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Ahmad M, Ahmad A, Omar TFT, Mohammad R. Current Trends of Analytical Techniques for Total Alkalinity Measurement in Water Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37052389 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2199432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing acidity of seawater caused by increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide absorbed into the seawater attracted the interest of researchers due to increased concern on the deterioration of marine systems and food supply to humans. Total alkalinity (TA) is one of the important parameters in determining carbonate chemistry and is described as the capacity of the sample to neutralize acids. Over the last two decades, many analytical techniques have been developed to determine TA. This article presents a review of different analytical techniques including titration, colorimetric, spectrophotometric, and potentiometric analyses in measuring TA. Among these analytical techniques, potentiometry analysis, which utilizes electrode systems such as glass electrode and ion-selective electrode used as indicator electrodes, is the most used technique. Important features such as principle, limitations, and challenges of the involved technique are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariani Ahmad
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Azrilawani Ahmad
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Tuan Fauzan Tuan Omar
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology Research Group, Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Rosmawani Mohammad
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Jeli Campus, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia
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2
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Molina-Osorio AF, Wiorek A, Hussain G, Cuartero M, Crespo GA. Modelling electrochemical modulation of ion release in thin-layer samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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He T, Hong CB, Jiao PC, Xiang H, Zhang Y, Cai HQ, Wang SL, Tao GH. The Proton Dissociation of Bio-Protic Ionic Liquids: [AAE]X Amino Acid Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010062. [PMID: 33375527 PMCID: PMC7795477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[AAE]X composed of amino acid ester cations is a sort of typically “bio-based” protic ionic liquids (PILs). They possess potential Brønsted acidity due to the active hydrogens on their cations. The Brønsted acidity of [AAE]X PILs in green solvents (water and ethanol) at room temperature was systematically studied. Various frameworks of amino acid ester cations and four anions were investigated in this work from the viewpoint of structure–property relationship. Four different ways were used to study the acidity. Acid dissociation constants (pKa) of [AAE]X determined by the OIM (overlapping indicator method) were from 7.10 to 7.73 in water and from 8.54 to 9.05 in ethanol. The pKa values determined by the PTM (potential titration method) were from 7.12 to 7.82 in water. Their Hammett acidity function (H0) values (0.05 mol·L−1) were about 4.6 in water. In addition, the pKa values obtained by the DFT (proton-transfer reactions) were from 7.11 to 7.83 in water and from 8.54 to 9.34 in ethanol, respectively. The data revealed that the cationic structures of [AAE]X had little effect and the anions had no effect on the acidity of [AAE]X. At the same time, the OIM, PTM, Hammett method and DFT method were reliable for determining the acidic strength of [AAE]X in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (T.H.); (P.-C.J.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Cheng-Bin Hong
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.-B.H.); (S.-L.W.)
| | - Peng-Chong Jiao
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (T.H.); (P.-C.J.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Heng Xiang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (T.H.); (P.-C.J.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (T.H.); (P.-C.J.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hua-Qiang Cai
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China; (T.H.); (P.-C.J.); (H.X.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (H.-Q.C.); (G.-H.T.); Tel.: +86-28-85470368 (G.-H.T.)
| | - Shuang-Long Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.-B.H.); (S.-L.W.)
| | - Guo-Hong Tao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (C.-B.H.); (S.-L.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.-Q.C.); (G.-H.T.); Tel.: +86-28-85470368 (G.-H.T.)
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4
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Shao Y, Ying Y, Ping J. Recent advances in solid-contact ion-selective electrodes: functional materials, transduction mechanisms, and development trends. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:4405-4465. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the design and applications of solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (SC-ISEs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhou Shao
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yibin Ying
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Jianfeng Ping
- Laboratory of Agricultural Information Intelligent Sensing
- School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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5
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Zdrachek E, Bakker E. From Molecular and Emulsified Ion Sensors to Membrane Electrodes: Molecular and Mechanistic Sensor Design. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1400-1408. [PMID: 31017760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Selective molecular ion probes are often insoluble in water and require a hydrophobic solvent environment for strong and selective binding, which runs counter to the desire of utilizing them in a homogeneous solution. This Account aims to guide the reader on how such molecules, often coined ionophores, can be harnessed to design exceptionally useful optical and electrochemical sensors. We start here with some historical context on the design of such ionophores and continue with the explanation of the response mechanism of optical and potentiometric sensors and the role of combined components to build a robust ion sensor. This Account is addressed to nonspecialist readers and for this reason avoids extensive use of equations or theoretical considerations. The interested reader should turn to the original literature for further reading. Emulsified optical sensors are introduced as an initial example. Here, multiple reagents are confined in an attoliter sensing nanodroplet of the organic phase, immiscible with the aqueous sample phase. In this case, the ionophore molecules may retain their high affinity and selectivity to the target ion and the aqueous sample phase does not have to be modified. Emulsified optical sensors allow one to achieve the selective chemical sensing of ions, even with optically silent ionophores. Such ionophore-based nanodroplets are also discussed as a useful novel class of complexometric titration reagents and optical end point indicators with unique selectivities. We then turn our attention to potentiometric sensing probes and briefly discuss the unique opportunity of a direct characterization of ion-ionophore complexation properties offered by membrane electrodes. A carbonate-selective membrane electrode containing a highly selective tweezer-type ionophore with trifluoroacetophenone functional groups is then used as an example for the construction of a robust all-solid-state sensor. This potentiometric probe, in combination with a pH electrode, can directly measure PCO2 in freshwater lakes, demonstrating a dramatically improved response time relative to traditional sensors equipped with a gas-permeable membrane. In recent years, new sensing modes and electrode designs have been introduced to expand the application scope of ionophore-based potentiometric sensors. Membrane electrodes containing ionophores are placed under dynamic electrochemistry control to give important progress in the field. We specifically highlight our recent works by membranes that are controlled by chronopotentiometry (controlled current) for speciation analysis, by ion transfer voltammetry on thin sensing films for multianalyte detection, by exhaustive coulometry for potentially calibration-free sensors and with coulometric membrane pumps for the selective delivery of reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zdrachek
- University of Geneva, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- University of Geneva, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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6
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Wang R, Du X, Zhai J, Xie X. Distance and Color Change Based Hydrogel Sensor for Visual Quantitative Determination of Buffer Concentrations. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1017-1022. [PMID: 30895782 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present here an innovative platform for the determination of pH buffer capacity based on FITC-dextran loaded hydrogels. Optical signals from the pH-sensitive hydrogels were analyzed by simple parameters including distance and color change. The methodology was validated on five different buffer systems and exhibited wide linearity (0.1 to 100 mM), good batch-to-batch reproducibility, high versatility, and resistance to background ionic strength changes. Experimental results also fit well with a theoretical model based on numerical simulation. Preliminary application in carbonate alkalinity determination of seawater proved very successful. This hydrogel buffer concentration sensor is fundamentally different from conventional acid-base titrations, brings minimum perturbation to samples, and shows great potential in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinfeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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7
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Liu S, Ding J, Qin W. Current pulse based ion-selective electrodes for chronopotentiometric determination of calcium in seawater. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1031:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Jansod S, Afshar MG, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Phenytoin speciation with potentiometric and chronopotentiometric ion-selective membrane electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:114-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Jansod S, Ghahraman Afshar M, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Alkalinization of Thin Layer Samples with a Selective Proton Sink Membrane Electrode for Detecting Carbonate by Carbonate-Selective Electrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3444-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sutida Jansod
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Majid Ghahraman Afshar
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Ghahraman Afshar M, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Flow Chronopotentiometry with Ion-Selective Membranes for Cation, Anion, and Polyion Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3945-52. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghahraman Afshar
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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12
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Ghahraman Afshar M, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Coulometric Calcium Pump for Thin Layer Sample Titrations. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10125-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghahraman Afshar
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Afshar MG, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Thin-Layer Chemical Modulations by a Combined Selective Proton Pump and pH Probe for Direct Alkalinity Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:8110-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201500797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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14
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Afshar MG, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Thin-Layer Chemical Modulations by a Combined Selective Proton Pump and pH Probe for Direct Alkalinity Detection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201500797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Afshar MG, Crespo GA, Dorokhin D, Néel B, Bakker E. Thin Layer Coulometry of Nitrite with Ion-Selective Membranes. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Mistlberger G, Pawlak M, Bakker E, Klimant I. Photodynamic optical sensor for buffer capacity and pH based on hydrogel-incorporated spiropyran. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4172-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07821g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of a light activated proton extraction correlates with the buffer capacity of a sample at a given pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Mistlberger
- Graz University of Technology
- Institue of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - M. Pawlak
- University of Geneva
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - E. Bakker
- University of Geneva
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- 1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - I. Klimant
- Graz University of Technology
- Institue of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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17
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Kormalı Ertürün HE, Demirel Özel A, Sayın S, Yılmaz M, Kılıç E. Development of a pH sensing membrane electrode based on a new calix[4]arene derivative. Talanta 2014; 132:669-75. [PMID: 25476362 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new pH sensing poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrode was developed by using recently synthesized 5,17-bis(4-benzylpiperidine-1-yl)methyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy calix[4]arene as an ionophore. The effects of membrane composition, inner filling solution and conditioning solution on the potential response of the proposed pH sensing membrane electrode were investigated. An optimum membrane composition of 3% ionophore, 67% o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE) as plasticizer, 30% PVC was found. The electrode exhibited a near-Nernstian slope of 58.7±1.1 mV pH(-1) in the pH range 1.9-12.7 at 20±1 °C. It showed good selectivity for H(+) ions in the presence of some cations and anions and a longer lifetime of at least 12 months when compared with the other PVC membrane pH electrodes reported in the literature. Having a wide working pH range, it was not only applied as a potentiometric indicator electrode in various acid-base titrations, but also successfully employed in different real samples. It has good reproducibility and repeatability with a response time of 6-7s. Compared to traditional glass pH electrode, it exhibited excellent potentiometric response after being used in fluoride-containing media.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Elif Kormalı Ertürün
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayça Demirel Özel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Sayın
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Selçuklu, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Selçuklu, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | - Esma Kılıç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, Tandoğan, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
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Crespo GA, Ghahraman Afshar M, Bakker E. Chronopotentiometry of pure electrolytes with anion-exchange donnan exclusion membranes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Afshar MG, Crespo GA, Xie X, Bakker E. Direct Alkalinity Detection with Ion-Selective Chronopotentiometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6461-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500968c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghahraman Afshar
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Jarolímová Z, Crespo GA, Xie X, Ghahraman Afshar M, Pawlak M, Bakker E. Chronopotentiometric Carbonate Detection with All-Solid-State Ionophore-Based Electrodes. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6307-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5004163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeňka Jarolímová
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Majid Ghahraman Afshar
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcin Pawlak
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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21
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22
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Jarolímová Z, Crespo GA, Afshar MG, Pawlak M, Bakker E. All solid state chronopotentiometric ion-selective electrodes based on ferrocene functionalized PVC. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Xie X, Crespo GA, Bakker E. Oxazinoindolines as Fluorescent H+ Turn-On Chromoionophores For Optical and Electrochemical Ion Sensors. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7434-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401367b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet
30, CH-1211
Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gastón A. Crespo
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet
30, CH-1211
Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical
Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet
30, CH-1211
Geneva, Switzerland
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24
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Crespo GA, Bakker E. Dynamic electrochemistry with ionophore based ion-selective membranes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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