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Ashkarran AA, Gharibi H, Modaresi SM, Sayadi M, Jafari M, Lin Z, Ritz D, Kakhniashvili D, Sun L, Landry MP, Saei AA, Mahmoudi M. Deep Plasma Proteome Profiling by Modulating Single Nanoparticle Protein Corona with Small Molecules. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.06.582595. [PMID: 38496642 PMCID: PMC10942461 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.06.582595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The protein corona, a dynamic biomolecular layer that forms on nanoparticle (NP) surfaces upon exposure to biological fluids is emerging as a valuable diagnostic tool for improving plasma proteome coverage analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Here, we show that spiking small molecules, including metabolites, lipids, vitamins, and nutrients, into plasma can induce diverse protein corona patterns on otherwise identical NPs, significantly enhancing the depth of plasma proteome profiling. The protein coronas on polystyrene NPs when exposed to plasma treated with an array of small molecules (n=10) allowed for detection of 1793 proteins marking an 8.25-fold increase in the number of quantified proteins compared to plasma alone (218 proteins) and a 2.63-fold increase relative to the untreated protein corona (681 proteins). Furthermore, we discovered that adding 1000 μg/ml phosphatidylcholine could singularly increase the number of unique proteins within the protein corona (897 proteins). This specific concentration of phosphatidylcholine selectively depleted the four most abundant plasma proteins, including albumin, thus reducing concentration dynamic range of plasma proteome and boosting LC-MS/MS sensitivity for detection of proteins with lower abundance. By employing an optimized data-independent acquisition (DIA) approach, the inclusion of phosphatidylcholine led to the detection of 1436 proteins in plasma. This significant achievement is made utilizing only a single NP type and one small molecule to analyze a single plasma sample, setting a new standard in proteomic depth of the plasma sample. Given the critical role of plasma proteomics in biomarker discovery and disease monitoring, we anticipate widespread adoption of this methodology for identification and clinical translation of proteomic biomarkers into FDA approved diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Ashkarran
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hassan Gharibi
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Maryam Sayadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Maryam Jafari
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zijin Lin
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Danilo Ritz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Kakhniashvili
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Markita P. Landry
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Center for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Pade LR, Lombard-Banek C, Li J, Nemes P. Dilute to Enrich for Deeper Proteomics: A Yolk-Depleted Carrier for Limited Populations of Embryonic (Frog) Cells. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:692-703. [PMID: 37994825 PMCID: PMC10872351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Abundant proteins challenge deep mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the proteome. Yolk, the source of food in many developing vertebrate embryos, complicates chemical separation and interferes with detection. We report here a strategy that enhances bottom-up proteomics in yolk-laden specimens by diluting the interferences using a yolk-depleted carrier (YODEC) proteome via isobaric multiplexing quantification. This method was tested on embryos of the South African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis), where a >90% yolk proteome content challenges deep proteomics. As a proof of concept, we isolated neural and epidermal fated cell clones from the embryo by dissection or fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Compared with the standard multiplexing carrier approach, YODEC more than doubled the detectable X. laevis proteome, identifying 5,218 proteins from D11 cell clones dissected from the embryo. Ca. ∼80% of the proteins were quantified without dropouts in any of the analytical channels. YODEC with high-pH fractionation quantified 3,133 proteins from ∼8,000 V11 cells that were sorted from ca. 2 embryos (1.5 μg total, or 150 ng yolk-free proteome), marking a 15-fold improvement in proteome coverage vs the standard proteomics approach. About 60% of these proteins were only quantifiable by YODEC, including molecular adaptors, transporters, translation, and transcription factors. While this study was tailored to limited populations of Xenopus cells, we anticipate the approach of "dilute to enrich" using a depleted carrier proteome to be adaptable to other biological models in which abundant proteins challenge deep MS proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena R. Pade
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Camille Lombard-Banek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Peter Nemes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
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Wang R, Li HD, Cao Y, Wang ZY, Yang T, Wang JH. M13 phage: a versatile building block for a highly specific analysis platform. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04606-w. [PMID: 36867197 PMCID: PMC9982796 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04606-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are changing the biosensing and biomedicine landscape due to their multivalency, orthogonal reactivities, and responsiveness to genetic modifications. As the most extensively studied phage model for constructing a phage display library, M13 phage has received much research attention as building blocks or viral scaffolds for various applications including isolation/separation, sensing/probing, and in vivo imaging. Through genetic engineering and chemical modification, M13 phages can be functionalized into a multifunctional analysis platform with various functional regions conducting their functionality without mutual disturbance. Its unique filamentous morphology and flexibility also promoted the analytical performance in terms of target affinity and signal amplification. In this review, we mainly focused on the application of M13 phage in the analytical field and the benefit it brings. We also introduced several genetic engineering and chemical modification approaches for endowing M13 with various functionalities, and summarized some representative applications using M13 phages to construct isolation sorbents, biosensors, cell imaging probes, and immunoassays. Finally, current issues and challenges remaining in this field were discussed and future perspectives were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
| | - Hui-Da Li
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
| | - Ying Cao
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
| | - Zi-Yi Wang
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
| | - Ting Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- grid.412252.20000 0004 0368 6968Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Box 332, Shenyang, 110819 China
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Li Y, Yuan H, Dai Z, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhao B, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Integrated proteomic sample preparation with combination of on-line high-abundance protein depletion, denaturation, reduction, desalting and digestion to achieve high throughput plasma proteome quantification. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338343. [PMID: 33736814 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an integrated plasma proteome sample preparation system, by which high-abundance proteins from human plasma were first depleted by immunoaffinity column, followed by on-line middle and low-abundance proteins denaturation, reduction, desalting and tryptic digestion. To evaluate the performance of such a system, 20 μL plasma was processed automatically, followed by 1-h gradient liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS). Compared to conventional in-solution protocols, not only the sample preparation time could be shortened from 20 h to 20 min, but also the number of identified proteins were greatly increased by 1.4-2.0 times. Such an integrated system allows us to process 36 human plasma samples per day, with more than 300 proteins and 52 FDA approved disease markers per sample being identified. With combination of such an integrated sample preparation system with label-free single-shot LC-MS/MS, the human plasma proteins could be quantified across more than 6 orders of magnitude of abundance range with high reproducibility (Pearson R = 0.99, n = 9). In addition, the relative quantification of human plasma samples from diabetic retinopathy patients and diabetic patients demonstrated the feasibility of our developed workflow for clinic plasma proteome profiling. All these results demonstrated that our developed integrated plasma proteome sample preparation system would provide a new tool for high throughput biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huiming Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Zhongpeng Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Baofeng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yukui Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, 116023, China
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Abstract
Bacteriophages are viruses whose ubiquity in nature and remarkable specificity to their host bacteria enable an impressive and growing field of tunable biotechnologies in agriculture and public health. Bacteriophage capsids, which house and protect their nucleic acids, have been modified with a range of functionalities (e.g., fluorophores, nanoparticles, antigens, drugs) to suit their final application. Functional groups naturally present on bacteriophage capsids can be used for electrostatic adsorption or bioconjugation, but their impermanence and poor specificity can lead to inconsistencies in coverage and function. To overcome these limitations, researchers have explored both genetic and chemical modifications to enable strong, specific bonds between phage capsids and their target conjugates. Genetic modification methods involve introducing genes for alternative amino acids, peptides, or protein sequences into either the bacteriophage genomes or capsid genes on host plasmids to facilitate recombinant phage generation. Chemical modification methods rely on reacting functional groups present on the capsid with activated conjugates under the appropriate solution pH and salt conditions. This review surveys the current state-of-the-art in both genetic and chemical bacteriophage capsid modification methodologies, identifies major strengths and weaknesses of methods, and discusses areas of research needed to propel bacteriophage technology in development of biosensors, vaccines, therapeutics, and nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M. Goddard
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Sam R. Nugen
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Deng N, Chen Y, Liang Z, Bian Y, Wang B, Sui Z, Zhang X, Yang K, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Ampholine immobilized polymer microspheres for increasing coverage of human urinary proteome. Talanta 2020; 215:120931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zheng H, Li X, Jia Q. Self-Assembling Glutamate-Functionalized Cyclodextrin Molecular Tube for Specific Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:19914-19921. [PMID: 29792669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin molecular tube (CDMT), a new comer of cyclodextrin family, possesses large and hydrophilic outer area and stable structure. Its development and applications remain highly desired, especially in the field of separation and enrichment. Herein, we developed a CDMT-based enrichment platform focusing on the specific capture of glycopeptides. To enhance the hydrophilicity of CDMT, it was functionalized with glutamate (glu). The prepared gluCDMT exhibited large hydrophilic surface, high stability, and good acidic/alkalic resistance. A solid monolithic support was employed to immobilize gluCDMT by a host-guest self-assembly synthetic strategy, which did not occupy the surface hydrophilic sites. The gluCDMT-based monolith exhibited high binding capacity (∼50 mg g-1), good ability to capture glycopeptides (23 HRP glycopeptides and 28 IgG glycopeptides), and high selectivity (horseradish peroxidase/bovine serum albumin = 1:10 000). Moreover, the developed platform was successfully applied to analyze glycopetides in acute myelogenous leukemia cell lysate and human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiqian Li
- China-Japan Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun 130033 , China
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Jiang B, Wu Q, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Preparation and application of silver nanoparticle-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:1607-1615. [PMID: 28071783 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09260h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although selective enrichment of glycopeptides from complex biological samples is indispensable for mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycoproteomics, it still remains a great challenge due to the low abundance of glycoproteins and suppression of non-glycopeptides. In this study, silver nanoparticle-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide nanocomposites (GO/Fe3O4/PEI/Ag) were synthesized. Silver nanoparticles were generated in situ on the surface of magnetic graphene oxide using polyethylenimine as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The resulting material was used as an adsorbent for selective enrichment of glycopeptides. GO/Fe3O4/PEI/Ag nanocomposites offered excellent enrichment ability, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of polyethylenimine and silver nanoparticles. The nanocomposites showed superior specificity for glycopeptides even when non-glycopeptides were 100 times more concentrated than glycopeptides. The nanocomposites displayed advantages including rapid adsorption (1 min), low detection limit (25 fmol), repeatability (6 times), and high recovery (77.8%). Using these nanocomposites, 91 different glycoproteins and 136 N-linked glycopeptides were identified from among 20 μg tryptic human serum proteins and this demonstrated the superior performance of the nanocomposites for glycopeptides enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yukui Zhang
- National Chromatographic R. & A. Center, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China.
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Gianazza E, Miller I, Palazzolo L, Parravicini C, Eberini I. With or without you — Proteomics with or without major plasma/serum proteins. J Proteomics 2016; 140:62-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Peltomaa R, López-Perolio I, Benito-Peña E, Barderas R, Moreno-Bondi MC. Application of bacteriophages in sensor development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1805-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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HUANG Z, DENG N, YAN GQ, GAO MX, LIANG Z, ZHANG LH, ZHANG XM, ZHANG YK. Array-Based Two Dimensional Liquid Chromatography System for Proteomic Analysis of Human Plasma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Puangpila C, Mayadunne E, El Rassi Z. Liquid phase based separation systems for depletion, prefractionation, and enrichment of proteins in biological fluids and matrices for in-depth proteomics analysis-An update covering the period 2011-2014. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:238-52. [PMID: 25287967 PMCID: PMC4485988 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This review article expands on the previous one (S. Selvaraju and Z. El Rassi, Electrophoresis 2012, 33, 74-88) by reviewing pertinent literature in the period extending from early 2011 to present. As the previous review article, the present one is concerned with proteomic sample preparation (e.g., depletion of high-abundance proteins, reduction of the protein dynamic concentration range, enrichment of a particular subproteome), and the subsequent chromatographic and/or electrophoretic prefractionation prior to peptide separation and identification by LC-MS/MS. This review article, however, is distinguished from its earlier version by expanding on capturing/enriching subphosphoproteomes by immobilized metal affinity chromatography and metal oxide affinity chromatography. Seventy-seven papers published in the period extending from mid-2011 to the present have been reviewed. By no means this review article is exhaustive, given the fact that its aim is to give a concise treatment of the latest developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanida Puangpila
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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Combined docking, molecular dynamics simulations and spectroscopic studies for the rational design of a dipeptide ligand for affinity chromatography separation of human serum albumin. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2446. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Hwang I. Virus outbreaks in chemical and biological sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 14:13592-612. [PMID: 25068866 PMCID: PMC4179090 DOI: 10.3390/s140813592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous bacteriophages have successfully been used to detect chemical and biological analytes with increased selectivity and sensitivity. The enhancement largely originates not only from the ability of viruses to provide a platform for the surface display of a wide range of biological ligands, but also from the geometric morphologies of the viruses that constitute biomimetic structures with larger surface area-to-volume ratio. This review will appraise the mechanism of multivalent display of the viruses that enables surface modification of virions either by chemical or biological methods. The accommodation of functionalized virions to various materials, including polymers, proteins, metals, nanoparticles, and electrodes for sensor applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseong Hwang
- The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 147-779, Korea.
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15
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Decrease of dynamic range of proteins in human plasma by ampholine immobilized polymer microspheres. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 826:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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