRS - UMR 7361, Université de Haute Alsace , 15 rue Jean Starcky BP2488, 68057 Mulhouse, France
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Li J. Characterization for Cassie-Wenzel wetting transition based on the force response in the process of squeezing liquid drops by two parallel superhydrophobic surfaces. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:065108. [PMID: 27370498 DOI: 10.1063/1.4953333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Application of superhydrophobic surfaces is partly limited by the escaping of the entrapped air beneath the liquid sitting on the superhydrophobic surfaces, i.e., the so-called Cassie-Wenzel wetting transition. Here, to characterize this wetting transition, a linear force response relation with certain abnormal systematic deflection showing the wetting transition information is constructed for the process of squeezing the test liquid drop by two parallel structured (superhydrophobic) surfaces. The linear force response relation is validated by replotting the experimental data from the former work. And then the wetting transition information is investigated on a numerically generated force response curve with certain errors by taking into account the liquid pressure variation during the wetting transition. Results show that the wetting transition can cause an obvious bulge on the linear force response curve. We believe that this method has a potential application in characterizing the robustness of superhydrophobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- School of material science and engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, People's Republic of China
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One-pot waterborne superhydrophobic pigment coatings at high solids with improved scratch and water resistance. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dufour R, Saad N, Carlier J, Campistron P, Nassar G, Toubal M, Boukherroub R, Senez V, Nongaillard B, Thomy V. Acoustic tracking of Cassie to Wenzel wetting transitions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13129-13134. [PMID: 24117124 DOI: 10.1021/la402481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many applications involving superhydrophobic materials require accurate control and monitoring of wetting states and wetting transitions. Such monitoring is usually done by optical methods, which are neither versatile nor integrable. This letter presents an alternative approach based on acoustic measurements. An acoustic transducer is integrated on the back side of a superhydrophobic silicon surface on which water droplets are deposited. By analyzing the reflection of longitudinal acoustic waves at the composite liquid-solid-vapor interface, we show that it is possible to track the local evolution of the Cassie-to-Wenzel wetting transition efficiently, as induced by evaporation or the electrowetting actuation of droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Dufour
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) Cité Scientifique, University of Lille Nord de France , Avenue Poincaré, BP 60069, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Lopes DM, Ramos SMM, de Oliveira LR, Mombach JCM. Cassie–Baxter to Wenzel state wetting transition: a 2D numerical simulation. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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