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Bae SY, Winemiller MD. Trace Level Analysis of Sarin and VX in Food Using Normal Phase Silica Gel and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-TOF-MS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7846-7856. [PMID: 29920090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used for the trace level determination of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (Sarin, GB) and ( O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (VX) after extraction from various foods. A method utilizing normal phase silica gel was developed for the sample preparation and extraction of VX and GB from food. The extraction efficiencies of the normal phase silica gel method for VX was compared to those of other commercial solid phase extraction media and was found to be comparable. Sarin was found to be incompatible with both the mixed mode cation exchange (MCX) sorbents and QuEChERS methods that are commercially available but was successful with the normal phase silica gel method. The linear range of quantitation for VX was 0.1-330 ng/mL and for GB was 20-1200 ng/mL. The average recoveries of VX and GB from the various food matrices along with the corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Y Bae
- Research and Technology Directorate , U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010-5424 , United States
| | - Mark D Winemiller
- Research and Technology Directorate , U.S. Army, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21010-5424 , United States
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Bonichon M, Combès A, Desoubries C, Bossée A, Pichon V. Development of immunosorbents coupled on-line to immobilized pepsin reactor and micro liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of butyrylcholinesterase in human plasma. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1526:70-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bonichon M, Valbi V, Combès A, Desoubries C, Bossée A, Pichon V. Online coupling of immunoextraction, digestion, and microliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of sarin and soman-butyrylcholinesterase adducts in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1039-1051. [PMID: 28971225 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) adducts formed with human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE) can be used as biomarker of OPNA exposure. Indeed, intoxication by OPNAs can be confirmed by the LC/MS2 analysis of a specific HuBuChE nonapeptide on which OPNAs covalently bind. A fast, selective, and highly sensitive online method was developed to detect sarin and soman adducts in plasma, including immunoextraction by anti-HuBuChE antibodies, pepsin digestion on immobilized enzyme reactors (IMER), and microLC/MS2 analysis of the OPNA adducts. The potential of three different monoclonal antibodies, covalently grafted on sepharose, was compared for the extraction of HuBuChE. The online method developed with the most promising antibodies allowed the extraction of up to 100% of HuBuChE contained in plasma and the digestion of 45% of it in less than 40 min. Moreover, OPNA-HuBuChE adducts, aged OPNA adducts, and unadducted HuBuChE could be detected (with S/N > 2000), even in plasma spiked with a low concentration of OPNA (10 ng mL-1). Finally, the potential of this method was compared to approaches involving other affinity sorbents, already described for HuBuChE extraction. Graphical abstract Online coupling of immunoextraction, digestion, and microliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of organophosphorous nerve agent adducts formed with human butyrylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bonichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CNRS-ESPCI Paris, CBI 8231, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, France
| | - Valentina Valbi
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CNRS-ESPCI Paris, CBI 8231, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Combès
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CNRS-ESPCI Paris, CBI 8231, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Bossée
- DGA, CBRN Defence, 5 rue Lavoisier, Vert-le-Petit, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Department of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization (LSABM), UMR CNRS-ESPCI Paris, CBI 8231, PSL Research University, ESPCI Paris, 10 rue Vauquelin, Paris, France. .,UPMC, Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, France.
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Chromatographic analysis of chemical compounds related to the Chemical Weapons Convention. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Magnuson M, Campisano R, Griggs J, Fitz-James S, Hall K, Mapp L, Mullins M, Nichols T, Shah S, Silvestri E, Smith T, Willison S, Ernst H. Analysis of environmental contamination resulting from catastrophic incidents: part 2. Building laboratory capability by selecting and developing analytical methodologies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 72:90-97. [PMID: 24568927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Catastrophic incidents can generate a large number of samples of analytically diverse types, including forensic, clinical, environmental, food, and others. Environmental samples include water, wastewater, soil, air, urban building and infrastructure materials, and surface residue. Such samples may arise not only from contamination from the incident but also from the multitude of activities surrounding the response to the incident, including decontamination. This document summarizes a range of activities to help build laboratory capability in preparation for sample analysis following a catastrophic incident, including selection and development of fit-for-purpose analytical methods for chemical, biological, and radiological contaminants. Fit-for-purpose methods are those which have been selected to meet project specific data quality objectives. For example, methods could be fit for screening contamination in the early phases of investigation of contamination incidents because they are rapid and easily implemented, but those same methods may not be fit for the purpose of remediating the environment to acceptable levels when a more sensitive method is required. While the exact data quality objectives defining fitness-for-purpose can vary with each incident, a governing principle of the method selection and development process for environmental remediation and recovery is based on achieving high throughput while maintaining high quality analytical results. This paper illustrates the result of applying this principle, in the form of a compendium of analytical methods for contaminants of interest. The compendium is based on experience with actual incidents, where appropriate and available. This paper also discusses efforts aimed at adaptation of existing methods to increase fitness-for-purpose and development of innovative methods when necessary. The contaminants of interest are primarily those potentially released through catastrophes resulting from malicious activity. However, the same techniques discussed could also have application to catastrophes resulting from other incidents, such as natural disasters or industrial accidents. Further, the high sample throughput enabled by the techniques discussed could be employed for conventional environmental studies and compliance monitoring, potentially decreasing costs and/or increasing the quantity of data available to decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Magnuson
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, United States
| | - Romy Campisano
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, United States
| | - John Griggs
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, National Analytical Radiation Environmental Laboratory, United States
| | - Schatzi Fitz-James
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery, Materials Recovery and Waste Management Division, United States
| | - Kathy Hall
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, United States
| | - Latisha Mapp
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Water Security Division, United States
| | - Marissa Mullins
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Emergency Management, CBRN Consequence Management Advisory Team, United States
| | - Tonya Nichols
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, United States
| | - Sanjiv Shah
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, United States
| | - Erin Silvestri
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, United States
| | - Terry Smith
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Emergency Management, CBRN Consequence Management Advisory Team, United States
| | - Stuart Willison
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, United States
| | - Hiba Ernst
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, United States
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An enhanced butyrylcholinesterase method to measure organophosphorus nerve agent exposure in humans. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5187-94. [PMID: 24604326 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agent (OPNA) adducts to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) can be used to confirm exposure in humans. A highly accurate method to detect G- and V-series OPNA adducts to BChE in 75 μL of filtered blood, serum, or plasma has been developed using immunomagnetic separation (IMS) coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The reported IMS method captures > 88 % of the BChE in a specimen and corrects for matrix effects on peptide calibrators. The optimized method has been used to quantify baseline BChE levels (unadducted and OPNA-adducted) in a matched-set of serum, plasma, and whole blood (later processed in-house for plasma content) from 192 unexposed individuals to determine the interchangeability of the tested matrices. The results of these measurements demonstrate the ability to accurately measure BChE regardless of the format of the blood specimen received. Criteria for accepting or denying specimens were established through a series of sample stability and processing experiments. The results of these efforts are an optimized and rugged method that is transferrable to other laboratories and an increased understanding of the BChE biomarker in matrix.
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Abney CW, Knaack JLS, Ali AAI, Johnson RC. Novel Dual-Mode Immunomagnetic Method for Studying Reactivation of Nerve Agent-Inhibited Butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:775-82. [DOI: 10.1021/tx4000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carter W. Abney
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science
and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Chamblee,
Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Jennifer L. S. Knaack
- Division of Laboratory Sciences,
National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway,
MS F44, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Ahmed A. I. Ali
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science
and Education Fellow at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F44, Chamblee,
Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences,
National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway,
MS F44, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
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Knaack JS, Zhou Y, Magnuson M, Silvestri E, Johnson RC. Performance of a Novel High Throughput Method for the Determination of VX in Drinking Water Samples. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2611-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3036102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Knaack
- Emergency Response Branch, Division
of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford
Highway, MS F44, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Yingtao Zhou
- Emergency Response Branch, Division
of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford
Highway, MS F44, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Matthew Magnuson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research
Center, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, MS NG16, Cincinnati, Ohio
45268, United States
| | - Erin Silvestri
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research
Center, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, MS NG16, Cincinnati, Ohio
45268, United States
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Emergency Response Branch, Division
of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford
Highway, MS F44, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
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