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Micro- and nano-devices for electrochemical sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractElectrode miniaturization has profoundly revolutionized the field of electrochemical sensing, opening up unprecedented opportunities for probing biological events with a high spatial and temporal resolution, integrating electrochemical systems with microfluidics, and designing arrays for multiplexed sensing. Several technological issues posed by the desire for downsizing have been addressed so far, leading to micrometric and nanometric sensing systems with different degrees of maturity. However, there is still an endless margin for researchers to improve current strategies and cope with demanding sensing fields, such as lab-on-a-chip devices and multi-array sensors, brain chemistry, and cell monitoring. In this review, we present current trends in the design of micro-/nano-electrochemical sensors and cutting-edge applications reported in the last 10 years. Micro- and nanosensors are divided into four categories depending on the transduction mechanism, e.g., amperometric, impedimetric, potentiometric, and transistor-based, to best guide the reader through the different detection strategies and highlight major advancements as well as still unaddressed demands in electrochemical sensing.
Graphical Abstract
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Yao D, Tang C, Wang P, Cheng H, Jin H, Ding LX, Qiao SZ. Electrocatalytic green ammonia production beyond ambient aqueous nitrogen reduction. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Single-ion activity: a nonthermodynamically measurable quantity. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Anderson EL, Chopade SA, Spindler B, Stein A, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA, Bühlmann P. Solid-Contact Ion-Selective and Reference Electrodes Covalently Attached to Functionalized Poly(ethylene terephthalate). Anal Chem 2020; 92:7621-7629. [PMID: 32351106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous ion-selective and reference electrodes have been developed over the years. Following the need for point-of-care and wearable sensors, designs have transitioned recently from bulky devices with an aqueous inner filling solution to planarizable solid-contact electrodes. However, unless the polymeric sensing and reference membranes are held in place mechanically, delamination of these membranes from the underlying solid to which they adhere physically limits sensor lifetime. Even minor external mechanical stress or thermal expansion can result in membrane delamination and, thereby, device failure. To address this problem, we designed a sensing platform based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates to which polyacrylate-based sensing and polymethacrylate-based reference membranes are attached covalently. Ion-selective membranes with covalently attached or freely dissolved ionophore- and ionic-liquid-doped reference membranes can be directly photopolymerized onto surface-functionalized poly(ethylene terephthalate), resulting in the formation of covalent bonds between the underlying substrate and the attached membranes. H+- and K+-selective electrodes thus prepared exhibit highly selective responses with the theoretically expected (Nernstian) response slope, and reference electrodes provide sample-independent reference potentials over a wide range of electrolyte concentrations. Even repeated mechanical stress does not result in the delamination of the sensing and reference membranes, leading to electrodes with much improved long-term performance. As demonstrated for poly(ethylene-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate) (PETG), this approach may be expanded to a wide range of other polyester, polyamide, and polyurethane platform materials. Covalent attachment of sensing and reference membranes to an inert plastic platform material is a very promising approach to a problem that has plagued the field of ion-selective electrodes and field effect transistors for over 30 years.
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Sassa F, Biswas GC, Suzuki H. Microfabricated electrochemical sensing devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1358-1389. [PMID: 32129358 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides possibilities to realize smart microdevices of the next generation with high functionalities. Electrodes, which constitute major components of electrochemical devices, can be formed by various microfabrication techniques, and integration of the same (or different) components for that purpose is not difficult. Merging this technique with microfluidics can further expand the areas of application of the resultant devices. To augment the development of next generation devices, it will be beneficial to review recent technological trends in this field and clarify the directions required for moving forward. Even when limiting the discussion to electrochemical microdevices, a variety of useful techniques should be considered. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to provide an overview of all relevant techniques in this context in the hope that it can provide useful comprehensive information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Sassa
- Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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Gao W, Zdrachek E, Xie X, Bakker E. A Solid‐State Reference Electrode Based on a Self‐Referencing Pulstrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2294-2298. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Gao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
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Gao W, Zdrachek E, Xie X, Bakker E. A Solid‐State Reference Electrode Based on a Self‐Referencing Pulstrode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Gao
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Elena Zdrachek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of ChemistrySouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Geneva Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30 CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
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Lindner E, Guzinski M, Khan TA, Pendley BD. Reference Electrodes with Ionic Liquid Salt Bridge: When Will These Innovative Novel Reference Electrodes Gain Broad Acceptance? ACS Sens 2019; 4:549-561. [PMID: 30762347 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we raise questions that researchers have to ask if they intend to replace a conventional reference electrode with an ionic liquid-based reference electrode and try to answer these questions based on our experiences and literature data. Among these questions, the most important is which ionic liquid should be used. However, beyond the chemical composition of the ionic liquid, to realize all the potential benefits of ionic-liquid based reference electrodes, there are additional, equally important considerations. Through examples we will show the importance of the (i) purity of the ionic liquid and the consequences of deviations from its stoichiometric salt composition, (ii) form of implementation of the ionic liquid-based reference electrode membrane (free-flowing salt bridge, or ionic liquid embedded in a membrane), (iii) membrane/gelling agent material and its composition, and (iv) experimental conditions (steady state or flowing conditions) under which it will be used. Finally, we recommend methods to test the performance criteria of the ionic liquid-based reference electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernő Lindner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Marcin Guzinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Taskia A. Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Bradford D. Pendley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
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Manzanares JA, Johans C, Cervera J. Distribution potential in electrified microemulsions with potential determining salts. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chopade SA, Anderson EL, Schmidt PW, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA, Bühlmann P. Self-Supporting, Hydrophobic, Ionic Liquid-Based Reference Electrodes Prepared by Polymerization-Induced Microphase Separation. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1498-1504. [PMID: 28944667 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces of ionic liquids and aqueous solutions exhibit stable electrical potentials over a wide range of aqueous electrolyte concentrations. This makes ionic liquids suitable as bridge materials that separate in electroanalytical measurements the reference electrode from samples with low and/or unknown ionic strengths. However, methods for the preparation of ionic liquid-based reference electrodes have not been explored widely. We have designed a convenient and reliable synthesis of ionic liquid-based reference electrodes by polymerization-induced microphase separation. This technique allows for a facile, single-pot synthesis of ready-to-use reference electrodes that incorporate ion conducting nanochannels filled with either 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide as ionic liquid, supported by a mechanically robust cross-linked polystyrene phase. This synthesis procedure allows for the straightforward design of various reference electrode geometries. These reference electrodes exhibit a low resistance as well as good reference potential stability and reproducibility when immersed into aqueous solutions varying from deionized, purified water to 100 mM KCl, while requiring no correction for liquid junction potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay A. Chopade
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Evan L. Anderson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Peter W. Schmidt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
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Bieg C, Fuchsberger K, Stelzle M. Introduction to polymer-based solid-contact ion-selective electrodes—basic concepts, practical considerations, and current research topics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:45-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kaliner M, Strassner T. Tunable aryl alkyl ionic liquids with weakly coordinating bulky borate anion. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai E.-Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Ferse A, Ferse B. Individual ion activity and liquid junction potential—Two interrelated, interconnected electrochemical terms. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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