1
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Yang M, Silva R, Zhao K, Ding R, Foo JLC, Ge L, Lisak G. Corrective protocol to predict interference free sensor response for paper-based solution sampling coupled with heavy metal sensitive ion-selective electrodes. Analyst 2024. [PMID: 39005217 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based microfluidics combined with potentiometric measurement has emerged as an attractive approach for detecting various chemical ionic moieties. Detection of heavy metal ions, using paper substrates as solution sampling and delivery systems remains challenging despite efforts to introduce several physico-chemical paper substrate modifications to stop adsorption of ions onto the paper substrates. This study quantitatively investigates the adsorption of heavy metal ions on the paper substrates during paper-based potentiometric measurements and explains the super-Nernstian response of potentiometric sensors through local depletion of heavy metal ions from the solution. Consequently, based on the investigated ion adsorption, a corrective potential protocol was established for the electrodes coupled with paper-based solution sampling by predicting interference free sensor response from paper-based measurement. Furthermore, the ion adsorption was also recorded for mixed metal ion solutions to understand competitive primary/interfering ions adsorption onto the paper substrates and establish corrective measures to predict interference free sensor response. In this method, no modifications of the paper substrates are necessary before actual potentiometric measurements. The proposed corrective protocol allows prediction of sensor response based on the paper-based solution sampling potentiometric measurement, providing a simple methodological approach based on correction of potential readout of the potentiometric sensor, thus completely resigning from the need of modifying paper substrate for measurements of heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpeng Yang
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Rochelle Silva
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Nanyang Drive, Academic Block North, Singapore 637335, Singapore
| | - Ke Zhao
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruiyu Ding
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jit Loong Cyrus Foo
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Liya Ge
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, 637141, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Kulkarni BB, Suvina V, Balakrishna RG, Nagaraju DH, Jagadish K. 1D GNR‐PPy Composite for Remarkably Sensitive Detection of Heavy Metal Ions in Environmental Water**. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti B. Kulkarni
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences Jain University Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Bangalore 562112, Karnataka India
| | - V. Suvina
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences Jain University Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Bangalore 562112, Karnataka India
| | - R. Geetha Balakrishna
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences Jain University Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Bangalore 562112, Karnataka India
| | - D. H. Nagaraju
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences Jain University Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Bangalore 562112, Karnataka India
| | - Kusuma Jagadish
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences Jain University Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Bangalore 562112, Karnataka India
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3
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Lisak G. Reliable environmental trace heavy metal analysis with potentiometric ion sensors - reality or a distant dream. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117882. [PMID: 34364114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over two decades have passed since polymeric membrane ion-selective electrodes were found to exhibit sufficiently lower detection limits. This in turn brought a great promise to measure trace level concentrations of heavy metals using potentiometric ion sensors at environmental conditions. Despite great efforts, trace analysis of heavy metals using ion-selective electrodes at environmental conditions is still not commercially available. This work will predominantly concentrate on summarizing and evaluating prospects of using potentiometric ion sensors in view of environmental determination of heavy metals in on-site and on-line analysis modes. Challenges associated with development of reliable potentiometric sensors to be operational in environmental conditions will be discussed and reasoning behind unsuccessful efforts to develop potentiometric on-site and on-line environmental ion sensors will be explored. In short, it is now clear that solely lowering the detection limit of the ion-selective electrodes does not guarantee development of successful sensors that would meet the requirement of environmental matrices over long term usage. More pressing challenges of the properties and the performance of the potentiometric sensors must be addressed first before considering extending their sensitivity to low analyte concentrations. These are, in order of importance, selectivity of the ion-selective membrane to main ion followed by the membrane resistance to parallel processes, such as water ingress to the ISM, light sensitivity, change in temperature, presence of gasses in solution and pH and finally resistance of the ion-selective membrane to fouling. In the future, targeted on-site and on-line environmental sensors should be developed, addressing specific environmental conditions. Thus, ion-selective electrodes should be developed with the intention to be suitable to the operational environmental conditions, rather than looking at universal sensor design validated in the idealized and simple sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Lisak
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore; Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore.
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4
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Mao C, Yuan D, Wang L, Bakker E. Separating boundary potential changes at thin solid contact ion transfer voltammetric membrane electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Yu J, Han J, Li P, Huang Z, Chen S. Simultaneous Determination of Cd
2+
, Cu
2+
, Pb
2+
and Hg
2+
Based on 1,4‐Benzenedithiol‐2,5‐diamino‐hydrochloride‐1,3,5‐triformylbenzene Covalent‐Organic Frameworks. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Road Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Jiajia Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Road Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Pinghua Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Road Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Zhenzhong Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Road Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Shouhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Road Nanchang 330022 China
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6
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Kushwaha CS, Shukla SK. Potentiometric extractive sensing of lead ions over a nickel oxide intercalated chitosan-grafted-polyaniline composite. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13862-13871. [PMID: 33006591 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02687e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present research paper reports the extractive potentiometric sensing of lead ions over a chemically functionalized ternary nanocomposite of nickel oxide intercalated chitosan grafted polyaniline (NiO-in-CHIT-g-PANI) prepared by the in situ chemical polymerization and composite formation technique under optimized conditions. The structural, morphological, and physical properties of the composite material were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and other suitable ASTM methods. The obtained analytical result suggests the formation of a porous hybrid composite matrix with better electrical conductivity ∼ 5.25 × 10-3 S cm-1, free interactive carbonyl sites, and evolved aligned crystallinity. Furthermore, a film of the synthesized composite was cast on ITO coated glass by the spin coating technique for potentiometric sensing and the recovery of adsorbed Pb2+ ions from natural and artificial water solutions. Under optimum conditions of ∼pH = 7.0 and a temperature of 25 °C, the electrode exhibited potential responses for Pb2+ ions in concentrations ranging from 1.0 × 10-6 M to 1 × 10-3 M along with a sensitivity of 0.2379 mV μM-1 cm-2, response time of 40 s, recovery time of 10 s, and stability for 64 days. The adsorbed Pb2+ ions were recovered at a rate of 84% after applying an optimized reverse voltage on the above-used electrodes. The adsorption and desorption mechanism has been explained based on the induced potential due to the electrochemical surface interaction between Pb2+ and the NiO-in-CHIT-g-PANI based electrode. The analytical application of the fabricated electrode in the real sample was also explored for the sensing and recovery of the respective metal ions in wastewater samples along with the possibility of optimization of the required metal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekhar Kushwaha
- Department of Polymer Science, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, Delhi-110075, India.
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7
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Kamel AH, Amr AEGE, Al-Omar MA, Almehizia AA. Solid-State Membrane Sensors Based on Man-Tailored Biomimetic Receptors for Selective Recognition of Isoproturon and Diuron Herbicides. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10100279. [PMID: 33053713 PMCID: PMC7599700 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs) have shown great potential for routine and portable ion detection. The introduction of nanomaterials as ion-to-electron transducers and the adoption of different performance-enhancement strategies have significantly promoted the development of SC-ISEs. Herein, new solid-contact ion-selective electrodes, along with the implementation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as ion-to-electron transducers and potassium tetrakis (p-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClB) as lipophilic ionic additives, were presented for the detection of isoproturon (IPU) and diuron (DU) herbicides. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), with special molecule recognition properties for isoproturon (IPU) and diuron (DU), were prepared, characterized, and introduced as sensory recognition materials in the presented electrodes. Sensors revealed a near-Nernstian response for both isoproturon (IPU) and diuron (DU) with slopes of 53.1 ± 1.2 (r2 = 0.997) and 57.2 ± 0.3 (r2 = 0.998) over the linear ranges of 2.2 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-3 M and 3.2 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-3 M with detection limits of 8.3 × 10-7 and 1.4 × 10-6 M, respectively. The response time of the presented sensors was found to be <5 s and the lifetime was at least eight weeks. The sensors exhibited good selectivity towards isoproturon (IPU) and diuron (DU) in comparison with some other herbicides, alkali, alkaline earth, and heavy metal ions. The presented sensors were successfully applied for the direct determination of isoproturon (IPU) and diuron (DU) in real water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H. Kamel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.K.); (A.E.-G.E.A.); Tel.: +20-1000361328 (A.H.K.); +966-565-148-750 (A.E.-G.E.A.)
| | - Abd El-Galil E. Amr
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.-O.); (A.A.A.)
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.K.); (A.E.-G.E.A.); Tel.: +20-1000361328 (A.H.K.); +966-565-148-750 (A.E.-G.E.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. Al-Omar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.-O.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Abdulrahman A. Almehizia
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.-O.); (A.A.A.)
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8
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Yi K, Zhang L. Embedding dual fluoroprobe in metal-organic frameworks for continuous visual recognition of Pb 2+ and PO 43- via fluorescence 'turn-off-on' response: Agar test paper and fingerprint. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:122141. [PMID: 32000121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel dual-emissive ratiometric fluorescence (RF) probe CDs/QDs@ZIF-8 has been successfully constructed by employing a simple and effective strategy for in situ encapsulating carbon dots (CDs) and thioglycolic acid-modified CdTe quantum dots (QDs) into porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) "cage". The dual responsive colorimetric fluorescence probe was developed for the ultra-high selectivity and sensitivity continuous detection of Pb2+ (turn OFF) and PO43- (turn ON) in biological samples. Blue CDs acts as a stable internal standard emission, the emission color of CDs/QDs@ZIF-8 changes from red to blue with introducing Pb2+, fluorescence of probe is quenched because of the binding of Pb2+ ions to thioglycolic acid on the surface of probe and e- transfer from the photoexcited QDs to Pb2+ ions, color can be recovered after the adding PO43- to CDs/QDs@ZIF-8-Pb2+ system, which could take away Pb2+ ions from the surface of CDs/QDs@ZIF-8. More importantly, fabricated agar test papers was also successfully applied in visual detection of Pb2+ and PO43- in real samples, which can implement without instrument-specific calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyu Yi
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, 66 Chongshan Middle Road, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110036, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Shao Y, Ying Y, Ping J. Recent advances in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes: functional materials, transduction mechanisms, and development trends. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4405-4465. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the design and applications of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Shao
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yibin Ying
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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10
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Joon NK, He N, Ruzgas T, Bobacka J, Lisak G. PVC-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes with a Silicone Rubber Outer Coating with Improved Analytical Performance. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10524-10531. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Narender Kumar Joon
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Ning He
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Tautgirdas Ruzgas
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, 214 32 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Åbo Akademi University, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Biskopsgatan 8, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- College of Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech, Singapore 637141, Singapore
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11
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Disposable Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Based Plasticizer-Free Solid-Contact Pb 2+-Selective Electrodes with a Sub-PPB Detection Limit †. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19112550. [PMID: 31167473 PMCID: PMC6603586 DOI: 10.3390/s19112550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Potentiometric plasticizer-free solid-contact Pb2+-selective electrodes based on copolymer methyl methacrylate-n-butyl acrylate (MMA-BA) as membrane matrix and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as intermediate ion-to-electron transducing layer have been developed. The disposable electrodes were prepared by drop-casting the copolymer membrane onto a layer of MWCNTs, which deposited on golden disk electrodes. The obtained electrodes exhibited a sub-ppb level detection limit of 10−10 mol·L−1. The proposed electrodes demonstrated a Nernstian slope of 29.1 ± 0.5 mV/decade in the linear range from 2.0 × 10−10 to 1.5 × 10−3 mol·L−1. No interference from gases (O2 and CO2) or water films was observed. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the fabricated electrodes was compared to that of plasticizer-free Pb2+-selective electrodes without MWCNTs as intermediated layers. The plasticizer-free MWCNTs-based Pb2+-selective electrodes can provide a promising platform for Pb(II) detection in environmental and clinical application.
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12
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Łukasik N, Wagner-Wysiecka E, Małachowska A. Iron(iii)-selective materials based on a catechol-bearing amide for optical sensing. Analyst 2019; 144:3119-3127. [PMID: 30924820 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00188c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and ion-binding properties of a new amide L derived from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid are described. Due to the presence of a catechol unit, the compound interacts selectively with iron(iii) in organic solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) to produce a color change from pale yellow to green. The incorporation of the ligand L into polymeric matrices or its encapsulation into surfactant-based spheres enables analyte detection in aqueous solutions. The influence of the ligand environment (i.e. organic solvent, polymeric membrane or micelle) on the properties of the sensing materials is analyzed and the sensors are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Łukasik
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ewa Wagner-Wysiecka
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Małachowska
- Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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13
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Zhang L, Gupta B, Goudeau B, Mano N, Kuhn A. Wireless Electromechanical Readout of Chemical Information. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15501-15506. [PMID: 30347149 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Collecting electrochemical information concerning the presence of molecules in a solution is usually achieved by measuring current, potential, resistance, or impedance via connection to a power supply. Here, we suggest wireless electromechanical actuation as a straightforward readout of chemical information. This can be achieved based on the concept of bipolar electrochemistry, which allows measuring the presence of different model species in a quantitative way. We validate the concept by using a free-standing polypyrrole film. Its positively polarized extremity participates in an oxidation of the analyte and delivers electrons to the opposite extremity for the reduction of the polymer. This reduction is accompanied by the insertion of counterions and thus leads to partial swelling of the film, inducing its bending. The resulting actuation is found to be a linear function of the analyte concentration, and also a Michaelis-Menten type correlation is obtained for biochemical analytes. This electromechanical transduction allows an easy optical readout and opens up very interesting perspectives not only in the field of sensing but also far beyond, such as for the elaboration of self-regulating biomimetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Université Bordeaux , CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland , 33607 Pessac , France.,Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal , CNRS UMR 5031, Avenue Albert Schweitzer , 33600 Pessac , France
| | - Bhavana Gupta
- Université Bordeaux , CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Université Bordeaux , CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Nicolas Mano
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal , CNRS UMR 5031, Avenue Albert Schweitzer , 33600 Pessac , France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Université Bordeaux , CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland , 33607 Pessac , France
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14
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Ion-Selective Electrodes for Detection of Lead (II) in Drinking Water: A Mini-Review. ENVIRONMENTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/environments5090095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the adverse health effects due to the intake of lead have been well studied and widely recognized, lead contamination in drinking water has been reoccurring worldwide, with some incidents escalating into a public drinking water crisis. As lead contamination is often related to lead-based pipes close to or inside homes, it is not realistic, at least in the near term, to remove and replace all lead connection pipes and lead-based plumbing. Effective monitoring of lead concentration at consumers’ water taps remains critical for providing consumers with first-hand information and preventing potential wide-spread lead contamination in drinking water. This review paper examines the existing common technologies for laboratory testing and on-site measuring of lead concentrations. As the conventional analytical techniques for lead detection require using expensive instruments, as well as a high time for sample preparation and a skilled operator, an emphasis is placed on reviewing ion-selective electrode (ISE) technology due to its superior performance, low cost, ease of use, and its promising potential to be miniaturized and integrated into standalone sensing units. In a holistic way, this paper reviews and discusses the background, different types of ISEs are reviewed and discussed, namely liquid-contact ISEs and solid-contact ISEs. Along with the potential opportunities for further research, the limitations and unique challenges of ISEs for lead detection are also discussed in detail.
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15
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Zahran EM, Fatila EM, Chen CH, Flood AH, Bachas LG. Cyanostar: C–H Hydrogen Bonding Neutral Carrier Scaffold for Anion-Selective Sensors. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1925-1933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Zahran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33126, United States
- Applied
Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Elisabeth M. Fatila
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Amar H. Flood
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Leonidas G. Bachas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33126, United States
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16
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Jarvis JM, Guzinski M, Perez F, Pendley BD, Lindner E. Differences in Electrochemically Deposited PEDOT(PSS) Films on Au and Pt Substrate Electrodes: A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Jarvis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Memphis; Memphis TN 38152 United States
| | - Marcin Guzinski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Memphis; Memphis TN 38152 United States
| | - Felio Perez
- Integrated Microscopy Center; University of Memphis, Memphis; Tennessee 38152 United States
| | - Bradford D. Pendley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Memphis; Memphis TN 38152 United States
| | - Ernő Lindner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Memphis; Memphis TN 38152 United States
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17
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Ramanjaneyulu PS, Kundu K, Sharma MK, Nayak SK. Development of New Cs+
Ion-Selective Electrode with Alkyl-Bridged Calix[4]arene Crown-6 Compounds for the Determination of Cs+
in Nuclear Waste Streams. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pentapati S. Ramanjaneyulu
- Radioanalytical Chemistry Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai- 400085 India, Tel.: +91 022 25595011, Fax: +91 22 25505150/1/2
| | - Kshama Kundu
- Bio-Organic Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai- 400085 India
| | - Manoj K. Sharma
- Fuel Chemistry Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai- 400085 India
| | - Sandeep K. Nayak
- Bio-Organic Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay; Mumbai- 400085 India
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18
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Ruecha N, Chailapakul O, Suzuki K, Citterio D. Fully Inkjet-Printed Paper-Based Potentiometric Ion-Sensing Devices. Anal Chem 2017; 89:10608-10616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nipapan Ruecha
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry
and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Daniel Citterio
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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19
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Ramanjaneyulu PS, Kumar AN, Sharma MK. Development of a new all solid contact Cs+ ion selective electrode. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5318-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Crespo GA. Recent Advances in Ion-selective membrane electrodes for in situ environmental water analysis. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Jeszke M, Trzciński K, Karczewski J, Luboch E. Investigation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) deposition method influence on properties of ion-selective electrodes based on bis(benzo-15-crown-5) derivatives. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Guzinski M, Jarvis JM, D’Orazio P, Izadyar A, Pendley BD, Lindner E. Solid-Contact pH Sensor without CO2 Interference with a Superhydrophobic PEDOT-C14 as Solid Contact: The Ultimate “Water Layer” Test. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8468-8475. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Guzinski
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Jarvis
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Paul D’Orazio
- Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
| | - Anahita Izadyar
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, Arkansas 72467, United States
| | - Bradford D. Pendley
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Ernő Lindner
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
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23
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Guzinski M, Jarvis JM, Perez F, Pendley BD, Lindner E, De Marco R, Crespo GA, Acres RG, Walker R, Bishop J. PEDOT(PSS) as Solid Contact for Ion-Selective Electrodes: The Influence of the PEDOT(PSS) Film Thickness on the Equilibration Times. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3508-3516. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Guzinski
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Jarvis
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Felio Perez
- Material
Science Lab, Integrated Microscopy Center, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Bradford D. Pendley
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Ernő Lindner
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Roland De Marco
- Faculty
of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy
Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western
Australia 6109, Australia
| | - Gaston A. Crespo
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet
30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert G. Acres
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Raymart Walker
- Faculty
of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy
Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Josiah Bishop
- Faculty
of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy
Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
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24
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Chen J, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. Glutathione-capped Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots as a room-temperature phosphorescence sensor for the detection of Pb(2+) ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 164:98-102. [PMID: 27085295 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of glutathione-capped Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (GSH-Mn-ZnS QDs) was effectively quenched by the addition of Pb(2+). A simple and sensitive RTP sensor for Pb(2+) detection based on the quenching effect was developed. Under the optimal conditions, good linear correlations were obtained for Pb(2+) over a concentration range from 1.0 to 100μg·L(-1), and the detection limit was 0.45μg·L(-1). The established method has been successfully applied for the determination of Pb(2+) in real water samples without complicated sample pretreatment with the recoveries in the range of 95.4%-104.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yaxian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Ministry of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China (Xiamen University), College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
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25
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Lisak G, Arnebrant T, Lewenstam A, Bobacka J, Ruzgas T. In Situ Potentiometry and Ellipsometry: A Promising Tool to Study Biofouling of Potentiometric Sensors. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3009-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Lisak
- Johan
Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research
Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Thomas Arnebrant
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research
Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Andrzej Lewenstam
- Johan
Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH−University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Johan
Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FIN-20500 Åbo-Turku, Finland
| | - Tautgirdas Ruzgas
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research
Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
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26
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Hu J, Stein A, Bühlmann P. Rational design of all-solid-state ion-selective electrodes and reference electrodes. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Jamali A, Tehrani AA, Shemirani F, Morsali A. Lanthanide metal–organic frameworks as selective microporous materials for adsorption of heavy metal ions. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:9193-200. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00782a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four microporous lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), namely Ln(BTC)(H2O)(DMF)1.1 (Ln = Tb, Dy, Er and Yb, DMF = dimethylformamide, H3BTC = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid), have been used for selective adsorption of Pb(ii) and Cu(ii).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jamali
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Farzaneh Shemirani
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- Tarbiat Modares University
- Tehran
- Iran
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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29
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Huang MR, Ding YB, Li XG, Liu Y, Xi K, Gao CL, Kumar RV. Synthesis of semiconducting polymer microparticles as solid ionophore with abundant complexing sites for long-life Pb(II) sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:22096-22107. [PMID: 25403150 DOI: 10.1021/am505463f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically electrically semiconducting microparticles of semiladder poly(m-phenylenediamine-co-2-hydroxy-5-sulfonic aniline) structures containing abundant functional groups, like -NH-, -N=, -NH2, -OH, -SO3H as complexation sites, were efficiently synthesized by chemical oxidative copolymerization of m-phenylenediamine and 2-hydroxy-5-sulfonic aniline. The obtained copolymers were found to be nonporous spherical microparticles that were able to achieve greater π-conjugated structure, smaller particle aggregate size, and stronger interaction with Pb(II) ions than poly(m-phenylenediamine) containing only -NH-, -N=, and -NH2. A potentiometric Pb(II) sensor was fabricated on the basis of the copolymer microparticles as a crucial solid ionophore component within plasticized PVC. The sensor exhibited a Nernstian response to Pb(II) ions over a wide concentration range, together with a fast response, a wide pH range capability, a long lifetime of up to 5 months, and good selectivity over a wide variety of other ions and redox species. The process for synthesizing the microparticles and fabricating the Pb(II)-sensor can be facilely scaled-up for use in the straightforward long-term online monitoring of Pb(II) ions in heavily polluted wastewaters. This study develops an understanding of the facile synthesis of conducting microparticles bearing many functional groups and their structures governing the potentiometric susceptibility toward interaction between Pb(II) ions and the microparticles for fabricating robust long-lived Pb(II)-sensor, signifying the potential suitability of such novel materials for inexpensive sensitive detection of Pb(II) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
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30
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Multicalibrational procedure for more reliable analyses of ions at low analyte concentrations. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Huang MR, Ding YB, Li XG. Combinatorial screening of potentiometric Pb(II) sensors from polysulfoaminoanthraquinone solid ionophore. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2014; 16:128-38. [PMID: 24512280 DOI: 10.1021/co400140g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A potentiometric Pb(II)-selective sensor was fabricated by a combinatorial screening of electrically conducting polysulfoaminoanthraquinone (PSA) nanoparticles as a solid ionophore, ion exchangers (oleic acid (OA) and NaTPB), plasticizers in a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix, membrane thickness, inner filling ion species, and concentration. The membrane sensor with the composition of PSA/PVC/DOP (dioctyl phthalate)/OA (1.0:33:61:5.0) exhibited the best performance, including a slope of 29.3 mV decade(-1) in the concentration range 10(-6.3)-10(-1.6) M, detection limit of 1.6 × 10(-7) M, response time of 16 s, lifetime of five months, and good response reversibility. The proposed sensor has demonstrated good selectivity for Pb(II) over other monovalent, divalent and trivalent interfering ions, and could be used in a pH range of 3.62-5.22. The Pb(II) sensor has been successfully applied for the determination of Pb(II) concentration in real-world samples and also as an indicator electrode for potentiometric titration of lead ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Rong Huang
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering
Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yong-Bo Ding
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering
Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xin-Gui Li
- Institute
of Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering
Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science
and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Si-Ping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
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32
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Guziński M, Lisak G, Kupis J, Jasiński A, Bocheńska M. Lead(II)-selective ionophores for ion-selective electrodes: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 791:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Fu L, Zhuang J, Lai W, Que X, Lu M, Tang D. Portable and quantitative monitoring of heavy metal ions using DNAzyme-capped mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a glucometer readout. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:6123-6128. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21155j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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