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Zaid A, Khan MS, Yan D, Marriott PJ, Wong YF. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry: an advanced bioanalytical technique for clinical metabolomics studies. Analyst 2022; 147:3974-3992. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00584k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the current state of knowledge in the development of GC × GC-MS for the analysis of clinical metabolites. Selected applications are described as well as our perspectives on current challenges and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Zaid
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Sharif Khan
- Cargill Research and Development Center, Cargill, 14800 28th Ave N, Plymouth, MN 55447, USA
| | - Dandan Yan
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yong Foo Wong
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Boegelsack N, Hayes K, Sandau C, Withey JM, McMartin DW, O'Sullivan G. Method development for optimizing analysis of ignitable liquid residues using flow-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462495. [PMID: 34537663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The abundance and composition of matrix compounds in fire debris samples undergoing ignitable liquid residue analysis frequently leads to inconclusive results, which can be diminished by applying comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC). Method development must be undertaken to fully utilize the potential of GC × GC by maximizing separation space and resolution.. The three main areas to consider for method development are column selection, modulator settings and parameter optimization. Seven column combinations with different stationary phase chemistry, column dimensions and orthogonality were assessed for suitability based on target compound selectivity, retention, resolution, and peak shapes, as well as overall peak capacity and area use. Using Box-Behnken design of experimentation (DoE), the effect of modulator settings such as flow ratio and loop fill capacity were evaluated using carbon loading potential, dilution effect, as well as target peak amplitude and skewing effect. The run parameters explored for parameter optimization were oven programming, inlet pressure (column flow rate), and modulation period. Comparing DoE approaches, Box-Behnken and Doehlert designs assessed sensitivity, selectivity, peak capacity, and wraparound; alongside target peak retention, resolution, and shape evaluation. Certified reference standards and simulated wildfire debris were used for method development and verification, and wildfire debris case samples scrutinized for method validation. The final method employed a low polarity column (5% diphenyl) coupled to a semi-polar column (50% diphenyl) and resulted in an average Separation Number (SN) exceeding 1 in both dimensions after optimization. Separation Numbers of 18.16 for first and 1.46 for second dimension without wraparound for compounds with at least four aromatic rings signified successful separation of all target compounds from varied matrix compositions and allowed for easy visual comparison of extracted ion profiles. Mass spectrometry (MS) was required during validation to differentiate ions where no baseline separation between target compounds and extraneous matrix compounds was possible. The resulting method was evaluated against ASTM E1618 and found to be an ideal routine analysis method providing great resolution of target compounds from interferences and excellent potential for ILR classification within a complex sample matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadin Boegelsack
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB Canada, T3E 6K6; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK Canada, S7N 5A9.
| | - Kevin Hayes
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB Canada, T3E 6K6; Manchester Metropolitan University, Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Chester Street, Manchester, U.K., M1 5GD
| | - Court Sandau
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB Canada, T3E 6K6; Chemistry Matters Inc., 104-1240 Kensington Rd NW Suite 405, Calgary, AB Canada, T2N 3P7
| | - Jonathan M Withey
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB Canada, T3E 6K6
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK Canada, S7N 5A9
| | - Gwen O'Sullivan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, AB Canada, T3E 6K6
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Grübner M, Dunkel A, Steiner F, Hofmann T. Systematic Evaluation of Liquid Chromatography (LC) Column Combinations for Application in Two-Dimensional LC Metabolomic Studies. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12565-12573. [PMID: 34491041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to proteomics, the application of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D LC) in the field of metabolomics is still premature. One reason might be the elevated chemical complexity and the associated challenge of selecting proper separation conditions in each dimension. As orthogonality of dimensions is a major issue, the present study aimed for the identification of successful stationary phase combinations. To determine the degree of orthogonality, first, six different metrics, namely, Pearson's correlation coefficient (1 - |R|), the nearest-neighbor distances (H̅NND), the "asterisk equations" (AO), and surface coverage by bins (SCG), convex hulls (SCCH), and α-convex hulls (SCαH), were critically assessed by 15 artificial 2D data sets, and a systematic parameter optimization of α-convex hulls was conducted. SGG, SCαH with α = 0.1, and H̅NND generated valid results with sensitivity toward space utilization and data distribution and, therefore, were applied to pairs of experimental retention time sets obtained for >350 metabolites, selected to represent the chemical space of human urine. Normalized retention data were obtained for 23 chromatographic setups, comprising reversed-phase (RP), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), and mixed-mode separation systems with an ion exchange (IEX) contribution. As expected, no single LC setting provided separation of all considered analytes, but while conventional RP×HILIC combinations appeared rather complementary than orthogonal, the incorporation of IEX properties into the RP dimension substantially increased the 2D potential. Eventually, one of the most promising column combinations was implemented for an offline 2D LC time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of a lyophilized urine sample. Targeted screening resulted in a total of 164 detected metabolites and confirmed the outstanding coverage of the 2D retention space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grübner
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, Freising 85354, Germany.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstraße 4, Germering 82110, Germany
| | - Andreas Dunkel
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, Freising 85354, Germany.,Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Frank Steiner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstraße 4, Germering 82110, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, Freising 85354, Germany
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Schöneich S, Trinklein TJ, Warren CG, Synovec RE. A systematic investigation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry with dynamic pressure gradient modulation for high peak capacity separations. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1134:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Analysis of light components in pyrolysis products by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with PLOT columns. Talanta 2020; 209:120448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shashkov MV, Sidelnikov VN. Orthogonality and Quality of GC × GC Separations for Complex Samples with Ionic Liquid Stationary Phases in First Dimension. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3672-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Braga SC, Oliveira LF, Hashimoto JC, Gama MR, Efraim P, Poppi RJ, Augusto F. Study of volatile profile in cocoa nibs, cocoa liquor and chocolate on production process using GC × GC-QMS. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography as analytical strategy for pharmaceutical analysis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1536:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jáčová J, Gardlo A, Friedecký D, Adam T, Dimandja JMD. Sample-independent approach to normalize two-dimensional data for orthogonality evaluation using whole separation space scaling. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1511:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Retention modeling and retention time prediction in gas chromatography and flow-modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: The contribution of pressure on solute partition. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1485:101-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shashkov MV, Sidelnikov VN. Separation of phenol-containing pyrolysis products using comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography with columns based on pyridinium ionic liquids. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3754-3760. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Shashkov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; Novosibirsk Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University; Novosibirsk Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir N. Sidelnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS; Novosibirsk Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University; Novosibirsk Russian Federation
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Sharif KM, Kulsing C, Marriott PJ. Pressure Tuning of First Dimension Columns in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9087-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khan M. Sharif
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington
Rd., Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Chadin Kulsing
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington
Rd., Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington
Rd., Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Chin ST, Marriott PJ. Multidimensional gas chromatography beyond simple volatiles separation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8819-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Le Masle A, Angot D, Gouin C, D’Attoma A, Ponthus J, Quignard A, Heinisch S. Development of on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography method for the separation of biomass compounds. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Interpretation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography data using advanced chemometrics. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Zhang L, Zeng Z, Zhao C, Kong H, Lu X, Xu G. A comparative study of volatile components in green, oolong and black teas by using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen D, Seo JH, Liu J, Kurabayashi K, Fan X. Smart three-dimensional gas chromatography. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6871-5. [PMID: 23789906 DOI: 10.1021/ac401152v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We developed a complete computer-controlled smart 3-dimensional gas chromatography (3-D GC) system with an automation algorithm. This smart 3-D GC architecture enabled independent optimization of and control over each dimension of separation and allowed for much longer separation time for the second- and third-dimensional columns than the conventional comprehensive 3-D GC could normally achieve. Therefore, it can potentially be employed to construct a novel GC system that exploits the multidimensional separation capability to a greater extent. In this Article, we introduced the smart 3-D GC concept, described its operation, and demonstrated its feasibility by separating 22 vapor analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Omais B, Crepier J, Charon N, Courtiade M, Quignard A, Thiébaut D. Oxygen speciation in upgraded fast pyrolysis bio-oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Analyst 2013; 138:2258-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35597c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chainet F, Lienemann CP, Ponthus J, Courtiade M, Donard OFX. Development of heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography coupled to time of flight mass spectrometry for silicon speciation at trace levels in gasoline samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1264:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Murray JA. Qualitative and quantitative approaches in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. Die umfassende zweidimensionale Gaschromatographie - eine neue Dimension für analytische Trennwissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. A New Dimension in Separation Science: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10460-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Rutan SC, Davis JM, Carr PW. Fractional coverage metrics based on ecological home range for calculation of the effective peak capacity in comprehensive two-dimensional separations. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:267-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Risticevic S, DeEll JR, Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction coupled with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry for high-resolution metabolite profiling in apples: Implementation of structured separations for optimization of sample preparation procedure in complex samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1251:208-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Manzano C, Hoh E, Simonich SLM. Improved separation of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures using novel column combinations in GC × GC/ToF-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:7677-84. [PMID: 22769970 PMCID: PMC3423902 DOI: 10.1021/es301790h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are difficult to resolve because of the high degree of overlap in compound vapor pressures, boiling points, and mass spectral fragmentation patterns. The objective of this research was to improve the separation of complex PAH mixtures (including 97 different parent, alkyl-, nitro-, oxy-, thio-, chloro-, bromo-, and high molecular weight PAHs) using GC × GC/ToF-MS by maximizing the orthogonality of different GC column combinations and improving the separation of PAHs from the sample matrix interferences, including unresolved complex mixtures (UCM). Four different combinations of nonpolar, polar, liquid crystal, and nanostationary phase columns were tested. Each column combination was optimized and evaluated for orthogonality using a method based on conditional entropy that considers the quantitative peak distribution in the entire 2D space. Finally, an atmospheric particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM(2.5)) sample from Beijing, China, a soil sample from St. Maries Creosote Superfund Site, and a sediment sample from the Portland Harbor Superfund Site were analyzed for complex mixtures of PAHs. The highest chromatographic resolution, lowest synentropy, highest orthogonality, and lowest interference from UCM were achieved using a 10 m × 0.15 mm × 0.10 μm LC-50 liquid crystal column in the first dimension and a 1.2 m × 0.10 mm × 0.10 μm NSP-35 nanostationary phase column in the second dimension. In addition, the use of this column combination in GC × GC/ToF-MS resulted in significantly shorter analysis times (176 min) for complex PAH mixtures compared to 1D GC/MS (257 min), as well as potentially reduced sample preparation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Corresponding Author (, fax: 541-737-0497)
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