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Jian L, Han J, Wen H, Shen Y, Zhang K, Yu L, Zheng R, Peng X, Zhao L, Sun C. Rapid determination of 111 anti-infective drugs possibly added in cosmetics using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with scheduled multiple reaction monitoring. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9778. [PMID: 38782744 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Illegal addition of anti-infective drugs to cosmetics at low concentrations has been found. The illicit addition of anti-infective drugs encompasses a wide variety of medications. The current sample purification methods are inadequate to detect all these compounds. A sensitive, wide-coverage, and weak-matrix-effect measurement method needs to be established to address this issue. METHODS Samples were extracted using acetonitrile, diluted 25 times, and then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to detect 111 anti-infective drugs. The method was validated and assessed for matrix effect before being applied to cosmetic products. RESULTS The calibration curves for the analytes exhibited a strong correlation coefficient (r > 0.995). The limit of detection ranged from 0.006 to 0.6 mg/kg. Matrix effects were significantly improved after a 25-fold dilution. The method was successfully applied to various cosmetics. Two of 82 samples tested contained lincomycin and miconazole, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The developed method is quick and reliable to analyze anti-infective drugs in cosmetics, with potential for both qualitative and quantitative analyses. It is a valuable tool for cosmetic research and development, contributing to safer and more effective cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhai Jian
- Cosmetics Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Han
- Cosmetics Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongliang Wen
- Cosmetics Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Shen
- Cosmetics Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Cosmetics Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Cosmetics Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- Cosmetics Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingsheng Peng
- Cosmetics Department, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuqing Zhao
- SCIEX Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Chunye Sun
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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2
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Lomnicka I, Dubey S, Waller P, Vora D, Dirikolu L. Development and validation of general plasma screening method for performance enhancing drugs in racehorses utilizing liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 39075842 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The screening of drugs in plasma and urine often requires initial extraction (such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction) before the samples are submitted to instrumental analyses. These extraction procedures are often laborious and time-consuming. In this manuscript, a high-throughput automated assay based on liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) suitable for use as an initial testing procedure covering multiple classes of compounds prohibited in horse racing is described. The assay requires a 600-μL plasma aliquot, which is subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE) using OASIS HLB 96-well SPE with Biotage Extrahera system, evaporation, and reconstitution in a 96-well collection plate. LC-HRMS analyses were carried out on a Thermo Q-Exactive Mass spectrometer coupled with Thermo UHPLC system equipped with Thermo Accela ALS 2.4.0 autosampler linked to ACE Excel column. Drug targets were detected by retention time and accurate mass, with a mass tolerance window of 5 ppm in positive and negative ionization mode. The screening method was validated for over 300 drug targets in a 13-min run. Validation data including sensitivity, specificity, extraction recovery, and precision are presented. As the method employs full-scan mass spectrometry, unlimited number of drug targets can theoretically be incorporated into this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Lomnicka
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Saurabh Dubey
- Biomarkers Core Laboratory, Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pamela Waller
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Dharmikkumar Vora
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Levent Dirikolu
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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3
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Ma Y, Chen X, Javeria H, Du Z. High-throughput screening of LogD by using a sample pooling approach based on the traditional shake flask method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1227:123804. [PMID: 37393793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A new approach for screening LogD is presented. The method is based on the shake flask method combined with rapid generic LC-MS/MS bioanalysis by using a sample pooling approach that enables high-throughput screening of LogD or LogP in the drug discovery stage. The method is evaluated by a comparison of measured LogD between single and pooled compounds for a test set of structurally diverse compounds with a wide range of LogD values (from -0.04 to 6.01). Test compounds include 10 commercially available drug standards along with 27 new chemical entities. A good correlation (RMSE = 0.21, R2 = 0.9879) of LogD between the single and pooled compounds was obtained, suggesting that at least 37 compounds can be simultaneously measured with acceptable accuracy. The sample pooling method significantly reduced the number of bioanalysis samples as compared to the single compound measurement by the conventional shake flask method. The impact of DMSO content on LogD measurement was also investigated and the result demonstrated that at least 0.5% DMSO was tolerated in this method. The current new development will facilitate the drug discovery process by more rapidly assessing the LogD or LogP of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfen Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 117004, Liaoning, China
| | - Huma Javeria
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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4
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Huang Q, Zhou H, Wu X, Song C, Zheng J, Lei M, Mu P, Wu P. Simultaneous determination of the residues of anesthetics and sedatives in fish using LC-QLIT-MS/MS combined with DSPE. Food Chem 2023; 403:134407. [PMID: 36183462 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QLIT-MS/MS) technology operated in electrospray ionization (ESI) was developed for tracing anesthetic (AETs) and sedatives (SDTs) in fish. Sampling procedure was achieved by using acetonitrile extraction followed by dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) clean-up. Under the optimized laboratory conditions, reliable qualitative confirmation was obtained through the multiple reaction monitoring-information dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (MRM-IDA-EPI) mode. Results indicated a favorable linear in the concentration range of 1-100 μg∙kg-1 (0.1-10 μg∙kg-1 for MS-222), with regression coefficient not less than 0.9997. The detection limit ranges from 0.03 to 0.4 μg∙kg-1 (S/N = 3). The validated method was applied to determine AETs and SDTs in fish with satidfied recoveries of 86.3 %-111.7 % and the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 1.9 %-8.9 % (n = 6). Practical samples analysis indicated that the proposed method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate for identification of AETs and SDTs.
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Waller P, Lomnicka I, Lucas C, Johnson S, Dirikolu L. The medication violations in racehorses at Louisiana racetracks from 2016 to 2020. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:553-560. [PMID: 34989156 PMCID: PMC8959255 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction/Background The number of publications for most common drug violations in racehorses is limited. This study reports the most common medication violations in racehorses at four major racetracks in Louisiana between 2016 and 2020. Methods During this 5‐year period, 27,237 blood samples and 25,672 urine samples collected during the course of normal race meeting activities were analysed by initial screening procedure utilizing Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Following initial screening, suspect samples were subject to quantitative or semi‐ quantitative confirmation analysis by LC‐MS/MS. Results The total number of violations reported was 534 (1.01% of the total number of specimens analysed). The total number of violations reported in Thoroughbred horses was 210 while the total number of violations reported in Quarter Horses was 324. The percentage of total violations was %0.59 for all the specimens analysed in Thoroughbred horses while this percentage was %1.9 for all the specimens analysed in Quarter Horses during this 5‐year period. The most frequent violations included the overages (concentrations of permitted medications equal to or exceeding the set threshold) of clenbuterol (165 violations), non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as phenylbutazone (73 violations), combination of phenylbutazone with flunixin (45 violations) and muscle relaxant methocarbamol (40 violations). Discussion/Conclusions The total number of violations were relatively low during 5‐year period, but wide varieties of medications with different pharmacological actions were confirmed in performance horses in Louisiana. The most frequently reported violations in Louisiana were for permitted therapeutic medications (clenbuterol, phenylbutazone, flunixin methocarbamol) with established threshold and/or withdrawal guidelines in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Waller
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Izabela Lomnicka
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cam Lucas
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sara Johnson
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Levent Dirikolu
- Equine Medication Surveillance Laboratory (EMSL), Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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6
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Yu Y, Yao C, Guo DA. Insight into chemical basis of traditional Chinese medicine based on the state-of-the-art techniques of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1469-1492. [PMID: 34221863 PMCID: PMC8245813 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been an indispensable source of drugs for curing various human diseases. However, the inherent chemical diversity and complexity of TCM restricted the safety and efficacy of its usage. Over the past few decades, the combination of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry has contributed greatly to the TCM qualitative analysis. And novel approaches have been continuously introduced to improve the analytical performance, including both the data acquisition methods to generate a large and informative dataset, and the data post-processing tools to extract the structure-related MS information. Furthermore, the fast-developing computer techniques and big data analytics have markedly enriched the data processing tools, bringing benefits of high efficiency and accuracy. To provide an up-to-date review of the latest techniques on the TCM qualitative analysis, multiple data-independent acquisition methods and data-dependent acquisition methods (precursor ion list, dynamic exclusion, mass tag, precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, and multiple reaction monitoring) and post-processing techniques (mass defect filtering, diagnostic ion filtering, neutral loss filtering, mass spectral trees similarity filter, molecular networking, statistical analysis, database matching, etc.) were summarized and categorized. Applications of each technique and integrated analytical strategies were highlighted, discussion and future perspectives were proposed as well.
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Key Words
- BS, background subtraction
- CCS, collision cross section
- CE, collision energy
- CID, collision-induced dissociation
- DDA, data-dependent acquisition
- DE, dynamic exclusion
- DIA, data-independent acquisition
- DIF, diagnostic ion filtering
- DM, database matching
- Data acquisition
- Data post-processing
- EL, exclusion list
- EMS, enhanced mass spectrum
- EPI, enhanced product ion
- FS, full scan
- HCD, high-energy C-trap dissociation
- IDA, information dependent acquisition
- IM, ion mobility
- IPF, isotope pattern filtering
- ISCID, in-source collision-induced dissociation
- LC, liquid chromatography
- LTQ-Orbitrap, linear ion-trap/orbitrap
- Liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry
- MDF, mass defect filtering
- MIM, multiple ion monitoring
- MN, molecular networking
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MTSF, mass spectral trees similarity filter
- NL, neutral loss
- NLF, neutral loss filtering
- NLS, neutral loss scan
- NRF, nitrogen rule filtering
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PIL, precursor ion list
- PIS, precursor ion scan
- PLS-DA, partial least square-discriminant analysis
- Q-TRAP, hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap
- QSRR, quantitative structure retention relationship
- QqQ, triple quadrupole
- Qualitative analysis
- RT, retention time
- SA, statistical analysis
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- Traditional Chinese medicine
- UHPLC, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography
- cMRM, conventional multiple reaction monitoring
- sMRM, scheduled multiple reaction monitoring
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Changliang Yao
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - De-an Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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You Y, Proctor RM, Guo K, Li X, Xue E, Guan F, Robinson MA. Use of high resolution/accurate mass full scan/data-dependent acquisition for targeted/non-targeted screening in equine doping control. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1565-1575. [PMID: 33710179 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02297g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a very powerful technology for equine doping control analysis. The more recently developed hybrid type of Orbitrap-based HRMS instrument allows for both targeted and non-targeted screening analyses in a single liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) run. In the present study, an LC-HRMS/MS method was developed and validated to detect prohibited substances in equine sports. The substances were recovered from equine plasma by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using methyl tert-butyl ether and were separated on a C18 reversed-phase column using mobile phases of 5 mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile. A 7.5 min LC gradient was employed to elute substances and results indicated that the LC method generated sharp and symmetric chromatographic peaks. An in-house equine doping compound database and a spectral library were built to increase method specificity for substances of interest. Five criteria, i.e. accurate mass, retention time, isotope pattern, selected HRMS/MS fragment ions (compound database) and HRMS/MS spectra (spectral library), were employed for targeted screening. We utilized these criteria to validate targeted detection of 451 substances within our in-house equine doping compound database. By using all five criteria in screening, the false screening positive rate is significantly reduced. A screening strategy and a Microsoft Excel macro were developed to facilitate interpretation and reporting of results. As the simultaneous acquisition of the full scan HRMS data provides the opportunity for retrospective non-targeted analysis, our findings highlight the use of this novel methodology as a simple, rapid, and reliably reproducible strategy to meet the challenge of identifying an increasing number of doping substances that could potentially impact the integrity of the horse racing community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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8
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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9
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Song Q, Li J, Cao Y, Liu W, Huo H, Wan JB, Song Y, Tu P. Binary code, a flexible tool for diagnostic metabolite sequencing of medicinal plants. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1088:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Liu T, Kotha RR, Jones JW, Polli JE, Kane MA. Fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of eight antiepileptic drugs and an active metabolite in human plasma using polarity switching and timed selected reaction monitoring. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 176:112816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Profiling of carboxyl-containing metabolites in smokers and non-smokers by stable isotope labeling combined with LC-MS/MS. Anal Biochem 2019; 569:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Biotransformation-based metabolomics profiling method for determining and quantitating cancer-related metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1580:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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13
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Validated LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous analysis of 21 cephalosporins in zebrafish for a drug toxicity study. Anal Biochem 2018; 558:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Kim Y, Jeon M, Min H, Son J, Lee J, Kwon OS, Moon MH, Kim KH. Development of a multi-functional concurrent assay using weak cation-exchange solid-phase extraction (WCX-SPE) and reconstitution with a diluted sample aliquot for anti-doping analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:897-905. [PMID: 29572989 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In addition to the development of adequate screening methods for multiple compounds, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) requires anti-doping laboratories to analyze prohibited substances and their metabolites from various classes. This task presents a difficult challenge for all agencies and interests involved in the field of doping control. METHODS A screening method is reported in which hybrid sample preparation was performed using a combination of weak cation-exchange solid-phase extraction (WCX-SPE) and the 'Dilute and Shoot' strategy in order to take advantage of both the methodologies. Target substances were extracted using a WCX cartridge and reconstituted with a diluted sample aliquot that included 20% of an untreated urine sample. The target substances were further analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS). RESULTS The SPE procedure was optimized using a cartridge-washing step, elution conditions, and elution volume. The cartridge-washing step, which was performed using 10% methanol, improved the overall recovery of target substances. Since the recovery was observed to vary according to the pH of the eluting solution, we applied an elution step using both an acid and a basic organic solvent to achieve complementary recovery. Reconstitution of the diluted aliquot sample was performed to recover the polar substances. CONCLUSIONS The method was validated and applied to real samples in accordance with the external quality assessment scheme of WADA and to the previously reported samples that had provided positive test results. This novel method using hybrid sample preparation and LC/MS could be useful to screen multiple classes of the 264 targeted substances in anti-doping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Jeon
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Seung Kwon
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
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15
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Leng J, Proudman C, Darby A, Blow F, Townsend N, Miller A, Swann J. Exploration of the Fecal Microbiota and Biomarker Discovery in Equine Grass Sickness. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1120-1128. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy Leng
- School
of Veterinary Medicine, Vet School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Proudman
- School
of Veterinary Medicine, Vet School Main Building, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Darby
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Blow
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Townsend
- Philip
Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus,
Chester High Road, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Miller
- Philip
Leverhulme Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus,
Chester High Road, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Swann
- Division
of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Quantification of more than 150 micropollutants including transformation products in aqueous samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using scheduled multiple reaction monitoring. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1531:64-73. [PMID: 29183669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A direct injection, multi residue analytical method separated in two chromatographic runs was developed utilizing scheduled analysis to simultaneously quantify 154 compounds, 84 precursors and 70 transformation products (TPs)/metabolites. Improvements in the chromatographic data quality, sensitivity and reproducibility were achieved by scheduling the analysis of each analyte into pre-determined retention time windows. This study shows the influence of the scan time on the dwell time and the number of data points per peak as well as the effect on the precision of analysis. Lowering the scan time decreased dwell time to a minimal value, however, this had no negative effects on the precision. Increasing the number of data points per peak by decreasing the scan time led to more accurate peak shapes. A final set of parameters was chosen to obtain a minimum of 10 data points per peak to guarantee accurate peak shapes and thus reproducibility of analysis. A validation of the method was performed for different water matrices yielding very good linearity for all substances, with limits of quantification mainly in the lower to mid ng/L-range and recoveries mainly between 70 and 125% for surface water, bank filtrate as well as influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants. The analysis of environmental samples and wastewater revealed the occurrence of selected precursors and TPs in all analyzed matrices: 95% of the compounds in the target list could be quantified in at least one sample. The relevance of TPs and metabolites such as valsartan acid and clopidogrel acid was also confirmed by their detection in all aqueous matrices. Wastewater indicators such as acesulfame and diclofenac were detected at elevated concentrations as well as substances such as oxipurinol which so far were not in the focus of monitoring programs. The developed method can be used for rapid analysis of various water matrices without any sample enrichment and can aid the assessment of water quality and water treatment processes.
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17
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Jiang ZJ, Cao XL, Li H, Zhang C, Abd El-Aty A, Jin F, Shao H, Jin MJ, Wang SS, She YX, Wang J. Fast determination of alkylphenol ethoxylates in leafy vegetables using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method and ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1525:161-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Guo H, Jiao Y, Wang X, Lu T, Zhang Z, Xu F. Twins labeling-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry based metabolomics for absolute quantification of tryptophan and its key metabolites. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1504:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M. Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - N. Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - P. Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - M. Kioussi
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy; Benaki Phytopathological Institute; 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou Athens Greece
| | - M. Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
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An Integrated Strategy for Global Qualitative and Quantitative Profiling of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formulas: Baoyuan Decoction as a Case. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38379. [PMID: 27924825 PMCID: PMC5141425 DOI: 10.1038/srep38379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarification of the chemical composition of traditional Chinese medicine formulas (TCMFs) is a challenge due to the variety of structures and the complexity of plant matrices. Herein, an integrated strategy was developed by hyphenating ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF), hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (Qtrap-MS), and the novel post-acquisition data processing software UNIFI to achieve automatic, rapid, accurate, and comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemical components in TCMFs. As a proof-of-concept, the chemical profiling of Baoyuan decoction (BYD), which is an ancient TCMF that is clinically used for the treatment of coronary heart disease that consists of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle, and Cinnamomi Cortex, was performed. As many as 236 compounds were plausibly or unambiguously identified, and 175 compounds were quantified or relatively quantified by the scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (sMRM) method. The findings demonstrate that the strategy integrating the rapidity of UNIFI software, the efficiency of UPLC, the accuracy of Q-TOF-MS, and the sensitivity and quantitation ability of Qtrap-MS provides a method for the efficient and comprehensive chemome characterization and quality control of complex TCMFs.
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Matraszek-Zuchowska I, Wozniak B, Posyniak A. Comparison of the Multiple Reaction Monitoring and Enhanced Product Ion Scan Modes for Confirmation of Stilbenes in Bovine Urine Samples Using LC-MS/MS QTRAP ® System. Chromatographia 2016; 79:1003-1012. [PMID: 27512157 PMCID: PMC4961723 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, confirmatory methods for the detection of prohibited substances should comply with specific requirements, including the criteria for confirmation. Two strategies: multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and enhanced product ion (EPI) scanning functions were compared for confirming the anabolic compounds from synthetic stilbenes group in bovine urine samples. In the research, twenty samples fortified at the Recommended Concentration (RC) of 1 µg L−1 with diethylstilbestrol, dienestrol and hexestrol were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on a QTRAP 5500 instrument. The analytical procedure, validated in accordance with the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, used in the official control of hormones in Poland was applied. The validation parameters were in agreement with 2002/657/EC performance criteria. The effectiveness of MRM and EPI scanning modes for confirmation purposes was evaluated based on the percentage of the results confirmed. In all urine samples recorded in the MRM mode, the confirmation criteria (retention time, relative intensities between transitions) have been fulfilled. The presence of stilbenes in all urine samples using EPI scan mode was confirmed too as evidenced by a good matching of stilbenes spectra in the samples to the reference spectra with critical match factor above 0.7. The results of the research show that EPI scanning function provides the same effectiveness for confirmation of banned compounds as the mostly used MRM scan mode and can be an additional tool to confirm the doubtful case results in the analysis of hormones residues, even at such low concentration levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Matraszek-Zuchowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Barbara Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Andrzej Posyniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Zhang Y, Sun S, Xing X, Du Z, Guo Q, Yu W. Detection and Identification of Leachables in Vaccine from Plastic Packaging Materials Using UPLC-QTOF MS with Self-Built Polymer Additives Library. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6749-57. [PMID: 27258161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The direct contact of plastic parts with the medical products raises the possibility that plastic-related contaminants (leachables) may be present in the finished medical product. The leachable components from plastic materials may impact the safety and efficacy of the final medical product, so identification and determination of the leachables are essential for the safety assessment of medical products. A method to identify main leachables-polymer additives in medical products was developed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF MS) and a self-built library. The library contains 174 additives and the information on their names, formulas, structures, retention times, fragments, classifications, origin, and corresponding MS(E) and MSMS spectra. The reliability of the construction process of the library was guaranteed by the system stability and suitability test. Identification parameters of library application, such as mass error, retention times, fragments, and isotope pattern, were evaluated. Leachables in real vaccine and the intermediates were identified using automatic library searching. In vaccine, the peak m/z 239.0887 that could not be assigned by the library was identified as dimethyl 2-hydroxy-1,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylate using a series of elucidation tools. As a result, the concentrations of leachables in vaccine and the intermediates ranged from 0.85 to 21.91 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029
| | - Shuqi Sun
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029
| | - Xuebin Xing
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029
| | - Qiaozhen Guo
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing, China 100029.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing, China 100013
| | - Wenlian Yu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China 100123
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23
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Dixon RB, Mbeunkui F, Wiegel JV. Stability study of opioids and benzodiazepines in urine samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-015-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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24
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Montesano C, Simeoni MC, Curini R, Sergi M, Lo Sterzo C, Compagnone D. Determination of illicit drugs and metabolites in oral fluid by microextraction on packed sorbent coupled with LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3647-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Jeong ES, Kim SH, Cha EJ, Lee KM, Kim HJ, Lee SW, Kwon OS, Lee J. Simultaneous analysis of 210 prohibited substances in human urine by ultrafast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry in doping control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:367-384. [PMID: 26406349 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Doping analysis is a two-step process consisting of a screening step for prohibited substances and a confirmation step to verify the presence of specific substances found during the screening. The entire process must be performed within a limited time period, but traditional screening procedures commonly employ separate analytical methods for each class of prohibited substances being screened and thus require a great deal of human resources and instrumentation. A single simple and rapid multiresidue analytical method that could accommodate multiple classes of prohibited substances would be extraordinarily useful in doping analyses. METHODS Urine samples were extracted via two consecutive liquid-liquid extractions at different pH values following enzymatic hydrolysis. Analyses were performed by ultrafast liquid chromatography/triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry with polarity switching and time-dependent selected reaction monitoring. RESULTS We developed a rapid multiresidue screening and confirmation method for efficient high-throughput doping analyses. The present method was validated with regard to the limits of detection (0.01-100.0 ng/mL for screening analyses and 0.2-500.0 ng/mL for confirmation assays), matrix effects (48.9-118.9%), recovery (20.6-119.7%) and intra- (0.6-17.6%) and inter-day (4.0-20.0%) precision. CONCLUSIONS A multiresidue analytical method was developed and validated for screening and confirming the presence of performance-enhancing drugs. A total of 210 substances from diverse classes of prohibited substances were successfully identified with an analytical run time of 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sook Jeong
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, School of Medicine, Inje University, 875, Haeun-daero, Haeundae-gu, Busan, Korea
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Cha
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Kang Mi Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
| | - Ho Jun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-701, Korea
| | - Oh-Seung Kwon
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
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26
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Escalona EE, Leng J, Dona AC, Merrifield CA, Holmes E, Proudman CJ, Swann JR. Dominant components of the Thoroughbred metabolome characterised by (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: A metabolite atlas of common biofluids. Equine Vet J 2015; 47:721-30. [PMID: 25130591 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Metabonomics is emerging as a powerful tool for disease screening and investigating mammalian metabolism. This study aims to create a metabolic framework by producing a preliminary reference guide for the normal equine metabolic milieu. OBJECTIVES To metabolically profile plasma, urine and faecal water from healthy racehorses using high resolution (1) H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and to provide a list of dominant metabolites present in each biofluid for the benefit of future research in this area. STUDY DESIGN This study was performed using 7 Thoroughbreds in race training at a single time point. Urine and faecal samples were collected noninvasively and plasma was obtained from samples taken for routine clinical chemistry purposes. METHODS Biofluids were analysed using (1) H-NMR spectroscopy. Metabolite assignment was achieved via a range of one- and 2-dimensional experiments. RESULTS A total of 102 metabolites were assigned across the 3 biological matrices. A core metabonome of 14 metabolites was ubiquitous across all biofluids. All biological matrices provided a unique window on different aspects of systematic metabolism. Urine was the most populated metabolite matrix with 65 identified metabolites, 39 of which were unique to this biological compartment. A number of these were related to gut microbial host cometabolism. Faecal samples were the most metabolically variable between animals; acetate was responsible for the majority (28%) of this variation. Short-chain fatty acids were the predominant features identified within this biofluid by (1) H-NMR spectroscopy. CONCLUSIONS Metabonomics provides a platform for investigating complex and dynamic interactions between the host and its consortium of gut microbes and has the potential to uncover markers for health and disease in a variety of biofluids. Inherent variation in faecal extracts along with the relative abundance of microbial-mammalian metabolites in urine and invasive nature of plasma sampling, infers that urine is the most appropriate biofluid for the purposes of metabonomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Escalona
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - J Leng
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
| | - A C Dona
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - C A Merrifield
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - E Holmes
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - C J Proudman
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK
| | - J R Swann
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Berkshire, UK
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Song Q, Song Y, Zhang N, Li J, Jiang Y, Zhang K, Zhang Q, Tu P. Potential of hyphenated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-scheduled multiple reaction monitoring algorithm for large-scale quantitative analysis of traditional Chinese medicines. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09429a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of a core–shell ADME column with a sMRM algorithm offers the potential for large-scale quantitative analysis of the components in TCMs by providing not only high quality quantitative signals but also reliable MS2 spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Na Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Peking University
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Kerong Zhang
- Application Support Center
- AB SCIEX
- Shanghai 200233
- China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing 100029
- China
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Reyes-Garcés N, Bojko B, Pawliszyn J. High throughput quantification of prohibited substances in plasma using thin film solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:40-49. [PMID: 25444250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple, fast and efficient sample preparation approaches that allow high-throughput isolation of various compounds from complex matrices are highly desired in bioanalysis. Particularly sought are methods that can, without sacrificing time, easily remove matrix interferences capable of inducing ionization suppression/enhancement, or causing detrimental effects in instrumental performance. In this work, an automated high-throughput sample preparation method using thin film solid phase microextraction (SPME) for the analysis of multiple prohibited substances in plasma is proposed. A biocompatible SPME extraction phase made of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance particles immobilized with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) demonstrated satisfactory extraction capabilities for 25 compounds of a wide range of polarities (logP from -2 to 6.8). Due to the well-known biocompatible characteristics of PAN-based SPME coatings, minimum sample handling was required. Experimental conditions for pre-conditioning, extraction, wash and desorption were carefully optimized for the proposed method. By taking full advantage of the 96 thin film handling capability of the automated system, a preparation time of approximately 1.5min per sample can be achieved. Satisfactory results in terms of absolute matrix effects were found for the majority of the studied analytes, given that 24 out of 25 compounds exhibited values in the range of 100 and 120%. The method was validated in terms of linearity (R(2)>0.99), inter and intra-day accuracy (85-130%) and precision (<20%) and limits of quantitation (0.25-10ngmL(-1) for most compounds).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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29
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Lin HR, Liao CC, Lin TC. Improved identification of multiple drugs of abuse and relative metabolites in urine samples using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry coupled with a library search. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2043-2053. [PMID: 25156593 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions per compound are used for identification performed using liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/QqQ-MS/MS), differences in identification criteria among several regulations may lead to misidentification. We demonstrated that the use of two MRM transitions and product ion spectra improves compound identification. METHODS The scan cycle time was reduced using time-scheduled MRM (tMRM), data-dependent product ion scanning, and dynamic exclusion. The quantification and identification performance for 13 drugs of abuse and their metabolites were evaluated. RESULTS Deuterated internal standards compensated for ion suppression. All analytes exhibited intra- and interday precision <12.11%, accuracy of -10.31% to +10.10%, and no carryover. The LC/QqQ-MS/MS and reference gas chromatography/MS methods were equally precise, accurate, and specific. Several regulatory organizations include two MRM transitions, their ratio, and retention time as identification criteria. In 28 samples, the relative ion ratio variation was >10% and product ion spectral matches with >94% probabilities improved drug and metabolite identification. CONCLUSIONS The LC/QqQ-MS/MS method is a comprehensive assay in which tMRM and the product ion scan are combined in a single run by using a QqQ mass analyzer to simultaneously quantify amphetamine, ketamine, morphine, and their relative metabolites in urine. The proposed method can be applied in forensic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Ru Lin
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; Center for Drug Analysis, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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30
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Li X, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Liu Y, Guan F, Aurand CR, Bell DS, You Y, Chen J, Maylin GA. Sensitive hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for rapid detection, quantification and confirmation of cathinone-derived designer drugs for doping control in equine plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:217-229. [PMID: 24338970 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cathinone derivatives are new amphetamine-like stimulants that can evade detection when presently available methods are used for doping control. To prevent misuse of these banned substances in racehorses, development of a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method became the impetus for undertaking this study. METHODS Analytes were recovered via liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether. Analyte separation was achieved on a hydrophilic interaction column using liquid chromatography and mass analysis was performed on a QTRAP mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Analyte identification was carried out by screening for a specified MRM transition. Quantification was conducted using an internal standard. Confirmation was performed by establishing a match in retention time and ion intensity ratios comparison. RESULTS The method was linear over the range 0.2-50 ng/mL. The specificity was evaluated by analysis of six different batches of blank plasma and those spiked with each analyte (0.2 ng/mL). The recovery of analytes from plasma at three different concentrations was >70%. The limits of detection, quantification and confirmation were 0.02-0.05, 0.2-1.0 and 0.2-10 ng/mL, respectively. The matrix effect was insignificant. The intra-day and inter-day precision were 1.94-12.08 and 2.58-13.32%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The method is routinely employed in screening for the eleven analytes in post-competition samples collected from racehorses in Pennsylvania to enforce the ban on the use of these performance-enhancing agents in racehorses. The method is sensitive, fast, effective and reliably reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
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A generic screening methodology for horse doping control by LC–TOF-MS, GC–HRMS and GC–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 941:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Chen S, Kong H, Lu X, Li Y, Yin P, Zeng Z, Xu G. Pseudotargeted metabolomics method and its application in serum biomarker discovery for hepatocellular carcinoma based on ultra high-performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8326-33. [PMID: 23889541 DOI: 10.1021/ac4016787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted analysis performed using full-scan mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) is commonly used in metabolomics. Although they are commonly employed, full-scan MS methods such as quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) MS have been restricted by various factors including their limited linear range and complicated data processing. LC coupled with triple quadrupole (QQQ) MS operated in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode is the gold standard for metabolite quantification; however, only known metabolites are generally quantified, limiting its applications in metabolomic analysis. In this study, a pseudotargeted approach was proposed to perform serum metabolomic analysis using an ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)/QQQ MS system operated in the MRM mode, for which the MRM ion pairs were acquired from the serum samples through untargeted tandem MS using UHPLC/Q-TOF MS. The UHPLC/QQQ MRM MS-based pseudotargeted method displayed better repeatability and wider linear range than the traditional UHPLC/Q-TOF MS-based untargeted metabolomics method, and no complicated peak alignment was required. The developed method was applied to discover serum biomarkers for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with HCC had decreased lysophosphatidylcholine, increased long-chain and decreased medium-chain acylcarnitines, and increased aromatic and decreased branched-chain amino acid levels compared to healthy controls. The novelty of this work is that it provides an approach to acquire MRM ion pairs from real samples, is not limited to metabolite standards, and it provides a foundation to achieve pseudotargeted metabolomic analysis on the widely used LC/QQQ MS platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Dziadosz M, Weller JP, Klintschar M, Teske J. Scheduled multiple reaction monitoring algorithm as a way to analyse new designer drugs combined with synthetic cannabinoids in human serum with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wohlfarth A, Scheidweiler KB, Chen X, Liu HF, Huestis MA. Qualitative confirmation of 9 synthetic cannabinoids and 20 metabolites in human urine using LC-MS/MS and library search. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3730-8. [PMID: 23458260 PMCID: PMC3874406 DOI: 10.1021/ac3037365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Synthetic cannabinoids are an emerging illicit drug class. The variety of available substances is large and ever-changing, making it difficult for laboratories to remain current. We present a qualitative LC-MS/MS method identifying urinary metabolites of JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-122, JWH-200, JWH-210, JWH-250, RCS-4, and AM2201 and the parent compounds JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-122, JWH-210, JWH-250, RCS-4, AM2201, and MAM2201. METHODS After enzymatic hydrolysis, urinary proteins were precipitated with acetonitrile. Chromatography utilized a 10 min gradient on a Kinetex XB-C18 column with 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. Scheduled multiple reaction monitoring "survey scans" were followed by information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion scan experiments on an ABSciex 5500 QTRAP mass spectrometer. Analytes were identified by software-assisted library searching against reference spectra. RESULTS The method was fully validated, including proof of selectivity (no exogenous or endogenous interferences were observed), assessment of matrix effects (95-122%) and recovery (53-95%), determination of limits of detection (0.5-10 ng/mL), carry-over studies (thresholds between 100 and 1000 ng/mL), and determination of autosampler stability (samples were stable for at least 3 days). Hydrolysis efficiency was thoroughly investigated for a wide range of glucuronides and for the reference standard, JWH-018 5-hydroxypentyl glucuronide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Wohlfarth
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Karl B. Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- ABSciex, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hua-fen Liu
- ABSciex, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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You Y, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Guan F, Taylor D, Li X, Liu Y, Chen J. Validated UHPLC–MS-MS Method for Rapid Analysis of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin in Equine Plasma for Doping Control. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:122-32. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Guale F, Shahreza S, Walterscheid JP, Chen HH, Arndt C, Kelly AT, Mozayani A. Validation of LC-TOF-MS screening for drugs, metabolites, and collateral compounds in forensic toxicology specimens. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 37:17-24. [PMID: 23118149 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bks084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis provides an expansive technique for identifying many known and unknown analytes. This study developed a screening method that utilizes automated solid-phase extraction to purify a wide array of analytes involving stimulants, benzodiazepines, opiates, muscle relaxants, hypnotics, antihistamines, antidepressants and newer synthetic "Spice/K2" cannabinoids and cathinone "bath salt" designer drugs. The extract was applied to LC-TOF-MS analysis, implementing a 13 min chromatography gradient with mobile phases of ammonium formate and methanol using positive mode electrospray. Several common drugs and metabolites can share the same mass and chemical formula among unrelated compounds, but they are structurally different. In this method, the LC-TOF-MS was able to resolve many isobaric compounds by accurate mass correlation within 15 ppm mass units and a narrow retention time interval of less than 10 s of separation. Drug recovery yields varied among spiked compounds, but resulted in overall robust area counts to deliver an average match score of 86 when compared to the retention time and mass of authentic standards. In summary, this method represents a rapid, enhanced screen for blood and urine specimens in postmortem, driving under the influence, and drug facilitated sexual assault forensic toxicology casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fessessework Guale
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, Toxicology Laboratory, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
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Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Wong ASY, Wan TSM. High resolution accurate mass screening of prohibited substances in equine plasma using liquid chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:509-28. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
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