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Thompson JR, Crooks RM. Electrokinetic separation techniques for studying nano- and microplastics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12616-12624. [PMID: 36519045 PMCID: PMC9645370 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, microplastics have been found in seawater, soil, food, and even human blood and tissues. The ubiquity of microplastics is alarming, but the health and environmental impacts of microplastics are just beginning to be understood. Accordingly, sampling, separating, and quantifying exposure to microplastics to devise a total risk assessment is the focus of ongoing research. Unfortunately, traditional separation methods (i.e., size- and density-based methods) unintentionally exclude the smallest microplastics (<10 μm). Limited data about the smallest microplastics is problematic because they are likely the most pervasive and have distinct properties from their larger plastic counterparts. To that end, in this Perspective, we discuss using electrokinetic methods for separating the smallest microplastics. Specifically, we describe three methods for forming electric field gradients, discuss key results within the field for continuously separating microplastics, and lastly discuss research avenues which we deem critical for advancing electrokinetic separation platforms for targeting the smallest microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
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2
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Thompson JR, Crooks RM. Enriching Cations Using Electric Field Gradients Generated by Bipolar Electrodes in the Absence of Buffer. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 United States
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3
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Thompson JR, Wilder LM, Crooks RM. Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13744-13755. [PMID: 34760159 PMCID: PMC8549819 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we use experiments and finite element simulations to investigate the electrokinetics within straight microchannels that contain a bipolar electrode and an unbuffered electrolyte solution. Our findings indicate that in the presence of a sufficiently high electric field, water electrolysis proceeds at the bipolar electrode and leads to variations in both solution conductivity and ionic current density along the length of the microchannel. The significance of this finding is twofold. First, the results indicate that both solution conductivity and ionic current density variations significantly contribute to yield sharp electric field gradients near the bipolar electrode poles. The key point is that ionic current density variations constitute a fundamentally new mechanism for forming electric field gradients in solution. Second, we show that the electric field gradients that form near the bipolar electrode poles in unbuffered solution are useful for continuously separating microplastics from water in a bifurcated microchannel. This result expands the potential scope of membrane-free separations using bipolar electrodes. Water electrolysis at a bipolar electrode in the absence of buffer forms electric field gradients in a fundamentally new way. These electric field gradients are useful for continuously separating microplastics from water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
| | - Logan M Wilder
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
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4
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Khan JU, Ruland A, Sayyar S, Paull B, Chen J, Innis PC. Wireless bipolar electrode-based textile electrofluidics: towards novel micro-total-analysis systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3979-3990. [PMID: 34636814 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Point of care testing using micro-total-analysis systems (μTAS) is critical to emergent healthcare devices with rapid and robust responses. However, two major barriers to the success of this approach are the prohibitive cost of microchip fabrication and poor sensitivity due to small sample volumes in a microfluidic format. Here, we aimed to replace the complex microchip format with a low-cost textile substrate with inherently built microchannels using the fibers' spaces. Secondly, by integrating this textile-based microfluidics with electrophoresis and wireless bipolar electrochemistry, we can significantly improve solute detection by focusing and concentrating the analytes of interest. Herein, we demonstrated that an in situ metal electrode simply inserted inside the textile-based electrophoretic system can act as a wireless bipolar electrode (BPE) that generates localized electric field and pH gradients adjacent to the BPE and extended along the length of the textile construct. As a result, charged analytes were not only separated electrophoretically but also focused where their electrophoretic migration and counter flow (EOF) balances due to redox reactions proceeding at the BPE edges. The developed wireless redox focusing technique on textile constructs was shown to achieve a 242-fold enrichment of anionically charged solute over an extended time of 3000 s. These findings suggest a simple route that achieves separation and analyte focusing on low-cost surface-accessible inverted substrates, which is far simpler than the more complex ITP on conventional closed and inaccessible capillary channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawairia Umar Khan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
- Department of Fibre and Textile Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Andres Ruland
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
| | - Sepidar Sayyar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
- Australian National Fabrication Facility - Materials Node, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Jun Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
| | - Peter C Innis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
- Australian National Fabrication Facility - Materials Node, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia
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Thompson JR, Davies CD, Clausmeyer J, Crooks RM. Cation‐Specific Electrokinetic Separations Using Prussian Blue Intercalation Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
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6
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Tutorial review: Enrichment and separation of neutral and charged species by ion concentration polarization focusing. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1128:149-173. [PMID: 32825899 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion concentration polarization focusing (ICPF) is an electrokinetic technique, in which analytes are enriched and separated along a localized electric field gradient in the presence of a counter flow. This field gradient is generated by depletion of ions of the background electrolyte at an ion permselective junction. In this tutorial review, we summarize the fundamental principles and experimental parameters that govern selective ion transport and the stability of the enriched analyte plug. We also examine faradaic ICP (fICP), in which local ion concentration is modulated via electrochemical reactions as an attractive alternative to ICP that achieves similar performance with a decrease in both power consumption and Joule heating. The tutorial covers important challenges to the broad application of ICPF including undesired pH gradients, low volumetric throughput, samples that induce biofouling or are highly conductive, and limited approaches to on- or off-chip analysis. Recent developments in the field that seek to address these challenges are reviewed along with new approaches to maximize enrichment, focus uncharged analytes, and achieve enrichment and separation in water-in-oil droplets. For new practitioners, we discuss practical aspects of ICPF, such as strategies for device design and fabrication and the relative advantages of several types of ion selective junctions and electrodes. Lastly, we summarize tips and tricks for tackling common experimental challenges in ICPF.
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Liu W, Sun Y, Yan H, Ren Y, Song C, Wu Q. A Simulation Analysis of Nanofluidic Ion Current Rectification Using a Metal-Dielectric Janus Nanopore Driven by Induced-Charge Electrokinetic Phenomena. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060542. [PMID: 32471139 PMCID: PMC7345169 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We propose herein a unique mechanism of generating tunable surface charges in a metal-dielectric Janus nanopore for the development of nanofluidic ion diode, wherein an uncharged metallic nanochannel is in serial connection with a dielectric nanopore of fixed surface charge. In response to an external electric field supplied by two probes located on both sides of the asymmetric Janus nanopore, the metallic portion of the nanochannel is electrochemically polarized, so that a critical junction is formed between regions with an enriched concentration of positive and negative ions in the bulk electrolyte adjacent to the conducting wall. The combined action of the field-induced bipolar induced double layer and the native unipolar double layer full of cations within the negatively-charged dielectric nanopore leads to a voltage-controllable heterogenous volumetric charge distribution. The electrochemical transport of field-induced counterions along the nanopore length direction creates an internal zone of ion enrichment/depletion, and thereby enhancement/suppression of the resulting electric current inside the Janus nanopore for reverse working status of the nanofluidic ion diode. A mathematical model based upon continuum mechanics is established to study the feasibility of the Janus nanochannel in causing sufficient ion current rectification, and we find that only a good matching between pore diameter and Debye length is able to result in a reliable rectifying functionality for practical applications. This rectification effect is reminiscent of the typical bipolar membrane, but much more flexible on account of the nature of a voltage-based control due to induced-charge electrokinetic polarization of the conducting end, which may hold promise for osmotic energy conversion wherein an electric current appears due to a difference in salt concentration. Our theoretical demonstration of a composite metal-dielectric ion-selective medium provides useful guidelines for construction of flexible on-chip platforms utilizing induced-charge electrokinetic phenomena for a high degree of freedom ion current control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Middle-Section of Nan’er Huan Road, Xi’an 710064, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yongjun Sun
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (Y.R.); (C.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-Zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hui Yan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (Y.R.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (Y.R.); (C.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-Zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chunlei Song
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China; (Y.R.); (C.S.)
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Middle-Section of Nan’er Huan Road, Xi’an 710064, China; (W.L.); (Q.W.)
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8
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Jin L, Qiao J, Chen J, Xu N, Wu M. Combination of area controllable sensing surface and bipolar electrode-electrochemiluminescence approach for the detection of tetracycline. Talanta 2020; 208:120404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Davies CD, Johnson SE, Crooks RM. Effect of Chloride Oxidation on Local Electric Fields in Microelectrochemical Systems. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Sarah E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
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10
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Song YZ, Zhang XX, Liu JJ, Fang F, Wu ZY. Electrokinetic stacking of electrically neutral analytes with paper-based analytical device. Talanta 2018; 182:247-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Berzina B, Anand RK. An Electrokinetic Separation Route to Source Dialysate from Excess Fluid in Blood. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3720-3726. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrise Berzina
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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12
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A resettable and reprogrammable keypad lock based on electrochromic Prussian blue films and biocatalysis of immobilized glucose oxidase in a bipolar electrode system. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 99:163-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Davies CD, Yoon E, Crooks RM. Continuous Redirection and Separation of Microbeads by Faradaic Ion Concentration Polarization. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Eunsoo Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
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14
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Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Capillary-assisted bipolar electrochemistry: A focused mini review. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2687-2694. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
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15
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Li X, Luo L, Crooks RM. Faradaic Ion Concentration Polarization on a Paper Fluidic Platform. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4294-4300. [PMID: 28303715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and characteristics of a paper-based analytical device for analyte concentration enrichment. The device, called a hybrid paper-based analytical device (hyPAD), uses faradaic electrochemistry to create an ion depletion zone (IDZ), and hence a local electric field, within a nitrocellulose flow channel. Charged analytes are concentrated near the IDZ when their electrophoretic and electroosmotic velocities balance. This process is called faradaic ion concentration polarization. The hyPAD is simple to construct and uses only low-cost materials. The hyPAD can be tuned for optimal performance by adjusting the applied voltage or changing the electrode design. Moreover, the throughput of hyPAD is 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional, micron-scale microfluidic devices. The hyPAD is able to concentrate a range of analytes, including small molecules, DNA, proteins, and nanoparticles, in the range of 200-500-fold within 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
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16
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Qi Z, You S, Ren N. Wireless Electrocoagulation in Water Treatment Based on Bipolar Electrochemistry. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Electrochemiluminescence bipolar electrode array for the multiplexed detection of glucose, lactate and choline based on a versatile enzymatic approach. Talanta 2017; 165:577-583. [PMID: 28153301 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple, efficient and versatile biosensing platform capable of the multiplexed detection for glucose, lactate and choline was developed by the integration of bipolar electrochemistry and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging. The sensing bipolar electrodes (BPEs) were simply modified via a one-step method adaptable to different enzymes. The biorecognition event happening between the substrate and the corresponding enzyme could be directly reported by the ECL emitted on the same pole from luminol and in situ generated H2O2. Under optimized conditions, the BPEs array was successfully applied for the determination of glucose, lactate and choline in the ranges of 0.01-1mM, 0.01-1mM and 0.02-5mM, with the LOD of 7.57μM, 8.25μM and 43.19μM, respectively. Owing to the improved stability of in situ generated H2O2, a whole series of analytes testing could be completed in the same BPE biochip. Subsequently, an array chip consisting of nine BPEs enabled the concomitant detection of glucose, lactate and choline, demonstrating the capability for multifunctional detection of biomolecules. This versatile analytical system could be easily extended to sensitive screening in a miniaturized device and point of care testing.
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Hlushkou D, Knust KN, Crooks RM, Tallarek U. Numerical simulation of electrochemical desalination. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:194001. [PMID: 27089841 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/19/194001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an effective numerical approach to simulate electrochemically mediated desalination of seawater. This new membraneless, energy efficient desalination method relies on the oxidation of chloride ions, which generates an ion depletion zone and local electric field gradient near the junction of a microchannel branch to redirect sea salt into the brine stream, consequently producing desalted water. The proposed numerical model is based on resolution of the 3D coupled Navier-Stokes, Nernst-Planck, and Poisson equations at non-uniform spatial grids. The model is implemented as a parallel code and can be employed to simulate mass-charge transport coupled with surface or volume reactions in 3D systems showing an arbitrarily complex geometrical configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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19
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Exploring Gradients in Electrophoretic Separation and Preconcentration on Miniaturized Devices. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
Advancements in ion concentration polarization made over the past three years are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
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21
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Xu W, Fu K, Ma C, Bohn PW. Closed bipolar electrode-enabled dual-cell electrochromic detectors for chemical sensing. Analyst 2016; 141:6018-6024. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Battery operation of a closed-BPE dual cell with colorimetric readout by smartphone camera yields a simple, inexpensive, field-deployable electrochemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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22
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Vertically Ordered Silica Mesochannel Modified Bipolar Electrode for Electrochemiluminescence Imaging Analysis. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Song H, Wang Y, Garson C, Pant K. Concurrent DNA Preconcentration and Separation in Bipolar Electrode-Based Microfluidic Device. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:1273-1279. [PMID: 26005497 PMCID: PMC4437544 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay01858c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a bipolar electrode (BPE) device in a microfluidic dual-channel design for concurrent preconcentration and separation of composite DNA containing samples. The novelty of the present effort relies on the combination of BPE-induced ion concentration polarization (ICP) and end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis (ELFSE). The ion concentration polarization effect arising from the faradaic reaction on the BPE is utilized to exert opposing electrophoretic and electroosmotic forces on the DNA samples. Meanwhile, end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis alters the mass-charge ratio to enable simultaneous DNA separation in free solution. The microfluidic device was fabricated using standard and soft lithography techniques to form gold-on-glass electrode capped with a PDMS microfluidic channel. Experimental testing with various DNA samples was carried out over a range of applied electric field. Concentration ratios up to 285× within 5 minutes for a 102-mer DNA, and concurrent preconcentration and free-solution separation of binary mixture of free and bound 102-mer DNA within 6 minutes was demonstrated. The effect of applied electric field was also interrogated with respect to pertinent performance metrics of preconcentration and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Wang
- Corresponding author, , Phone: +01-256-726-4915, Fax: +01-256-726-4806
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Shin IH, Kim KJ, Kim J, Kim HC, Chun H. Cation-selective electropreconcentration. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1811-5. [PMID: 24733115 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A cation-selective microfluidic sample preconcentration system is described. The cation sample was electropreconcentrated using a reversed-direction electroosmotic flow (EOF) and an anion-permselective filter, where an electric double layer (EDL) overlap condition existed. The anion-permselective filter between microchannels was fabricated by three different methods: 1) extending a positively charged, nanoporous, polymer membrane by photopolymerization of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC); 2) etching a nanochannel and then coating it with a positively-charged monomer, N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-N'-(4-vinylbenzyl)ethylenediamine hydrochloride (TMSVE); and, 3) etching a nanochannel and then coating it with a positively-charged, pre-formed polymer, polyE-323. The EOF direction in the microchannel was reversed by both TMSVE and polyE-323 coatings. The cation-selective preconcentration was investigated using charged fluorescent dyes and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-tagged peptides/proteins. The preconcentration in the three different systems was compared with respect to efficiency, dependence on buffer concentration and pH, tolerable flow rate, and sample adsorption. Both TMSVE- and polyE-323-coated nanochannels showed robust preconcentration at high flow rates, whereas the PDADMAC membrane maintained anion-permselectivity at higher buffer concentrations. The TMSVE-coated nanochannels showed a more stable preconcentration process, whereas the polyE-323-coated nanochannels showed a lower peptide sample adsorption and robust efficiency under a wide range of buffer pHs. The system described here can potentially be used for the preconcentration of cationic peptides/proteins on microfluidic devices for subsequent analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Hyung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Quist J, Vulto P, Hankemeier T. Isotachophoretic Phenomena in Electric Field Gradient Focusing: Perspectives for Sample Preparation and Bioassays. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4078-87. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos Quist
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics
Centre (NMC), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Vulto
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics
Centre (NMC), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics
Centre (NMC), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333CC, The Netherlands
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Fosdick SE, Knust KN, Scida K, Crooks RM. Bipolar Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10438-56. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Scida K, Sheridan E, Crooks RM. Electrochemically-gated delivery of analyte bands in microfluidic devices using bipolar electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2292-2299. [PMID: 23657767 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A method for controlling enrichment, separation, and delivery of analytes into different secondary microchannels using simple microfluidic architecture is described. The approach, which is based on bipolar electrochemistry, requires only easily fabricated electrodes and a low-voltage DC power supply: no pumps or valves are necessary. Upon application of a voltage between two driving electrodes, passive bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are activated that result in formation of a local electric field gradient. This gradient leads to separation and enrichment of a pair of fluorescent analytes within a primary microfluidic channel. Subsequently, other passive BPEs can be activated to deliver the enriched tracers to separate secondary microchannels. The principles and performance underpinning the method are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
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Knust KN, Sheridan E, Anand RK, Crooks RM. Dual-channel bipolar electrode focusing: simultaneous separation and enrichment of both anions and cations. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4107-4114. [PMID: 22952054 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40660h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we show that a microelectrochemical cell comprising two parallel microchannels spanned by a single bipolar electrode can be used to simultaneously enrich and separate both anions and cations within a single microchannel. This is possible because reduction and oxidation of water at the cathodic and anodic poles of the bipolar electrode, respectively, lead to ion depletion zones. Specifically, TrisH(+) is neutralized by OH(-) at the cathodic pole, while acetate buffer is neutralized by H(+) at the anodic pole. This action creates a local electric field gradient having both positive and negative components, and hence positive and negative ions follow their respective field gradients leading to separation. In the presence of an opposing counter-flow (pressure driven flow in this case), enrichment also occurs. In addition to separation and enrichment in a single channel, it is also possible to simultaneously enrich cations in one microchannel and anions in the other. Enrichment is achieved by controlling experimental parameters, including the type of buffer and the direction and magnitude of the opposing counter-flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle N Knust
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, USA
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