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Li N, Huang X, Shao H. Exploring the pH Sensitivity of Ion-Pair Interactions on a Self-Assembled Monolayer by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6529-6538. [PMID: 37116313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the chemical essence of weak interactions on the surface of biomacromolecules may help to regulate biological processes. In this work, the pH sensitivity of ion-pair interactions occurring on a cysteine self-assembled monolayer (Cys SAM) that simulates the local surface of a protein was probed by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Cys SAM and the ion-pair interactions subsequently formed with the introduced aspartic acid (Asp) were both pH-sensitive, as confirmed by the tip current changes in the feedback mode. After continuous pH measurements, the most significant negative feedback was observed at pH 5.50, indicating the most robust ion-pair interactions, which were simultaneously identified by voltammetry. In this case, the extra addition of the inorganic cation (i.e., Ca2+) did not disrupt the existing ion-pair interactions, and the binding constant (K) and Gibbs free energy (ΔGo) of the ion pair were finally determined to be 6.44 × 105 M-1 and -33.14 kJ mol-1, respectively. Overall, the pH sensitivity of ion-pair interactions was found to be mainly attributable to pH-induced changes in the deprotonated/protonated states of the α-amino acid moieties, which may provide insights into the artificial manipulation of complex binding events at the molecular level on the biological surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic and Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing102488, P. R. China
| | - Ximing Huang
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Huibo Shao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic and Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing102488, P. R. China
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2
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Micromachining of Predesigned Perpendicular Copper Micropillar Array by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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3
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Chen H, Kong X, Wang D, Zhang M. Flexible Disk Ultramicroelectrode for High-Resolution and Substrate-Tolerable Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17320-17327. [PMID: 36448925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A simple and universal strategy for fabricating flexible 25 μm platinum (Pt) disk ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) was proposed, where a pulled borosilicate glass micropipette acted as a mold for shaping the flexible tip with flexible epoxy resin. The whole preparation procedure was highly efficient, enabling 10 or more probes to be manually fabricated within 10 h. Intriguingly, this technique permits an adjustable RG ratio, tip length, and stiffness, which could be tuned according to varying experimental demands. Besides, the electroactive area of the probe could be exposed and made renewable with a thin blade, allowing its reuse in multiple experiments. The flexibility characterization was then employed to optimize the resin/hardener mass ratio of epoxy resin and the tip position during HF etching in the fabrication process, suggesting that more hardener, a larger RG value, or a longer tip length obtained stronger deformation resistance. Subsequently, the as-prepared probe was examined by optical microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and SECM approach curves. The results demonstrated the probe possessed good geometry with a small RG ratio of less than 3 and exceptional electrochemical properties, and its insulating sheath remained undeformed after blade cutting. Owing to the tip's flexibility, it could be operated in contactless mode with an extremely low working distance and even in contact mode scanning to achieve high spatial resolution and high sensitivity while guaranteeing that the tip and samples would suffer minimal damage if the tip crashed. Finally, the flexible probe was successfully employed in three scanning scenarios where tilted and 3D structured PDMS microchips, a latent fingerprint deposited on the stiff copper sheet, and soft egg white were included. In all, the flexible probe encompasses the advantages of traditional disk UMEs and circumvents their principal drawbacks of tip crash and causing sample scratches, which is thus more compatible with large specimens of 3D structured, stiff, or even soft topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing100083, China
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4
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Li N, Huang X, Chen J, Shao H. Investigating the conversion from coordination bond to electrostatic interaction on self-assembled monolayer by SECM. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Pan H, Zhang H, Lai J, Gu X, Sun J, Tang J, Jin T. Integration of thermocouple microelectrode in the scanning electrochemical microscope at variable temperatures: simultaneous temperature and electrochemical imaging and its kinetic studies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43685. [PMID: 28338002 PMCID: PMC5364503 DOI: 10.1038/srep43685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe herein a method for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and electrochemical signal with a new type of thermocouple microelectrode. The thermocouple microelectrode can be used not only as a thermometer but also as a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) tip in the reaction between tip-generated bromine and a heated Cu sample. The influence of temperature on the SECM imaging process and the related kinetic parameters have been studied, such as kinetic constant and activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Pan
- Ministry of Education &Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection of Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Ministry of Education &Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection of Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
| | - Junhui Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoxin Gu
- College of Electrical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Ministry of Education &Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection of Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tang
- Ministry of Education &Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection of Food Safety, Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jin
- College of Electrical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P.R. China
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Sundaresan V, Marchuk K, Yu Y, Titus EJ, Wilson AJ, Armstrong CM, Zhang B, Willets KA. Visualizing and Calculating Tip–Substrate Distance in Nanoscale Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Using 3-Dimensional Super-Resolution Optical Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:922-928. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Sundaresan
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kyle Marchuk
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Eric J. Titus
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Chadd M. Armstrong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Katherine A. Willets
- Department
of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Zhan D, Han L, Zhang J, Shi K, Zhou JZ, Tian ZW, Tian ZQ. Confined Chemical Etching for Electrochemical Machining with Nanoscale Accuracy. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2596-2604. [PMID: 27668827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past several decades, electrochemical machining (ECM) has enjoyed the reputation of a powerful technique in the manufacturing industry. Conventional ECM methods can be classified as electrolytic machining and electroforming: the former is based on anodic dissolution and the latter is based on cathodic deposition of metallic materials. Strikingly, ECM possesses several advantages over mechanical machining, such as high removal rate, the capability of making complex three-dimensional structures, and the practicability for difficult-to-cut materials. Additionally, ECM avoids tool wear and thermal or mechanical stress on machining surfaces. Thus, ECM is widely used for various industrial applications in the fields of aerospace, automobiles, electronics, etc. Nowadays, miniaturization and integration of functional components are becoming significant in ultralarge scale integration (ULSI) circuits, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and miniaturized total analysis systems (μ-TAS). As predicted by Moore's law, the feature size of interconnectors in ULSI circuits are down to several nanometers. In this Account, we present our perseverant research in the last two decades on how to "confine" the ECM processes to occur at micrometer or even nanometer scale, that is, to ensure ECM with nanoscale accuracy. We have been developing the confined etchant layer technique (CELT) to fabricate three-dimensional micro- and nanostructures (3D-MNS) on different metals and semiconductor materials since 1992. In general, there are three procedures in CELT: (1) generating the etchant on the surface of the tool electrode by electrochemical or photoelectrochemical reactions; (2) confining the etchant in a depleted layer with a thickness of micro- or nanometer scale; (3) feeding the tool electrode to etch the workpiece. Scavengers, which can react with the etchant, are usually adopted to form a confined etchant layer. Through the subsequent homogeneous reaction between the scavenger and the photo- or electrogenerated etchant in the electrolyte solution, the diffusion distance of the etchant is confined to micro- or nanometer scale, which ensures the nanoscale accuracy of electrochemical machining. To focus on the "confinement" of chemical etching reactions, external physical-field modulations have recently been introduced into CELT by introducing various factors such as light field, force field, hydrodynamics, and so on. Meanwhile, kinetic investigations of the confined chemical etching (CCE) systems are established based on the finite element analysis and simulations. Based on the obtained kinetic parameters, the machining accuracy is tunable and well controlled. CELT is now applicable for 1D milling, 2D polishing, and 3D microfabrication with an accuracy at nanometer scale. CELT not only inherits all the advantages of electrochemical machining but also provides advantages over photolithography and nanoimprint for its applicability to different functional materials without involving any photocuring and thermoplastic resists. Although there are some technical problems, for example, mass transfer and balance, which need to be solved, CELT has shown its prospective competitiveness in electrochemical micromachining, especially in the semiconductor industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lianhuan Han
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kang Shi
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhao-Wu Tian
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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9
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Polcari D, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Mauzeroll J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13234-13278. [PMID: 27736057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Philippe Dauphin-Ducharme
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
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11
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12
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Zhang H, Xiao X, Su T, Gu X, Jin T, Du L, Tang J. A novel thermocouple microelectrode for applications in SECM and variable temperature electrochemistry. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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13
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Lesch A, Chen PC, Roelfs F, Dosche C, Momotenko D, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH, Wittstock G. Finger Probe Array for Topography-Tolerant Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Extended Samples. Anal Chem 2013; 86:713-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403168p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lesch
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Po-Chung Chen
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Folkert Roelfs
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Dosche
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, School of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Center of Interface Science, Department
of Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Meyer JN, Mathew MT, Wimmer MA, LeSuer RJ. Effect of tribolayer formation on corrosion of CoCrMo alloys investigated using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7159-66. [PMID: 23848566 DOI: 10.1021/ac400823q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy was used to probe the topography and electrochemical activity of CoCrMo alloys mechanically polished in the presence of bovine calf serum (BCS) in a hip simulator. These substrates are made of the same alloy used in metal-on-metal bearings for artificial hip joints. The BCS serves as an in vitro substitute for the synovial fluid which forms a lubricant in the actual orthopedic device. Chemical and mechanical processes result in the formation of a tribolayer which passivates the alloy surface. Our studies of the heterogeneous electron transfer between ferrocenemethanol and the alloy indicate that the tribolayer formed on both high- and low-carbon substrates is highly heterogeneous with regions of high electrochemical activity. Whereas pits in the samples polished in the absence of BCS show the regions of highest electrochemical activity, the tribolayer-coated samples have electrochemical hot spots in topographically smooth regions of the surface. The tribolayer provides some attenuation of the electrochemical activity of the alloy but does not prevent the possibility of corrosion from occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois 60628, United States
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15
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Yuan Y, Han L, Zhang J, Jia J, Zhao X, Cao Y, Hu Z, Yan Y, Dong S, Tian ZQ, Tian ZW, Zhan D. Electrochemical mechanical micromachining based on confined etchant layer technique. Faraday Discuss 2013; 164:189-97. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00008g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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