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Tian L, Gao R, Cai Y, Chen J, Dong H, Chen S, Yang Z, Wang Y, Huang L, Xu Z. A systematic review of ginsenoside biosynthesis, spatiotemporal distribution, and response to biotic and abiotic factors in American ginseng. Food Funct 2024; 15:2343-2365. [PMID: 38323507 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03434h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has gained recognition as a medicinal and functional food homologous product with several pharmaceutical, nutritional, and industrial applications. However, the key regulators involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of ginsenosides, and factors influencing ginsenosides are largely unknown, which make it challenging to enhance the quality and chemical extraction processes of the cultivated American ginseng. This review presents an overview of the pharmacological effects, biosynthesis and spatiotemporal distribution of ginsenosides, with emphasis on the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides in American ginseng. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that American ginseng has neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-obesity effects. Additionally, most genes involved in the upregulation of ginsenoside biosynthesis have been identified, while downstream regulators (OSCs, CYP450, and UGTs) require further investigation. Futhermore, limited knowledge exists regarding the molecular mechanisms of the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on ginsenosides. Notably, the nonmedicinal parts of American ginseng, particularly its flowers, fibrous roots, and leaves, exhibit higher ginsenoside content than its main roots and account for a considerable amount of weight in the whole plant, representing promising resources for ginsenosides. Herein, the prospects of molecular breeding and metabolic engineering based on multi-omics to improve the unstable quality of cultivated American ginseng and the shortage of ginsenosides are proposed. This review highlights the gaps in the current research on American ginseng and proposes solutions to address these limitations, providing a guide for future investigations into American ginseng ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ranran Gao
- The Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100007, China
| | - Yuxiang Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Junxian Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hongmei Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zaichang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Linfang Huang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150006, China.
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Li X, Liu J, Zuo TT, Hu Y, Li Z, Wang HD, Xu XY, Yang WZ, Guo DA. Advances and challenges in ginseng research from 2011 to 2020: the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:875-909. [PMID: 35128553 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to the end of 2020Panax species (Araliaceae), particularly P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng, have a long history of medicinal use because of their remarkable tonifying effects, and currently serve as crucial sources for various healthcare products, functional foods, and cosmetics, aside from their vast clinical preparations. The huge market demand on a global scale prompts the continuous prosperity in ginseng research concerning the discovery of new compounds, precise quality control, ADME (absorption/disposition/metabolism/excretion), and biosynthesis pathways. Benefitting from the ongoing rapid development of analytical technologies, e.g. multi-dimensional chromatography (MDC), personalized mass spectrometry (MS) scan strategies, and multi-omics, highly recognized progress has been made in driving ginseng analysis towards "systematicness, integrity, personalization, and intelligentization". Herein, we review the advances in the phytochemistry, quality control, metabolism, and biosynthesis pathway of ginseng over the past decade (2011-2020), with 410 citations. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of new compounds isolated (saponins and polysaccharides), and the emerging novel analytical technologies and analytical strategies that favor ginseng's authentic use and global consumption. Perspectives on the challenges and future trends in ginseng analysis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Tian-Tian Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong-da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Si Y, Jiao Y, Li L, Lin H, Wang C, Zhou B, Liu Y, Li Z, Li P. Comprehensive investigation on metabolites of Panax quinquefolium L. in two main producing areas of China based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4791. [PMID: 34905806 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Jilin Province and Shandong Province are two main American ginseng (AG) producing areas in China. The geographical difference existed in these two provinces. Aiming at evaluating the similarities and differences of the secondary metabolites, the comprehensive metabolite profiling of AG from Jilin Province (AGJ ) and Shandong Province (AGS ) was performed based on UPLC-QTOF-MS for the first time. In screening analysis, a total of 111 shared compounds, with ginsenosides being major components, were identified or tentatively characterized, which indicated that AGJ and AGS were all rich in phytochemicals and contained similar structural types. Untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that there were significant differences in the contents of certain constituents in AGJ and AGS . Nineteen (12 for AGJ , 7 for AGS ) potential producing area-dependent chemical markers were discovered. Based on the contents and MS responses, ginsenoside Rg1 , Re, and pseudoginsenoside F11 could be considered as the characteristical markers of AGJ , whereas ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 of AGS . This comprehensive phytochemical profile study could provide valuable chemical evidence for evaluating the characteristics qualities of AG from various producing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Si
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yufeng Jiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Le Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongqiang Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Cuizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Research Center of Natural Drug, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baisong Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yunhe Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Research Center of Natural Drug, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Research Center of Natural Drug, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Hu X, Yan H, Wang X, Wang Z, Li Y, Zheng L, Yang J, Jing W, Cheng X, Wei F, Ma S. Machine learning methods to predict the cultivation age of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix. Chin Med 2021; 16:100. [PMID: 34627327 PMCID: PMC8501543 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00511-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background American ginseng (AG) is a valuable medicine widely consumed as a herbal remedy throughout the world. Huge price difference among AG with different growth years leads to intentional adulteration for higher profits. Thus, developing reliable approaches to authenticate the cultivation ages of AG products is of great use in preventing age falsification. Methods A total of 106 batches of AG samples along with their 9 physicochemical features were collected and measured from experiments, which was then split into a training set and two test sets (test set 1 and 2) according to the cultivation regions. Principle component analysis (PCA) was carried out to examine the distribution of the three data sets. Four machine learning (ML) algorithms, namely elastic net, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine and multi-layer perception (MLP) were employed to construct predictive models using the features as inputs and their growth years as outputs. In addition, a similarity-based applicability domain (AD) was defined for these models to ensure the reliability of the predictive results for AG samples produced in different regions. Results A positive correlation was observed between the several features and the growth years. PCA revealed diverse distributions among different cultivation regions. The most accurate model derived from MLP shows good prediction power for the fivefold cross validation and the test set 1 with mean square error (MSE) of 0.017 and 0.016 respectively, but a higher MSE value of 1.260 for the test set 2. After applying the AD, all models showed much lower prediction errors for the test samples within AD (IDs) than those outside the AD (ODs). MLP remains the best predictive model with an MSE value of 0.030 for the IDs. Conclusion Cultivation years have a close relationship with bioactive components of AG. The constructed models and AD are also able to predict the cultivation years and discriminate samples that have inaccurate prediction results. The AD-equipped models used in this study provide useful tools for determining the age of AG in the market and are freely available at https://github.com/dreadlesss/Panax_age_predictor. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13020-021-00511-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hua Yan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- XtalPi-AI Research Center (XARC), Tower A, Dongsheng Building, No. 8, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zonghu Wang
- XtalPi-AI Research Center (XARC), Tower A, Dongsheng Building, No. 8, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanpeng Li
- XtalPi-AI Research Center (XARC), Tower A, Dongsheng Building, No. 8, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lianjun Zheng
- XtalPi-AI Research Center (XARC), Tower A, Dongsheng Building, No. 8, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wenguang Jing
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xianlong Cheng
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Feng Wei
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Simultaneous Determination of 25 Ginsenosides by UPLC-HRMS via Quantitative Analysis of Multicomponents by Single Marker. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:9986793. [PMID: 34306088 PMCID: PMC8266465 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9986793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A method using UPLC-HRMS has been developed for a rapid, simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of twenty-five ginsenosides. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 analytical column with an elution gradient comprising 0.1% aqueous formate/acetonitrile as the mobile phase. HRMS detection acquired full mass data for quantification and fullms-ddms2 (i.e., data-dependent scan mode) yielded product ion spectra for identification. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of multiginsenosides by single marker (QAMS) was developed and validated using a relative correction factor. Under optimal conditions, we could simultaneously separate eight groups of isomers of the 25 ginsenosides. Good linearity was observed over the validated concentration range for each analyte (r2 > 0.9924), showing excellent sensitivity (LODs, 0.003–0.349 ng/mL) and lower limit quantification (LOQs, 0.015–1.163 ng/mL). The LC-MS external standard method (ESM) and QAMS were compared and successfully applied to analyze the ginsenoside content from Panax ginseng roots. Overall, our UPLC-HRMS/QAMS approach provides high precision, stability, and reproducibility and can be used for high-throughput analysis of complex ginsenosides and quantitative analysis of multiple components and quality control of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM).
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Holistic quality evaluation of Saposhnikoviae Radix (Saposhnikovia divaricata) by reversed-phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Li J, Wen J, Tang G, Li R, Guo H, Weng W, Wang D, Ji S. Development of a comprehensive quality control method for the quantitative analysis of volatiles and lignans in Magnolia biondii Pamp. by near infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 230:118080. [PMID: 31982656 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The quality of drug is vital to its curative effect, thus it is important to develop a comprehensive quality control method for commonly used drugs. In this study, we developed a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry separation method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatiles, together with a High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry separation method for lignans in Magnolia biondii Pamp.. 79 volatiles and 11 lignans were identified via comparing their chromatographic behavior and mass spectra data with those in the literature. The methods were then used to determine the contents of volatiles (1, 8-cineole, d-Limonene, α-terpineol, linalool, L-camphor brain and bornyl acetate) and lignans (epieudesmin, magnolin, epi-magnolin A and fargesin) in Magnolia biondii Pamp.. Subsequently, 13 qualitative models including volatiles (1, 8-cineole, d-Limonene, α-terpineol, linalool, L-camphor brain and bornyl acetate), water-soluble extractive, lignans (pinoresinol dimethyl ether, magnolin, epi-magnolin A and fargesin) and moisture were developed by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy based on partial least square regression herein. The reference values were obtained by High-performance liquid chromatography, Gas chromatography and etc., while the predicted values were attained from the NIR spectrum. Compared with the traditional detection methods, NIR technique methodology significantly improved the ability to evaluate the quality of Magnolia biondii Pamp., which had the advantages of convenience, celerity, highly efficiency, low cost, no harm to samples, no reagent consumption, and no pollution to the environment. Moreover, the systematic analysis method combined pharmaceutical analysis with pharmacochemistry was proposed to prepare volatiles, water-soluble extractive and lignans parts from the same sample. This way could extract more index components to be beneficial in the quality control of Magnolia biondii Pamp. roundly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junni Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, Outer Ring Road East, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Wen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, Outer Ring Road East, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Gengqiu Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, Outer Ring Road East, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Rong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, Outer Ring Road East, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Huanjia Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, Outer Ring Road East, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenfeng Weng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, Outer Ring Road East, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, Outer Ring Road East, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006 Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shengguo Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280, Outer Ring Road East, Higher Education Mega Center, 510006 Guangdong, PR China.
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Yue J, Zuo Z, Huang H, Wang Y. Application of Identification and Evaluation Techniques for Ethnobotanical Medicinal Plant of Genus Panax: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:373-398. [PMID: 32166968 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1736506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genus Panax, as worldwide medicinal plants, has a medical history for thousands of years. Most of the entire genus are traditional ethnobotanical medicine in China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Laos, which have given rise to international attention and use. This paper reviewed more than 210 articles and related books on the research of Panax medicinal plants and their Chinese patent medicines published in the last 30 years. The purpose was to review and summarize the species classification, geographical distribution, and ethnic minorities medicinal records of the genus Panax, and further to review the analytical tools and data analysis methods for the authentication and quality assessment of Panax medicinal materials and Chinese patent medicines. Five main technologies applied in the identification and evaluation of Panax have been introduced and summarized. Chromatography was the most widely used one. Further research and development of molecular identification technology had the potential to become a mainstream identification technology. In addition, some novel, controversial, and worthy methods including electronic noses, electronic eyes, and DNA barcoding were also introduced. At the same time, more than 80% of the researches were carried out by a combination of chemometric pattern-recognition technologies and multi-analysis technologies. All the technologies and methods applied can provide strong support and guarantee for the identification and evaluation of genus Panax, and also conduce to excellent reference value for the development and in-depth research of new technologies in Panax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yue
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Zhitian Zuo
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hengyu Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanzhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
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Yang Y, Ju Z, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Wang Z. Phytochemical analysis of Panax species: a review. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:1-21. [PMID: 33437152 PMCID: PMC7790905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax species have gained numerous attentions because of their various biological effects on cardiovascular, kidney, reproductive diseases known for a long time. Recently, advanced analytical methods including thin layer chromatography, high-performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem ultraviolet, diode array detector, evaporative light scattering detector, and mass detector, two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography, high speed counter-current chromatography, high speed centrifugal partition chromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, ambient ionization mass spectrometry, molecularly imprinted polymer, enzyme immunoassay, 1H-NMR, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to identify and evaluate chemical constituents in Panax species. Moreover, Soxhlet extraction, heat reflux extraction, ultrasonic extraction, solid phase extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, acceleration solvent extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction, and pulsed electric field are discussed. In this review, a total of 219 articles published from 1980 to 2018 are investigated. Panax species including P. notoginseng, P. quinquefolius, sand P. ginseng in the raw and processed forms from different parts, geographical origins, and growing times are studied. Furthermore, the potential biomarkers are screened through the previous articles. It is expected that the review can provide a fundamental for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuangui Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Yanhai Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.,Shanghai R&D Center for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, China
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10
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Szczuka D, Nowak A, Zakłos-Szyda M, Kochan E, Szymańska G, Motyl I, Blasiak J. American Ginseng ( Panax quinquefolium L.) as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals with Pro-Health Properties. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1041. [PMID: 31075951 PMCID: PMC6567205 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax quinquefolium L. (American Ginseng, AG) is an herb characteristic for regions of North America and Asia. Due to its beneficial properties it has been extensively investigated for decades. Nowadays, it is one of the most commonly applied medical herbs worldwide. Active compounds of AG are ginsenosides, saponins of the glycosides group that are abundant in roots, leaves, stem, and fruits of the plant. Ginsenosides are suggested to be primarily responsible for health-beneficial effects of AG. AG acts on the nervous system; it was reported to improve the cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, display anxiolytic activity, and neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage resulting from ischemic stroke in animals, demonstrate anxiolytic activity, and induce neuroprotective effects against neuronal damage in ischemic stroke in animals. Administration of AG leads to inhibition of hypertrophy in heart failure by regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mice as well as depletion of cardiac contractile function in rats. It also has an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity potential as it increases insulin sensitivity and inhibits formation of adipose tissue. AG displays anti-cancer effect by induction of apoptosis of cancer cells and reducing local inflammation. It exerts antimicrobial effects against several pathogenic strains of bacteria. Therefore, AG presents a high potential to induce beneficial health effects in humans and should be further explored to formulate precise nutritional recommendations, as well as to assess its value in prevention and therapy of some disorders, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Szczuka
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kochan
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Szymańska
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Ilona Motyl
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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Bi YF, Wang XZ, Jiang S, Liu JS, Zheng MZ, Chen P. Enzymatic transformation of ginsenosides Re, Rg1, and Rf to ginsenosides Rg2 and aglycon PPT by using β-glucosidase from Thermotoga neapolitana. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:613-623. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Liao D, Jia C, Sun P, Qi J, Li X. Quality evaluation of Panax quinquefolium from different cultivation regions based on their ginsenoside content and radioprotective effects on irradiated mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1079. [PMID: 30705366 PMCID: PMC6355895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are one of major types of bioactive compounds in American ginseng (AG) and utilized to assess the quality of various AG samples. The contents of ginsenosides showed cultivation region-related variation, which is possibly associated with AG’s pharmacological effect difference. Therefore, to reveal the quality difference of AGs in different cultivation regions, AG samples from seven cultivation regions were evaluated via analyzing their contents of nine ginsenosides and the biochemical parameters in AG-treated irradiated mice. Pre-administration of AG decoctions could reversely modulate the irradiation-induced changes of antioxidant enzymatic activity, cytokine level and hormone level in irradiated mice, which demonstrated that AG had the radioprotective effects due to its antioxidative, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, this radioprotection effect varied among different cultivation regions of AGs. Collectively, Beijing and Canada-cultivated AGs had the best radioprotection. Heilongjiang and Jilin-originated AGs had the similar pharmacological effects while USA, Shandong and Shaanxi-grown AGs had closer pharmacological effects. This biochemical measurements-based PCA and heatmap clustering of AGs from seven cultivation regions was nearly consistent with ginsencoside content- and the previous serum metabolome-based analyses. However, the pearson correlation analysis revealed that only Rb3 and Rd were significantly correlated with some of assayed biochemical parameters in irradiated mice pretreated with different cultivation regions of AG extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengqun Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Chan Jia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jianjun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xian'en Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Liu J, Tang W, Meng X, Zhan L, Xu W, Nie Z, Wang Z. Improving the Performance of the Mini 2000 Mass Spectrometer with a Triboelectric Nanogenerator Electrospray Ionization Source. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12229-12234. [PMID: 31459297 PMCID: PMC6645661 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Balancing the contradiction between portability and analytical performances of a miniaturized mass spectrometer is vital to extend its on-site applications. In this study, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-driven ion sources were coupled with our home-built Mini 2000 system and applied to the analyses of different samples. Compared with the conventional direct current (DC) nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) source, the ion intensity of the TENG-nanoESI miniature mass spectrometer was improved by ∼3 times. Moreover, maybe due to the different pathways of ion formation in comparison with DC electrospray, TENG electrospray is shown to reduce the salt suppression effect during ionization. With these figures of merit, the direct detection of reserpine in saliva was demonstrated using the TENG-Mini 2000 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Liu
- School
of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- School
of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lingpeng Zhan
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School
of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute
of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Beijing
Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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Xia YG, Song Y, Liang J, Guo XD, Yang BY, Kuang HX. Quality Analysis of American Ginseng Cultivated in Heilongjiang Using UPLC-ESI --MRM-MS with Chemometric Methods. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092396. [PMID: 30235827 PMCID: PMC6225424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) has long been cultivated in China for the function food and medicine. Here, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography was coupled with electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI−-TQ-MS) for simultaneous detection of 22 ginsenosides in American ginseng cultivated in Mudanjiang district of Heilongjiang. The extraction conditions also were optimized by a Box Behnken design experiment. The optimized result was 31.8 mL/g as ratio of liquid to raw materials, 20.3 min of extraction time, and 235.0 W of extraction powers. The quantitative MS parameters for these 22 compounds were rapidly optimized by single factor experiments employing UPLC-ESI−-multiple reaction monitoring or multiple ion monitoring (MRM/MIM) scans. Furthermore, the established UPLC-ESI−-MRM-MS method showed good linear relationships (R2 > 0.99), repeatability (RSD < 3.86%), precision (RSD < 2.74%), and recovery (94–104%). This method determined 22 bioactive ginsenosides in different parts of the plant (main roots, hairy roots, rhizomes, leaves, and stems) and growth years (one year to four years) of P. quinquefolium. The highest total content of the 22 analytes was in the hairy roots (1.3 × 105 µg/g) followed by rhizomes (7.1 × 104 µg/g), main roots (6.5 × 104 µg/g), leaves (4.2 × 104 µg/g), and stems (2.4 × 104 µg/g). Finally, chemometric methods, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA), were successfully used to classify and differentiate American ginseng attributed to different growth years. The proposed UPLC-ESI−-MRM-MS coupled with HCA and PLS-DA methods was elucidated to be a simple and reliable method for quality evaluation of American ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yan Song
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Xin-Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China.
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Qin Z, Jia C, Liao D, Chen X, Li X. Comparison of Serum Metabolite Changes of Radiated Mice Administered with Panax quinquefolium from Different Cultivation Regions Using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS Based Metabolomic Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:E1014. [PMID: 29701672 PMCID: PMC6102546 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemometric analysis of bioactive compounds revealed that American ginsengs (AGs) from different cultivation regions of China had a difference in quality, which indicates their possible pharmacological difference. A UPLC-Q/TOF-MS-based untargeted metabolomic approach was used to uncover serum metabolite changes in radiated mice pre-administered with AG root decoctions from seven cultivation regions and to further assess their quality difference. OPLS-DA revealed that 51 metabolites (ESI−) and 110 (ESI⁺) were differentially expressed in sera between the control and the radiated model mice. Heatmap analysis further revealed that AG could not reverse most of these radiation-altered metabolites, which indicates dietary supplement of AG before cobalt radiation had the weak potential to mediate serum metabolites that were altered by the sub-lethal high dose radiation. In addition, 83 (ESI−) and 244 (ESI⁺) AG altered metabolites were detected in radiated mice under radiation exposure. Both OPLS-DA on serum metabolomes and heatmap analysis on discriminant metabolites showed that AGs from different cultivation regions differentially influenced metabolic alterations in radiated mice, which indicates AGs from different cultivation regions showed the pharmacological difference in modulation of metabolite changes. AGs from Shandong, Shanxi, and Beijing provinces had more similar pharmacological effects than AGs from USA, Canada, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. Finally, 28 important potential biomarkers were annotated and assigned onto three metabolic pathways including lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxian Qin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chan Jia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dengqun Liao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaofang Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xian'en Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Huang X, Liu Y, Zhang N, Sun X, Yue H, Chen C, Liu S. UPLC Orbitrap HRMS Analysis of Panax quinquefolium L. for Authentication of Panax Genus with Chemometric Methods. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:25-35. [PMID: 28977419 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolium L. were determined using developed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) method with electrospray ionization and orbitrap MS analyzer in negative ionization mode. Optimal UPLC separation was achieved using a mixture of acetonitrile and water with 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase in linear gradient elution. The MS parameters were optimized for reliable detection with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity, and improved identification and quantification of ginsenosides. The applicability of this method was demonstrated on ginsenosides from Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), Panax ginseng (Chinese ginseng) and Panax notoginseng (Sanchi) roots and products. The differences between Chinese and Northern American Panax quinquefolium L., main roots and hair roots, and products from different pharmacy were investigated. The results were also confirmed by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminatory analysis. It indicated that the strategy can be extended to rapid and accurate authentication of Panax genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, PR China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Xiuli Sun
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Changbao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, PR China.,Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
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17
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Wang X, Harrington PDB. Differentiating Rice Varieties by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Chemical Profiling with Singular Value Decomposition Background Correction. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-018-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Wang X, Harrington PDB, Baugh SF. Effect of preprocessing high-resolution mass spectra on the pattern recognition of Cannabis, hemp, and liquor. Talanta 2017; 180:229-238. [PMID: 29332804 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) combined with pattern recognition was used to discriminate among twenty-five Cannabis samples, twenty hemp samples, and eight liquor samples. The effects of preprocessing on multivariate data analysis were evaluated for Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectra. Different root transformations were evaluated with respect to the bin width and the average classification rates. In addition, linear binning and proportional binning with various resolving powers were studied with respect to the average classification rates. The proportional binning with the square root transformation gave the best overall performance for chemical profiling or spectral fingerprinting. Six classification methods, fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), super partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA), support vector machine (SVM), SVM classification tree type gap (SVMTreeG), and SVM classification tree type entropy (SVMTreeH) had similar trends in prediction rate with respect to the resolving power. The optimal proportional mass bin width may depend on the data set, i.e., for the Cannabis samples is resolving power 10-4, for the hemp samples and the liquor samples are resolving power 10-3. Hence, data preprocessing methods such as different transformations, binning strategies, and resolving powers are important factors to be optimized for HRMS direct infusion measurements combined with pattern recognition to be an authentication and characterization tool for various products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Clippinger Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA
| | - Peter de B Harrington
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Clippinger Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA.
| | - Steven F Baugh
- Chemistry Mapping, Inc., 5902 McIntyre St., Golden, CO 80403, USA
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19
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Harnly J, Lu Y, Sun J, Chen P. Botanical supplements: Detecting the transition from ingredient to product. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Chemical profiling of floral and chestnut honey using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Huang X, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li SP, Yue H, Chen CB, Liu SY. Multicomponent assessment and ginsenoside conversions of Panax quinquefolium L. roots before and after steaming by HPLC-MS n. J Ginseng Res 2017; 43:27-37. [PMID: 30662291 PMCID: PMC6323152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The structural conversions in ginsenosides induced by steaming or heating or acidic condition could improve red ginseng bioactivities significantly. In this paper, the chemical transformations of red American ginseng from fresh Panax quinquefolium L. under steaming were investigated, and the possible mechanisms were discussed. Methods A method with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-MSn)-equipped electrospray ionization ion source was developed for structural analysis and quantitation of ginsenosides in dried and red American ginseng. Results In total, 59 ginsenosides of protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, oleanane, and ocotillol types were identified in American ginseng before and after steaming process by matching the molecular weight and/or comparing MSn fragmentation with that of standards and/or known published compounds, and some of them were determined to be disappeared or newly generated under different steaming time and temperature. The specific fragments of each aglycone-type ginsenosides were determined as well as aglycone hydrated and dehydrated ones. The mechanisms were deduced as hydrolysis, hydration, dehydration, and isomerization of neutral and acidic ginsenosides. Furthermore, the relative peak areas of detected compounds were calculated based on peak areas ratio. Conclusion The multicomponent assessment of American ginseng was conducted by HPLC-MSn. The result is expected to provide possibility for holistic evaluation of the processing procedures of red American ginseng and a scientific basis for the usage of American ginseng in prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai-Ping Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chang-Bao Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.,Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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22
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Spectral Representation of Proton NMR Spectroscopy for the Pattern Recognition of Complex Materials. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-017-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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de Boves Harrington P. Support vector machine classification trees based on fuzzy entropy of classification. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 954:14-21. [PMID: 28081808 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The support vector machine (SVM) is a powerful classifier that has recently been implemented in a classification tree (SVMTreeG). This classifier partitioned the data by finding gaps in the data space. For large and complex datasets, there may be no gaps in the data space confounding this type of classifier. A novel algorithm was devised that uses fuzzy entropy to find optimal partitions for situations when clusters of data are overlapped in the data space. Also, a kernel version of the fuzzy entropy algorithm was devised. A fast support vector machine implementation is used that has no cost C or slack variables to optimize. Statistical comparisons using bootstrapped Latin partitions among the tree classifiers were made using a synthetic XOR data set and validated with ten prediction sets comprised of 50,000 objects and a data set of NMR spectra obtained from 12 tea sample extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter de Boves Harrington
- Ohio University, Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA.
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24
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Qiu S, Yang WZ, Yao CL, Qiu ZD, Shi XJ, Zhang JX, Hou JJ, Wang QR, Wu WY, Guo DA. Nontargeted metabolomic analysis and “commercial-homophyletic” comparison-induced biomarkers verification for the systematic chemical differentiation of five different parts of Panax ginseng. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1453:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Zhang M, Harrington PDB. Application of chemometrics to resolve overlapping mass spectral peak clusters between trichloroethylene and its deuterated internal standard. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:789-794. [PMID: 26377006 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Using one or two (2) H-atom-labeled analogs as internal standards (ISs) may cause a 'cross-contribution' problem (i.e., the overlap of ions from the IS and the analyte) especially for halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, in this situation the overlapping peak clusters of the analyte and ISs can be resolved by multivariate chemometric methods such as classical least-squares (CLS) and inverse least-squares (ILS). METHODS Trichloroethylene (TCE) and its internal standard, deuterated TCE (TCE-d), as model compounds, were analyzed using portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. CLS and ILS were applied to resolve overlapping TCE and TCE-d mass spectral signals and evaluated for the determination of TCE. CLS and ILS models were constructed and used to predict concentration ratios of TCE to TCE-d. Calibration samples were prepared by adding TCE at different concentrations and TCE-d at 300 ng mL(-1) as an IS. RESULTS The calibration curve was linear over a range of 10-1000 ng mL(-1) with a coefficient of determination (R(2)) of 0.993. A validation data set collected 2 weeks later was used to further test the model robustness. Lower prediction errors and higher correlation coefficients were obtained from TCE/TCE-d ratios predicted by the CLS model. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes the first application of CLS to deconvolute overlapping peaks between an analyte and its corresponding isotopic internal standard for quantification. The proposed method enables simple isotopic analogs of analytes (one H or C atom is isotopically labeled) to be used as internal standards for analytes with isotopic distributions. It has wide application because of the environmental impact and prevalence of halogenated VOCs, especially when analytes have isotopic distributions that overlap with an internal standard or when sophisticated isotopic analogs of the analytes with three or more (2)H- or/and (13)C-atoms are prohibitively expensive or even impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengliang Zhang
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Clippinger Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA
| | - Peter de B Harrington
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Clippinger Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701-2979, USA
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26
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Felipe DF, Brambilla LZS, Porto C, Pilau EJ, Cortez DAG. Phytochemical analysis of Pfaffia glomerata inflorescences by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules 2014; 19:15720-34. [PMID: 25268723 PMCID: PMC6270899 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191015720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pfaffia glomerata contains high levels of β-ecdysone, which has shown a range of beneficial pharmacological effects. The present study demonstrated that inflorescences of P. glomerata contain other important bioactive compounds in addition to β-ecdysone. The identification of compounds from inflorescences using liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was performed for the first time. The eight compounds identified were β-ecdysone, flavonoid glycosides such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside, oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins such as ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin IV, in addition to oleanonic acid and gluconic acid. This study provided information on the phytochemicals contained in P. glomerata inflorescences revealing the potential application of this plant part as raw material for the phytotherapeutic and cosmetic industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele F Felipe
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Lara Z S Brambilla
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Carla Porto
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo J Pilau
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Diógenes A G Cortez
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900, Brazil.
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Yang Y, Deng J, Yao ZP. Pharmaceutical analysis by solid-substrate electrospray ionization mass spectrometry with wooden tips. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:37-47. [PMID: 24104724 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) using wooden tips as solid substrates allows direct ionization of various samples and their simple and efficient analyses by mass spectrometry (MS). In this study, wooden-tip ESI-MS was used for pharmaceutical analysis. A wide variety of active components present in pharmaceuticals with forms of tablets, capsules, granules, dry suspensions, suspensions, drops, and oral liquids, etc., were all successfully ionized directly for mass spectrometric analysis. Trace degradation products were also sensitively detected using wooden-tip ESI-MS. This strategy was extended to construct chemical fingerprints of herbal products containing complex and unknown components, and the fingerprints provided valuable information for their quality assessment and origin tracing. Our experimental data demonstrated that wooden-tip ESI-MS is a useful tool for rapid pharmaceutical analysis, with high sensitivity and wide applicability, showing promising perspectives for quality assessment and control, authentication, and origin tracing of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory of Analysis and Testing Technology, China National Analytical Center Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510070, China,
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Zhang M, Harrington PDB. Automated pipeline for classifying Aroclors in soil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry using modulo compressed two-way data objects. Talanta 2013; 117:483-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang DD, Liang J, Yang WZ, Hou JJ, Yang M, Da J, Wang Y, Jiang BH, Liu X, Wu WY, Guo DA. HPLC/qTOF-MS-oriented characteristic components data set and chemometric analysis for the holistic quality control of complex TCM preparations: Niuhuang Shangqing pill as an example. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 89:130-41. [PMID: 24284229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The quality control of Da-Fu-Fang (DFF), referring to the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations comprising more than 10 TCMs, is challenging due to their extreme chemical complexity. In this study, a strategy is proposed for the holistic quality control of DFFs based on HPLC/qTOF-MS-oriented characteristic components data set (CCDS) and chemometric analysis. Niuhuang Shangqing pill (NHSQP), composed of 19 TCMs, is used to illustrate this strategy. The fingerprint profiling of NHSQP by HPLC/qTOF-MS resulted in the characterization of 190 compounds, comprising 47 unambiguously identified by reference standard comparison. A CCDS containing 60 characteristic components was constructed by analyzing the MS spectral differentiation of the crude drugs, a laboratory-made NHSQP powder, and negative control preparations. With the established CCDS, it was possible to simultaneously monitor 16 out of the 19 drugs involved in NHSQP. Subsequently, 26 NHSQP samples from different vendors were evaluated by the qualitative and semi-quantitative analyses of their LC/MS fingerprint data. The 60 characteristic components were detected in all of the NHSQP samples, which demonstrated their authenticity. When compared with the standard sample No. 3, however, 15 of the NHSQP samples exhibited inferior quality. Samples No. 21 and No. 13 differed significantly based on a PCA score plot, and the components responsible for the differentiation were confirmed to originate from different TCMs. This strategy is a powerful and easy method to implement and provides a potential approach to establishing the holistic quality control of complex TCM preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-dan Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Liang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wen-zhi Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin-jun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Juan Da
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Agilent Technologies Inc., Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Bao-hong Jiang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wan-ying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - De-an Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Wang Z, Chen P, Yu L, Harrington PDB. Authentication of organically and conventionally grown basils by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry chemical profiles. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2945-53. [PMID: 23398171 DOI: 10.1021/ac303445v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Basil plants cultivated by organic and conventional farming practices were accurately classified by pattern recognition of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) data. A novel extraction procedure was devised to extract characteristic compounds from ground basil powders. Two in-house fuzzy classifiers, i.e., the fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES) and the fuzzy optimal associative memory (FOAM) for the first time, were used to build classification models. Two crisp classifiers, i.e., soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA) and the partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were used as control methods. Prior to data processing, baseline correction and retention time alignment were performed. Classifiers were built with the two-way data sets, the total ion chromatogram representation of data sets, and the total mass spectrum representation of data sets, separately. Bootstrapped Latin partition (BLP) was used as an unbiased evaluation of the classifiers. By using two-way data sets, average classification rates with FuRES, FOAM, SIMCA, and PLS-DA were 100 ± 0%, 94.4 ± 0.4%, 93.3 ± 0.4%, and 100 ± 0%, respectively, for 100 independent evaluations. The established classifiers were used to classify a new validation set collected 2.5 months later with no parametric changes except that the training set and validation set were individually mean-centered. For the new two-way validation set, classification rates with FuRES, FOAM, SIMCA, and PLS-DA were 100%, 93%, 97%, and 100%, respectively. Thereby, the GC/MS analysis was demonstrated as a viable approach for organic basil authentication. It is the first time that a FOAM has been applied to classification. A novel baseline correction method was used also for the first time. The FuRES and the FOAM are demonstrated as powerful tools for modeling and classifying GC/MS data of complex samples, and the data pretreatments are demonstrated to be useful to improve the performance of classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfang Wang
- Center for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Clippinger Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, United States
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Khan IA, Smillie T. Implementing a "quality by design" approach to assure the safety and integrity of botanical dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1665-73. [PMID: 22938174 DOI: 10.1021/np300434j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have provided a basis for health care and medicine to humankind since the beginning of civilization. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 80% of the world population still relies on herbal medicines for health-related benefits. In the United States, over 42% of the population claimed to have used botanical dietary supplements to either augment their current diet or to "treat" or "prevent" a particular health-related issue. This has led to the development of a burgeoning industry in the U.S. ($4.8 billion per year in 2008) to supply dietary supplements to the consumer. However, many commercial botanical products are poorly defined scientifically, and the consumer must take it on faith that the supplement they are ingesting is an accurate representation of what is listed on the label, and that it contains the purportedly "active" constituents they seek. Many dietary supplement manufacturers, academic research groups, and governmental organizations are progressively attempting to construct a better scientific understanding of natural products, herbals, and botanical dietary supplements that have co-evolved with Western-style pharmaceutical medicines. However, a deficiency of knowledge is still evident, and this issue needs to be addressed in order to achieve a significant level of safety, efficacy, and quality for commercial natural products. The authors contend that a "quality by design" approach for botanical dietary supplements should be implemented in order to ensure the safety and integrity of these products. Initiating this approach with the authentication of the starting plant material is an essential first step, and in this review several techniques that can aid in this endeavor are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA.
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