1
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Aryanfar A, Dhara T, DasGupta S, Goddard WA. A dynamically equivalent atomistic electrochemical paradigm for the larger-scale experiments. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:014707. [PMID: 38953452 DOI: 10.1063/5.0208367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical systems possess a considerable part of modern technologies, such as the operation of rechargeable batteries and the fabrication of electronic components, which are explored both experimentally and computationally. The largest gap between the experimental observations and atomic-level simulations is their orders-of-magnitude scale difference. While the largest computationally affordable scale of the atomic-level computations is ∼ns and ∼nm, the smallest reachable scale in the typical experiments, using very high-precision devices, is ∼s and ∼μm. In order to close this gap and correlate the studies in the two scales, we establish an equivalent simulation setup for the given general experiment, which excludes the microstructure effects (i.e., solid-electrolyte interface), using the coarse-grained framework. The developed equivalent paradigm constitutes the adjusted values for the equivalent length scale (i.e., lEQ), diffusivity (i.e., DEQ), and voltage (i.e., VEQ). The time scale for the formation and relaxation of the concentration gradients in the vicinity of the electrode matches for both smaller scale (i.e., atomistic) equivalent simulations and the larger scale (i.e., continuum) experiments and could be utilized for exploring the cluster-level inter-ionic events that occur during the extended time periods. The developed model could offer insights for forecasting experiment dynamics and estimating the transition period to the steady-state regime of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trina Dhara
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Sunando DasGupta
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - William A Goddard
- California Institute of Technology, E California Blvd., Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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2
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Plačkić A, Neubert TJ, Patel K, Kuhl M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Zurutuza A, Sordan R, Balasubramanian K. Electrochemistry at the Edge of a van der Waals Heterostructure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306361. [PMID: 38109121 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Artificial van der Waals heterostructures, obtained by stacking two-dimensional (2D) materials, represent a novel platform for investigating physicochemical phenomena and applications. Here, the electrochemistry at the one-dimensional (1D) edge of a graphene sheet, sandwiched between two hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) flakes, is reported. When such an hBN/graphene/hBN heterostructure is immersed in a solution, the basal plane of graphene is encapsulated by hBN, and the graphene edge is exclusively available in the solution. This forms an electrochemical nanoelectrode, enabling the investigation of electron transfer using several redox probes, e.g., ferrocene(di)methanol, hexaammineruthenium, methylene blue, dopamine and ferrocyanide. The low capacitance of the van der Waals edge electrode facilitates cyclic voltammetry at very high scan rates (up to 1000 V s-1), allowing voltammetric detection of redox species down to micromolar concentrations with sub-second time resolution. The nanoband nature of the edge electrode allows operation in water without added electrolyte. Finally, two adjacent edge electrodes are realized in a redox-cycling format. All the above-mentioned phenomena can be investigated at the edge, demonstrating that nanoscale electrochemistry is a new application avenue for van der Waals heterostructures. Such an edge electrode will be useful for studying electron transfer mechanisms and the detection of analyte species in ultralow sample volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Plačkić
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Via Anzani 42, Como, 22100, Italy
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Tilmann J Neubert
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof & Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kishan Patel
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Via Anzani 42, Como, 22100, Italy
| | - Michel Kuhl
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof & Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Amaia Zurutuza
- Graphenea Semiconductor SLU, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 83, San Sebastián, 20009, Spain
| | - Roman Sordan
- L-NESS, Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Via Anzani 42, Como, 22100, Italy
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), IRIS Adlershof & Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Zhao Y, Lin L, Liu R, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang D. Dynamic and Asymmetrical Ion Concentration Polarization in Dual Nanopipettes. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4190-4196. [PMID: 38411587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Dual nanopipettes with two channels have been receiving great attention due to the convenient experimental setup and multiple measuring channels in sensing applications at nanoscale, while the involved dynamic and asymmetrical ion transport processes have not been fully elucidated. In this paper, both experimental and simulation methods are used to investigate the dynamic mass transport processes inside dual nanopipettes with two well-separated channels. The results present that the ion transport resistance through the two channels (R12) is always the add-up of the individual ones (R13 + R23) with respect to the bulk solutions, at various ionic strengths and scan rates. A constant zero-current potential is obtained when loading an asymmetrical electrolyte concentration in the two channels, and the zero-potential current displays a good linear relationship with the bulk concentration outside the pipet. Besides revealing the dynamic and asymmetrical concentration polarization in the dual nanopipettes, these results would also further promote the better usage of dual nanopipettes in electrochemical sensing and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lan Lin
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rujia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou 256606, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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4
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Lai Z, Liu M, Bi P, Huang F, Jin Y. Perspectives on Corrosion Studies Using Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy: Challenges and Opportunities. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15833-15850. [PMID: 37844123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) allows for electrochemical imaging at the micro- or nanoscale by confining the electrochemical reaction cell in a small meniscus formed at the end of a micro- or nanopipette. This technique has gained popularity in electrochemical imaging due to its high-throughput nature. Although it shows considerable application potential in corrosion science, there are still formidable and exciting challenges to be faced, particularly relating to the high-throughput characterization and analysis of microelectrochemical big data. The objective of this perspective is to arouse attention and provide opinions on the challenges, recent progress, and future prospects of the SECCM technique to the electrochemical society, particularly from the viewpoint of corrosion scientists. Specifically, four main topics are systematically reviewed and discussed: (1) the development of SECCM; (2) the applications of SECCM for corrosion studies; (3) the challenges of SECCM in corrosion studies; and (4) the opportunities of SECCM for corrosion science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogui Lai
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Peng Bi
- Laboratory for Nuclear Materials, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Feifei Huang
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jin
- National Center for Materials Service Safety, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
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5
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Liu X, Chen X, Zhang L, Twum KJ, Wang X, Xu Y, Zeng X. Crystalline silica particle functionalized by PEG for its collision-enhanced detection at ultramicroelectrode. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1260:341178. [PMID: 37121651 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Detecting individual particulate matter is highly significant in many areas, such as mine safety, environment, and human health. The analytical method based on single entity electrochemistry (SEE) has shown great potential in detecting, counting, and measuring individual particles, especially conductive metals or carbon particles, based on their unique charge transfer reactions at an ultramicroelectrode (UME). In this study, we report an innovative SEE method for improving the sensitivity of the detection of electrochemical inert crystalline silica particles by functionalizing silica particles with polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules. The PEG surface functionalization of the silica was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The morphology of silica particles was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was employed to calibrate size distribution and determine the elemental composition of silica particles. The surface charges of silica particles were measured by dynamic light scattering techniques. The collision behaviors of crystalline silica particles with UME were investigated by cyclic voltammetric experiments, which are rarely reported in the literature. The crystalline silica particles were detected based on electrochemically blocking the flux of the redox mediator at the surface of UME, which showed significant signal amplification in the proposed method. Our method was demonstrated for detecting crystalline silica functionalized with or without PEG, acquiring the limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 0.391 μM (23.45 μg/L) and 0.824 μM (49.45 μg/L), respectively, which confirmed that a more than two times improvement in LOQ could be achieved over the PEG functionalized silica particles. We further presented a theoretical model using finite element simulations with COMSOL Multiphysics. We deduced a quantitative relation between the distribution of the current step size and the size distribution of silica particles. Therefore, the reported method here provides a paradigm for SEE-based detection of electrochemically inert crystalline silica particles, which extends the previous report substantially concerning particle detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- College of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Kwaku Junior Twum
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI, 48309, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- College of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI, 48309, USA.
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6
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Hamid Kargari S, Ahour F, Mahmoudian M. An electrochemical sensor for the detection of arsenic using nanocomposite-modified electrode. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8816. [PMID: 37258602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to develop an electrochemical sensor based on a conducting polymer, polyaniline, and a cationic polymer, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), reinforced with graphene oxide nanosheets functionalized with acrylic acid. The two-dimensional nature of acrylic acid functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets and clusters made of conductive polymers and acrylic acid functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets were confirmed by microscopic tests. The prepared nanocomposite was deposited on the glassy carbon electrode in order to prepare an electrochemical sensor for the detection of arsenic by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry methods. It should be mentioned that the presence of acrylic acid functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets increases the surface area due to the nano size effect and better dispersion of this nanomaterial, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), increases the adsorption capacity of the analyte due to electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged analyte and positively charged surface, and polyanilin increases the charge transfer rate due to the good conductivity. The results show that the prepared electrode has a sensitivity equal to 1.79 A/M with 0.12 μM as the detection limit. The proposed sensor could be used for the determination of total inorganic arsenic by first oxidative pretreatment for conversion of As(III) to As(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hamid Kargari
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahour
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Mahmoudian
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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7
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Jin Z. High-Spatiotemporal-Resolution Electrochemical Measurements of Electrocatalytic Reactivity. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6477-6489. [PMID: 37023363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The real-time measurement of the individual or local electrocatalytic reactivity of catalyst particles instead of ensemble behavior is considerably challenging but very critical to uncover fundamental insights into catalytic mechanisms. Recent remarkable efforts have been made to the development of high-spatiotemporal-resolution electrochemical techniques, which allow the imaging of the topography and reactivity of fast electron-transfer processes at the nanoscale. This Perspective summarizes emerging powerful electrochemical measurement techniques for studying various electrocatalytic reactions on different types of catalysts. Principles of scanning electrochemical microscopy, scanning electrochemical cell microscopy, single-entity measurement, and molecular probing technique have been discussed for the purpose of measuring important parameters in electrocatalysis. We further demonstrate recent advances in these techniques that reveal quantitative information about the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of catalysts for various electrocatalytic reactions associated with our perspectives. Future research on the next-generation electrochemical techniques is anticipated to be focused on the development of instrumentation, correlative multimodal techniques, and new applications, thus enabling new opportunities for elucidating structure-reactivity relationships and dynamic information at the single active-site level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Jin
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
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8
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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9
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Gao H, Xu J, Liu C, Wang F, Sun H, Wang Q, Zhou M. Precise Polishing and Electrochemical Applications of Quartz Nanopipette-Based Carbon Nanoelectrodes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14092-14098. [PMID: 36191159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quartz nanopipette-based carbon nanoelectrodes (CNEs) have attracted extensive attention in nanoscale electrochemistry due to their simple and efficient fabrication, chemically inert materials, flexible size (down to a few nanometers), and ultrathin insulating encapsulation. However, these pristine CNEs usually have significantly irregular morphology on the surface, which greatly limits the applications where inlaid nanodisks are urgently needed. To address this critical issue, we have developed a new precise polishing strategy using paraffin coating protection (i.e., avoiding breakage of quartz materials) and real-time monitoring with a high impedance meter (i.e., indicating electrode exposure) to produce flat carbon nanodisk electrodes. The surface flatness of polished CNEs has been confirmed by a combination of scanning electron microscopy, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electrochemical microscopy. As compared to the expensive focused ion beam processing, this strategy is competitive in terms of the low cost and availability of the equipment and enables the preparation of polished CNEs with sufficiently small size. The flattened CNEs have been exemplified for grafting molecular catalysts to achieve the durable catalysis of reactive molecules or for immobilizing single-particle electrocatalysts to measure the intrinsic activity under sufficient mass-transfer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Haotian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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10
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Stolz R, Kolln AF, Rocha BC, Brinks A, Eagleton AM, Mendecki L, Vashisth H, Mirica KA. Epitaxial Self-Assembly of Interfaces of 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks for Electroanalytical Detection of Neurotransmitters. ACS NANO 2022; 16:13869-13883. [PMID: 36099649 PMCID: PMC9527791 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper identifies the electrochemical properties of individual facets of anisotropic layered conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on M3(2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene)2 (M3(HHTP)2) (M = Co, Ni). The electroanalytical advantages of each facet are then applied toward the electrochemical detection of neurochemicals. By employing epitaxially controlled deposition of M3(HHTP)2 MOFs on electrodes, the contribution of the basal plane ({001} facets) and edge sites ({100} facets) of these MOFs can be individually determined using electrochemical characterization techniques. Despite having a lower observed heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant, the {001} facets of the M3(HHTP)2 systems prove more selective and sensitive for the detection of dopamine than the {100} facets of the same MOF, with the limit of detection (LOD) of 9.9 ± 2 nM in phosphate-buffered saline and 214 ± 48 nM in a simulated cerebrospinal fluid. Langmuir isotherm studies accompanied by all-atom MD simulations suggested that the observed improvement in performance and selectivity is related to the adsorption characteristics of analytes on the basal plane versus edge sites of the MOF interfaces. This work establishes that the distinct crystallographic facets of 2D MOFs can be used to control the fundamental interactions between analyte and electrode, leading to tunable electrochemical properties by controlling their preferential orientation through self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
M. Stolz
- Department
of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth
College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Anna F. Kolln
- Department
of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth
College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Brunno C. Rocha
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kingsbury Hall, University of New Hampshire, 33 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Anna Brinks
- Department
of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth
College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Aileen M. Eagleton
- Department
of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth
College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Lukasz Mendecki
- Department
of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth
College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Harish Vashisth
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kingsbury Hall, University of New Hampshire, 33 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Katherine A. Mirica
- Department
of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth
College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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11
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Jing C, Long Y. Observing electrochemistry on single plasmonic nanoparticles. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jing
- Department of Hydrogen Technique Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Shanghai P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing P. R. China
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12
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Hesari M, Jia R, Mirkin MV. Metal Organic Framework (MOF) Based Electrochemical Nanosensor for Hydrogen Peroxide. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hesari
- CUNY Queens College: Queens College Chemistry & Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Rui Jia
- CUNY Queens College: Queens College Chemistry & Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Queens College Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 65-30 Kissena Blvd 11367 Flushing UNITED STATES
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13
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Liu YL, Zhao YX, Li YB, Ye ZY, Zhang JJ, Zhou Y, Gao TY, Li F. Recent Advances of Nanoelectrodes for Single-Cell Electroanalysis: From Extracellular, Intercellular to Intracellular. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-022-00223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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15
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Steady-state voltammetric characterization and simulation-aided study of the mass transfer enhancement at conical W/WO2 ultramicroelectrodes. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Wu Y, Jamali S, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Next generation nanoelectrochemistry: the fundamental advances needed for applications. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:10-32. [PMID: 34874385 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemistry, where electrochemical processes are controlled and investigated with nanoscale resolution, is gaining more and more attention because of the many potential applications in energy and sensing and the fact that there is much to learn about fundamental electrochemical processes when we explore them at the nanoscale. The development of instrumental methods that can explore the heterogeneity of electrochemistry occurring across an electrode surface, monitoring single molecules or many single nanoparticles on a surface simultaneously, have been pivotal in giving us new insights into nanoscale electrochemistry. Equally important has been the ability to synthesise or fabricate nanoscale entities with a high degree of control that allows us to develop nanoscale devices. Central to the latter has been the incredible advances in nanomaterial synthesis where electrode materials with atomic control over electrochemically active sites can be achieved. After introducing nanoelectrochemistry, this paper focuses on recent developments in two major application areas of nanoelectrochemistry; electrocatalysis and using single entities in sensing. Discussion of the developments in these two application fields highlights some of the advances in the fundamental understanding of nanoelectrochemical systems really driving these applications forward. Looking into our nanocrystal ball, this paper then highlights: the need to understand the impact of nanoconfinement on electrochemical processes, the need to measure many single entities, the need to develop more sophisticated ways of treating the potentially large data sets from measuring such many single entities, the need for more new methods for characterising nanoelectrochemical systems as they operate and the need for material synthesis to become more reproducible as well as possess more nanoscale control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Sina Jamali
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry and Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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17
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Hesari M, Ma H, Ding Z. Monitoring single Au 38 nanocluster reactions via electrochemiluminescence. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14540-14545. [PMID: 34881005 PMCID: PMC8580063 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report for the first time single Au38 nanocluster reaction events of highly efficient electrochemiluminescence (ECL) with tri-n-propylamine radicals as a reductive co-reactant at the surface of an ultramicroelectrode (UME). The statistical analyses of individual reactions confirm stochastic single ones influenced by the applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hesari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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18
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Li Z, Zhang Q, Li Y, Ying Y, Fu Y. Nanoconfinement Effect for Signal Amplification in Electrochemical Analysis and Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101665. [PMID: 34278716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the urgent need for electrochemical analysis and sensing of trace target molecules in various fields such as medical diagnosis, agriculture and food safety, and environmental monitoring, signal amplification is key to promoting analysis and sensing performance. The nanoconfinement effect, derived from nanoconfined spaces and interfaces with sizes approaching those of target molecules, has witnessed rapid development for ultra-sensitive analyzing and sensing. In this review, the two main types of nanoconfinement systems - confined nanochannels and planes - are assessed and recent progress is highlighted. The merits of each nanoconfinement system, the nanoconfinement effect mechanisms, and applications for electrochemical analysis and sensing are summarized and discussed. This review aims to help deepen the understanding of nanoconfinement devices and their effects in order to develop new analysis and sensing applications for researchers in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Zhishang Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Yibin Ying
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yingchun Fu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
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19
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Gwon HJ, Lim D, Ahn HS. Bioanalytical chemistry with scanning electrochemical microscopy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Gwon
- Department of Chemistry Institution: Yonsei University Seoul South Korea
| | - Donghoon Lim
- Department of Chemistry Institution: Yonsei University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyun S. Ahn
- Department of Chemistry Institution: Yonsei University Seoul South Korea
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20
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Abstract
Interfaces between a liquid and a solid (L-S) are the most important surface science in chemistry, catalysis, energy, and even biology. Formation of an electric double layer (EDL) at the L-S interface has been attributed due to the adsorption of a layer of ions at the solid surface, which causes the ions in the liquid to redistribute. Although the existence of a layer of charges on a solid surface is always assumed, the origin of the charges is not extensively explored. Recent studies of contact electrification (CE) between a liquid and a solid suggest that electron transfer plays a dominant role at the initial stage for forming the charge layer at the L-S interface. Here, we review the recent works about electron transfer in liquid-solid CE, including scenerios such as liquid-insulator, liquid-semiconductor, and liquid-metal. Formation of the EDL is revisited considering the existence of electron transfer at the L-S interface. Furthermore, the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) technique based on the liquid-solid CE is introduced, which can be used not only for harvesting mechanical energy from a liquid but also as a probe for probing the charge transfer at liquid-solid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiquan Lin
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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21
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Yu RJ, Xu SW, Paul S, Ying YL, Cui LF, Daiguji H, Hsu WL, Long YT. Nanoconfined Electrochemical Sensing of Single Silver Nanoparticles with a Wireless Nanopore Electrode. ACS Sens 2021; 6:335-339. [PMID: 33373192 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Single entity electrochemistry (SEE) has emerged as a promising method for precise measurement and fundamental understanding of the heterogeneity of single entities. Herein, we propose the dual responsive SEE sensing of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) collisions through a wireless nanopore electrode (WNE). Given the high temporal resolution and low background noise features, the Faradaic and capacitive currents provide the AgNPs' collision response. The electron transfer between the AgNPs and the electrode surface is identified under a bipolar electrochemical mechanism. Compared to the ultramicroelectrode, multistep oxidation of 30 nm AgNPs is observed due to the decreased interaction of the nanoparticles to the electrode. Moreover, the nanoconfinement of WNE plays a vital role in the repeated capturing of nanoparticles from the nontunneling region into the tunneling region until a complete oxidation. As a comparison, the collision of 5 nm AgNPs with higher interaction at the electrode surface shows great decrease in the multistep events. Thus, we propose a nanoconfined interaction based SEE method which could be used for simultaneously capturing the Faradaic and capacitive response. The nanoconfined interaction based SEE method holds great promise in the better understanding of heterogeneity of single particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su-Wen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Soumyadeep Paul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Fei Cui
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hirofumi Daiguji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Dickinson EJ, Wain AJ. The Butler-Volmer equation in electrochemical theory: Origins, value, and practical application. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Zheng J, Li X, Wang K, Song J, Qi H. Electrochemical Nanoaptasensor for Continuous Monitoring of ATP Fluctuation at Subcellular Level. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10940-10945. [PMID: 32700526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the fluctuation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) at the subcellular level is important for the study of cell energy metabolism. Herein, we fabricated an electrochemical nanoaptasensor for continuously monitoring ATP fluctuation at the subcellular level. A gold nanoelectrode with a diameter of 120 nm was fabricated, and ferrocene (Fc)-labeled anti-ATP aptamer was self-assembled onto the nanoelectrode surface to form a nanoaptasensor. In the presence of ATP, the ferrocene-labeled anti-ATP aptamer bound with two ATP units to form an ATP-aptamer conjugation, resulting in the close proximity of Fc to the nanoelectrode surface and then an increase of oxidation current of Fc. ATP can be detected with a detection limit of 26 μM within 2 min. Cell viability assays indicated that the nanoaptasensor was biocompatible with negligible biological effects. By taking advantage of the good biocompatibility of the nanoaptasensor, ATP fluctuation at the subcellular level was monitored under glucose starvation and Ca2+ induction. This work demonstrates that the nanoaptasensor is a useful tool for investigating ATP-relevant biological processes via the electrochemical method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Song
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
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24
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Fu K, Kwon SR, Han D, Bohn PW. Single Entity Electrochemistry in Nanopore Electrode Arrays: Ion Transport Meets Electron Transfer in Confined Geometries. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:719-728. [PMID: 31990518 PMCID: PMC8020881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical measurements conducted in confined volumes provide a powerful and direct means to address scientific questions at the nexus of nanoscience, biotechnology, and chemical analysis. How are electron transfer and ion transport coupled in confined volumes and how does understanding them require moving beyond macroscopic theories? Also, how do these coupled processes impact electrochemical detection and processing? We address these questions by studying a special type of confined-volume architecture, the nanopore electrode array, or NEA, which is designed to be commensurate in size with physical scaling lengths, such as the Debye length, a concordance that offers performance characteristics not available in larger scale structures.The experiments described here depend critically on carefully constructed nanoscale architectures that can usefully control molecular transport and electrochemical reactivity. We begin by considering the experimental constraints that guide the design and fabrication of zero-dimensional nanopore arrays with multiple embedded electrodes. These zero-dimensional structures are nearly ideal for exploring how permselectivity and unscreened ion migration can be combined to amplify signals and improve selectivity by enabling highly efficient redox cycling. Our studies also highlight the benefits of arrays, in that molecules escaping from a single nanopore are efficiently captured by neighboring pores and returned to the population of active redox species being measured, benefits that arise from coupling ion accumulation and migration. These tools for manipulating redox species are well-positioned to explore single molecule and single particle electron transfer events through spectroelectrochemistry, studies which are enabled by the electrochemical zero-mode waveguide (ZMW), a special hybrid nanophotonic/nanoelectronic architecture in which the lower ring electrode of an NEA nanopore functions both as a working electrode to initiate electron transfer reactions and as the optical cladding layer of a ZMW. While the work described here is largely exploratory and fundamental, we believe that the development of NEAs will enable important applications that emerge directly from the unique coupled transport and electron-transfer capabilities of NEAs, including in situ molecular separation and detection with external stimuli, redox-based electrochemical rectification in individually encapsulated nanopores, and coupled sorters and analyzers for nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94306
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94306
| | - Seung-Ryong Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662 Republic of Korea
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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25
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Pérez-Fernández B, Costa-García A, Muñiz ADLE. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Pesticides Detection Using Screen-Printed Electrodes. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E32. [PMID: 32252430 PMCID: PMC7236603 DOI: 10.3390/bios10040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides are among the most important contaminants in food, leading to important global health problems. While conventional techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) have traditionally been utilized for the detection of such food contaminants, they are relatively expensive, time-consuming and labor intensive, limiting their use for point-of-care (POC) applications. Electrochemical (bio)sensors are emerging devices meeting such expectations, since they represent reliable, simple, cheap, portable, selective and easy to use analytical tools that can be used outside the laboratories by non-specialized personnel. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) stand out from the variety of transducers used in electrochemical (bio)sensing because of their small size, high integration, low cost and ability to measure in few microliters of sample. In this context, in this review article, we summarize and discuss about the use of SPEs as analytical tools in the development of (bio)sensors for pesticides of interest for food control. Finally, aspects related to the analytical performance of the developed (bio)sensors together with prospects for future improvements are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfredo de la Escosura- Muñiz
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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26
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Hao R, Fan Y, Anderson TJ, Zhang B. Imaging Single Nanobubbles of H 2 and O 2 During the Overall Water Electrolysis with Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3682-3688. [PMID: 32024359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the preparation and use of a thin metal film modified Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrode as a highly conductive, transparent, and electrocatalytically active electrode material for studying nanobubbles generated at the electrode/solution interface. Hydrogen and oxygen nanobubbles were generated from water electrolysis on the surface of a Au/Pd alloy modified ITO electrode. The formation of single H2 and O2 nanobubbles was imaged in real time during a potential scan using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Our results show that while O2 nanobubbles can be detected at an early stage in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the formation of H2 nanobubbles requires a significant overpotential. Our study shows that thin-film-coated ITO electrodes are simple to make and can be useful electrode substrates for (single molecule) spectroelectrochemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Todd J Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
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27
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28
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Hao R, Peng Z, Zhang B. Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy for Probing the Electrochemical Interface. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:89-97. [PMID: 31956755 PMCID: PMC6963970 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical interface is an ultrathin interfacial region between the electrode and solution where electrochemical reactions occur. The study of the electrochemical interface continues to be one of the most exciting directions in modern electrochemistry research. Much of our existing knowledge about the electrochemical interface comes from ensemble measurements and ex situ imaging of the electrode surface. Due to its enormous complexity and highly dynamic nature, however, new imaging tools that can probe the interface in situ with ultrahigh spatial and temporal resolution and single-molecule sensitivity are apparently needed. Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM) has emerged as a powerful tool that is uniquely suited for studying the electrochemical interface. In this mini-review, we first give a brief overview of various existing SMFM methods for studying electrochemical problems. We then discuss several exciting research topics involving the use of SMFM methods for studying surface-immobilized molecules, single freely diffusing molecules, single molecules as catalytic reaction indicators, and single-molecule labeling and imaging of interfacial nanobubbles. We anticipate that we will continue to see a rapid increase in publications on stochastic electrochemistry of single molecules and nanoparticles. The increased use of SMFM will likely bring new information to our study of the electrochemical interface.
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29
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Pandey P, Garcia J, Guo J, Wang X, Yang D, He J. Differentiation of metallic and dielectric nanoparticles in solution by single-nanoparticle collision events at the nanoelectrode. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:015503. [PMID: 31519013 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab4445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a highly effective method to generate and detect single-nanoparticle (NP) collision events on a nanoelectrode in aqueous solutions. The nanoelectrode of a nanopore-nanoelectrode nanopipette is first employed to accumulate NPs in solution by dielectrophoresis (DEP). Instead of using amperometric methods, the continuous individual NP collision events on the nanoelectrode are sensitively detected by monitoring the open-circuit potential changes of the nanoelectrode. Metallic gold NPs (GNPs) and insulating polystyrene (PS) NPs with various sizes are used as the model NPs. Due to the higher conductivity and polarizability of GNPs, the collision motion of a GNP is different from that of a PS NP. The difference is distinct in the shape of the transient potential change and its first time derivative detected by the nanoelectrode. Therefore, the collision events by metallic and insulating NPs on a nanoelectrode can be differentiated based on their polarizability. DEP induced NP separation and cluster formation can also be probed in detail in the concentrated mixture of PS NPs and GNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Popular Pandey
- Physics Department, biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, 33199, United States of America
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30
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Jiang H, Zhang XW, Liao QL, Wu WT, Liu YL, Huang WH. Electrochemical Monitoring of Paclitaxel-Induced ROS Release from Mitochondria inside Single Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1901787. [PMID: 31183973 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201901787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are believed to be the major source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, in situ, real-time and quantitative monitoring of ROS release from mitochondria that are present in their cytosolic environment remains a great challenge. In this work, a platinized SiC@C nanowire electrode is placed into a single cell for in situ detection of ROS signals from intracellular mitochondria, and antineoplastic agent (paclitaxel) induced ROS production is successfully recorded. Further investigations indicate that complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, COX) is the principal site for ROS generation, and significantly more ROS are generated from mitochondria in cancer cells than that from normal cells. This work provides an effective approach to directly monitor intracellular mitochondria by nanowire electrodes, and consequently obtains important physiological evidence on antineoplastic agent-induced ROS generation, which will be of great benefit for better understanding of chemotherapy at subcellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Quan-Lan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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31
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Kalinin SV, Dyck O, Balke N, Neumayer S, Tsai WY, Vasudevan R, Lingerfelt D, Ahmadi M, Ziatdinov M, McDowell MT, Strelcov E. Toward Electrochemical Studies on the Nanometer and Atomic Scales: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9735-9780. [PMID: 31433942 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions and ionic transport underpin the operation of a broad range of devices and applications, from energy storage and conversion to information technologies, as well as biochemical processes, artificial muscles, and soft actuators. Understanding the mechanisms governing function of these applications requires probing local electrochemical phenomena on the relevant time and length scales. Here, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for extending electrochemical characterization probes to the nanometer and ultimately atomic scales, including challenges in down-scaling classical methods, the emergence of novel probes enabled by nanotechnology and based on emergent physics and chemistry of nanoscale systems, and the integration of local data into macroscopic models. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods based on strain detection, potential detection, and hysteretic current measurements are discussed. We further compare SPM to electron beam probes and discuss the applicability of electron beam methods to probe local electrochemical behavior on the mesoscopic and atomic levels. Similar to a SPM tip, the electron beam can be used both for observing behavior and as an active electrode to induce reactions. We briefly discuss new challenges and opportunities for conducting fundamental scientific studies, matter patterning, and atomic manipulation arising in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Sabine Neumayer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Wan-Yu Tsai
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Rama Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - David Lingerfelt
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Mahshid Ahmadi
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Maxim Ziatdinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Matthew T McDowell
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Evgheni Strelcov
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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32
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Gao R, Lin Y, Ying YL, Long YT. Nanopore-based sensing interface for single molecule electrochemistry. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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33
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Liu R, Shan X, Wang H, Tao N. Plasmonic Measurement of Electron Transfer between a Single Metal Nanoparticle and an Electrode through a Molecular Layer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11694-11699. [PMID: 31260624 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We study electron transfer associated with electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen on single platinum nanoparticles separated from an electrode surface with an alkanethiol monolayer using a plasmonic imaging technique. By varying the monolayer thickness, we show that the reaction rate depends on electron tunneling from the electrode to the nanoparticle. The tunneling decay constant is ∼4.3 nm-1, which is small compared to those in literature for alkanethiols. We attribute it to a reduced tunneling barrier resulting from biasing the electrode potential negatively to the hydrogen reduction regime. In addition to allowing study of electron transfer of single nanoparticles, the work demonstrates an optical method to measure charge transport in molecules electrically wired to two electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Xiaonan Shan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Nongjian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China.,Biodesign Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors and School of Electrical, Energy and Computer Engineering , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287 , United States
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Liao QL, Jiang H, Zhang XW, Qiu QF, Tang Y, Yang XK, Liu YL, Huang WH. A single nanowire sensor for intracellular glucose detection. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10702-10708. [PMID: 31140521 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01997a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism plays an important role in cell energy supply, and quantitative detection of the intracellular glucose level is particularly important for understanding many physiological processes. Glucose electrochemical sensors are widely used for blood and extracellular glucose detection. However, intracellular glucose detection cannot be achieved by these sensors owing to their large size and consequent low spatial resolution. Herein, we developed a single nanowire glucose sensor for electrochemical detection of intracellular glucose by depositing Pt nanoparticles (Pt NPs) on a SiC@C nanowire and further immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD) thereon. Glucose was converted by GOD to an electroactive product H2O2 which was further electro-catalyzed by Pt NPs. The glucose nanowire sensor is endowed with a high sensitivity, high spatial-temporal resolution and enzyme specificity due to its nanoscale size and enzymatic reaction. This allows the real-time monitoring of the intracellular glucose level, and the increase of the intracellular glucose level induced by a novel potential hypoglycemic agent, reinforcing its potential application in lowering the blood glucose level. This work provides a versatile method for the construction of enzyme-modified nanosensors to electrochemically detect intracellular non-electroactive molecules, which is of great benefit for physiological and pathological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Lan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
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35
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Gao R, Lin Y, Ying YL, Hu YX, Xu SW, Ruan LQ, Yu RJ, Li YJ, Li HW, Cui LF, Long YT. Wireless nanopore electrodes for analysis of single entities. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:2015-2035. [PMID: 31168087 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of a single entity underpin knowledge of the heterogeneity and stochastics in the behavior of molecules, nanoparticles, and cells. Electrochemistry provides a direct and fast method to analyze single entities as it probes electron/charge-transfer processes. However, a highly reproducible electrochemical-sensing nanointerface is often hard to fabricate because of a lack of control of the fabrication processes at the nanoscale. In comparison with conventional micro/nanoelectrodes with a metal wire inside, we present a general and easily implemented protocol that describes how to fabricate and use a wireless nanopore electrode (WNE). Nanoscale metal deposition occurs at the tip of the nanopipette, providing an electroactive sensing interface. The WNEs utilize a dynamic ionic flow instead of a metal wire to sense the interfacial redox process. WNEs provide a highly controllable interface with a 30- to 200-nm diameter. This protocol presents the construction and characterization of two types of WNEs-the open-type WNE and closed-type WNE-which can be used to achieve reproducible electrochemical measurements of single entities. Combined with the related signal amplification mechanisms, we also describe how WNEs can be used to detect single redox molecules/ions, analyze the metabolism of single cells, and discriminate single nanoparticles in a mixture. This protocol is broadly applicable to studies of living cells, nanomaterials, and sensors at the single-entity level. The total time required to complete the protocol is ~10-18 h. Each WNE costs ~$1-$3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Lin
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong-Xu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Su-Wen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Qi Ruan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-Jia Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan-Jie Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Wen Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Fei Cui
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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36
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Zhang N, Zhao W, Xu CH, Xu JJ, Chen HY. Amperometric monitoring of vesicular dopamine release using a gold nanocone electrode. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3461-3464. [PMID: 30839997 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01280j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile approach to fabricate a gold nanocone electrode for monitoring dopamine release from individual vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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37
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Gunderson CG, Barlow ST, Zhang B. FIB-Milled Quartz Nanopores in a Sealed Nanopipette. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019; 833:181-188. [PMID: 31447621 PMCID: PMC6707750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of laser-pulled quartz nanopipettes as a new platform for microfabricated nanopores. A quartz nanopipette is prepared on a laser puller and sealed closed prior to focused-ion beam (FIB) milling. A quartz nanopore can then be FIB-milled into the side walls of the sealed pipette and used to analyze single nanoparticles. This method is fast, reproducible and creates nearly cylindrical nanopores in ultrathin quartz walls with controllable diameter down to 66 nm. Both pore size and wall thickness can be readily controlled in the FIB milling process by adjusting milling parameters and milling at different locations along the pipette walls. FIB-milled quartz nanopores combine the advantages of the pipette pores and silicon chip-based membrane pores into one device while avoiding many of the challenges of two popular nanopore devices. First, they can be used as a handheld probe device like a quartz pipette. Second, the use of an ultrathin quartz membrane gives them superior electric property enabling low noise recording at a higher bandwidth and a highly focused sensing zone located at a farther distance away from the highly restricted tip region. The inner and outer diameters of the resulting pore can be precisely measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As an application, FIB-milled side nanopores are used to study translocation of polystyrene nanoparticles. In addition to studying the dependence of translocation time on the pore length, we demonstrate detection of nanoparticles in parallel nanopores of different lengths and use finite-element simulation to confirm the identity of the two resulting populations. Our results show that FIB-milled side nanopores are a useful platform for future analytical applications like studying nanoparticle translocation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel T Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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38
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Wang D, Hua H, Tang H, Yang C, Chen W, Li Y. A signal amplification strategy and sensing application using single gold nanoelectrodes. Analyst 2019; 144:310-316. [PMID: 30406238 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01474d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a label-free electrochemical apta-nanosensor was fabricated on a single gold nanodisk electrode (AuNDE) for thrombin sensing with high sensitivity via a novel signal amplification strategy. This recognition platform was fabricated via self-assembly of helper DNA (HP-DNA), thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) and gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-DNA complexes to form a sandwich structure on the AuNDE surface. A novel signal amplification strategy via designed AuNP-DNA complexes was introduced using Ru(NH3)63+ as the signal reporter based on the electrostatic interaction. In the presence of thrombin, the strong interaction between the TBA and target led to the dissociation of sandwich DNA complexes from the AuNDE, which resulted in the reduction current of Ru(NH3)63+. This proposed sensing platform showed a wide detection range of 0.1 pM-5 nM and a low detection limit of 0.02 pM. Considering the small overall dimensions and high sensitivity, this nanosensor can be potentially applied for bioanalysis in living biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China. and College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Chaohu University, Chaohu, Anhui 238000, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Hua
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Haoran Tang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China.
| | - Yongxin Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, P. R. China.
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39
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Yu Y, Wang P, Zhu X, Peng Q, Zhou Y, Yin T, Liang Y, Yin X. Combined determination of copper ions and β-amyloid peptide by a single ratiometric electrochemical biosensor. Analyst 2018; 143:323-331. [PMID: 29192910 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01683b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper ions (Cu2+) play a critical role in biological processes and are directly involved in β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) aggregation, which is responsible for the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, combined determination of Cu2+ and Aβ in one analytical system is of great significance to understand the exact nature of the AD event. This work presents a novel ratiometric electrochemical biosensor for the dual determination of Cu2+ and Aβ1-42. This unique sensor is based on a 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)-bi functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (ABTS-PDDA/CNTs) composite. The inclusion of ABTS not only enhanced the sensitivity, but it also acted as an inner reference molecule to improve detection accuracy. The specific recognition of Cu2+ was realized by neurokinin B (NKB) coatings on the ABTS-PDDA/CNTs surface to form a [CuII(NKB)2] complex with Cu2+. The ABTS-PDDA/CNTs-NKB modified electrode also displayed an excellent electrochemical response toward the Aβ1-42 monomer, when a certain amount of the Aβ1-42 monomer was added to Cu2+-contained PBS buffer, which was due to the release of Cu2+ from the [CuII(NKB)2] complex through Aβ binding to Cu2+. Meanwhile, our work showed that Cu2+ bound Aβ1-42 was concentration-dependent. Consequently, the presented electrochemical approach was capable of quantifying two important biological species associated with AD by one single biosensor, with the detection limits of 0.04 μM for Cu2+ and 0.5 ng mL-1 for Aβ1-42, respectively. Finally, the ratiometric electrode was successfully applied for monitoring Cu2+ and Aβ1-42 variations in plasma and hippocampus of normal and AD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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40
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Li M, Ge Z, Zhang S, He P, Gu Y, Qi L, Shao Y. Electrocatalytic Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide by Pd−Ag Nanoparticles Based on the Collisional Approach. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringBeijing National Research Center for Molecular SciencesPeking University 202 Chengfu Road Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Ge
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringBeijing National Research Center for Molecular SciencesPeking University 202 Chengfu Road Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Shudong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringBeijing National Research Center for Molecular SciencesPeking University 202 Chengfu Road Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringBeijing National Research Center for Molecular SciencesPeking University 202 Chengfu Road Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Yaxiong Gu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringBeijing National Research Center for Molecular SciencesPeking University 202 Chengfu Road Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Limin Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringBeijing National Research Center for Molecular SciencesPeking University 202 Chengfu Road Beijing 100871 P.R. China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringBeijing National Research Center for Molecular SciencesPeking University 202 Chengfu Road Beijing 100871 P.R. China
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41
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Raghuraman S, Soleymaniha M, Ye Z, Felts JR. The role of mechanical force on the kinetics and dynamics of electrochemical redox reactions on graphene. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:17912-17923. [PMID: 30226252 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03968b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions are a critical class of processes strongly influenced by atomic scale effects, where the relationships between local chemical composition, stress, strain, and reactivity are not well understood. Here we investigate the relationship between applied stress and reaction rates for the oxygen evolution reaction on multi-layered graphene using conductive atomic force microscopy. During the reaction, oxygen groups accumulate on the surface and the oxygenation rate increases with applied load. The results also show that the rate is not uniform across the surface, where local edges and defects are more reactive than the basal plane. The results presented here are interpreted in the context of transition state theory, where applied load over the reaction coordinate linearly modifies the energy landscape. This work motivates the general efficacy of atomic force microscopy as a tool to study relationships between local mechanical surface effects and electrochemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaranjan Raghuraman
- Advanced Nanomanufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas - 77843-3123, USA.
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42
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Fu K, Han D, Ma C, Bohn PW. Electrochemistry at single molecule occupancy in nanopore-confined recessed ring-disk electrode arrays. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:51-64. [PMID: 27711896 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions at nanoscale structures possess unique characteristics, e.g. fast mass transport, high signal-to-noise ratio at low concentration, and insignificant ohmic losses even at low electrolyte concentrations. These properties motivate the fabrication of high density, laterally ordered arrays of nanopores, embedding vertically stacked metal-insulator-metal electrode structures and exhibiting precisely controlled pore size and interpore spacing for use in redox cycling. These nanoscale recessed ring-disk electrode (RRDE) arrays exhibit current amplification factors, AFRC, as large as 55-fold with Ru(NH3)62/3+, indicative of capture efficiencies at the top and bottom electrodes, Φt,b, exceeding 99%. Finite element simulations performed to investigate the concentration distribution of redox species and to assess operating characteristics are in excellent agreement with experiment. AFRC increases as the pore diameter, at constant pore spacing, increases in the range 200-500 nm and as the pore spacing, at constant pore diameter, decreases in the range 1000-460 nm. Optimized nanoscale RRDE arrays exhibit a linear current response with concentration ranging from 0.1 μM to 10 mM and a small capacitive current with scan rate up to 100 V s-1. At the lowest concentrations, the average pore occupancy is 〈n〉 ∼ 0.13 molecule establishing productive electrochemical signals at occupancies at and below the single molecule level in these nanoscale RRDE arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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43
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Bentley CL, Perry D, Unwin PR. Stability and Placement of Ag/AgCl Quasi-Reference Counter Electrodes in Confined Electrochemical Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7700-7707. [PMID: 29808685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemistry is an important and growing branch of electrochemistry that encompasses a number of key research areas, including (electro)catalysis, energy storage, biomedical/environmental sensing, and electrochemical imaging. Nanoscale electrochemical measurements are often performed in confined environments over prolonged experimental time scales with nonisolated quasi-reference counter electrodes (QRCEs) in a simplified two-electrode format. Herein, we consider the stability of commonly used Ag/AgCl QRCEs, comprising an AgCl-coated wire, in a nanopipet configuration, which simulates the confined electrochemical cell arrangement commonly encountered in nanoelectrochemical systems. Ag/AgCl QRCEs possess a very stable reference potential even when used immediately after preparation and, when deployed in Cl- free electrolyte media (e.g., 0.1 M HClO4) in the scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) format, drift by only ca. 1 mV h-1 on the several hours time scale. Furthermore, contrary to some previous reports, when employed in a scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) format (meniscus contact with a working electrode surface), Ag/AgCl QRCEs do not cause fouling of the surface (i.e., with soluble redox byproducts, such as Ag+) on at least the 6 h time scale, as long as suitable precautions with respect to electrode handling and placement within the nanopipet are observed. These experimental observations are validated through finite element method (FEM) simulations, which consider Ag+ transport within a nanopipet probe in the SECCM and SICM configurations. These results confirm that Ag/AgCl is a stable and robust QRCE in confined electrochemical environments, such as in nanopipets used in SICM, for nanopore measurements, for printing and patterning, and in SECCM, justifying the widespread use of this electrode in the field of nanoelectrochemistry and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Bentley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
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44
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Perera RT, Rosenstein JK. Quasi-reference electrodes in confined electrochemical cells can result in in situ production of metallic nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1965. [PMID: 29386652 PMCID: PMC5792608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale working electrodes and miniaturized electroanalytical devices are valuable platforms to probe molecular phenomena and perform chemical analyses. However, the inherent close distance of metallic electrodes integrated into a small volume of electrolyte can complicate classical electroanalytical techniques. In this study, we use a scanning nanopipette contact probe as a model miniaturized electrochemical cell to demonstrate measurable side effects of the reaction occurring at a quasi-reference electrode. We provide evidence for in situ generation of nanoparticles in the absence of any electroactive species and we critically analyze the origin, nucleation, dissolution and dynamic behavior of these nanoparticles as they appear at the working electrode. It is crucial to recognize the implications of using quasi-reference electrodes in confined electrochemical cells, in order to accurately interpret the results of nanoscale electrochemical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukshan T Perera
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jacob K Rosenstein
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Street, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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45
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Fu K, Bohn PW. Nanopore Electrochemistry: A Nexus for Molecular Control of Electron Transfer Reactions. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:20-29. [PMID: 29392173 PMCID: PMC5785767 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pore-based structures occur widely in living organisms. Ion channels embedded in cell membranes, for example, provide pathways, where electron and proton transfer are coupled to the exchange of vital molecules. Learning from mother nature, a recent surge in activity has focused on artificial nanopore architectures to effect electrochemical transformations not accessible in larger structures. Here, we highlight these exciting advances. Starting with a brief overview of nanopore electrodes, including the early history and development of nanopore sensing based on nanopore-confined electrochemistry, we address the core concepts and special characteristics of nanopores in electron transfer. We describe nanopore-based electrochemical sensing and processing, discuss performance limits and challenges, and conclude with an outlook for next-generation nanopore electrode sensing platforms and the opportunities they present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- E-mail: . Tel: +1 574 631 1849. Fax: +1 574 631 8366
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46
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Reis FDAA, di Caprio D, Taleb A. Crossover from compact to branched films in electrodeposition with surface diffusion. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:022805. [PMID: 28950510 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.022805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study a model for thin film electrodeposition in which instability development by preferential adsorption and reduction of cations at surface peaks competes with surface relaxation by diffusion of the adsorbates. The model considers cations moving in a supported electrolyte, adsorption and reduction when they reach the film surface, and consequent production of mobile particles that execute activated surface diffusion, which is represented by a sequence of random hops to neighboring lattice sites with a maximum of G hop attempts (G≫1), a detachment probability ε<1 per neighboring particle, and a no-desorption condition. Computer simulations show the formation of a compact wetting layer followed by the growth of branched deposits. The maximal thickness z_{c} of that layer increases with G but is weakly affected by ε. A scaling approach describes the crossover from smooth film growth to unstable growth and predicts z_{c}∼G^{γ}, with γ=1/[2(1-ν)]≈0.43, where ν≈0.30 is the inverse of the dynamical exponent of the Villain-Lai-Das Sarma equation that describes the initial roughening. Using previous results for related deposition models, the thickness z_{c} can be predicted as a function of an activation energy for terrace surface diffusion and the temperature, and the small effects of the parameter ε are justified. These predictions are confirmed by the numerical results with good accuracy. We discuss possible applications, with a particular focus on the growth of multifuncional structures with stacking layers of different porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D A Aarão Reis
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Avenida Litorânea s/n, 24210-340 Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dung di Caprio
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech - CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Abdelhafed Taleb
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 place Jussieu, 75231, Paris, France
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47
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Kempahanumakkagari S, Deep A, Kim KH, Kumar Kailasa S, Yoon HO. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for arsenic - A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 95:106-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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48
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Hao R, Fan Y, Zhang B. Imaging Dynamic Collision and Oxidation of Single Silver Nanoparticles at the Electrode/Solution Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12274-12282. [PMID: 28799330 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical interface is an ultrathin interfacial region between the electrode surface and the electrolyte solution and is often characterized by numerous dynamic processes, such as solvation and desolvation, heterogeneous electron transfer, molecular adsorption and desorption, diffusion, and surface rearrangement. Many of these processes are driven and modulated by the presence of a large interfacial potential gradient. The study and better understanding of the electrochemical interface is important for designing better electrochemical systems where their applications may include batteries, fuel cells, electrocatalytic water splitting, corrosion protection, and electroplating. This, however, has proved to be a challenging analytical task due to the ultracompact and dynamic evolving nature of the electrochemical interface. Here, we describe the use of an electrochemical nanocell to image the dynamic collision and oxidation process of single silver nanoparticles at the surface of a platinum nanoelectrode. A nanocell is prepared by depositing a platinum nanoparticle at the tip of a quartz nanopipette forming a bipolar nanoelectrode. The compact size of the nanocell confines the motion of the silver nanoparticle in a 1-D space. The highly dynamic process of nanoparticle collision and oxidation is imaged by single-particle fluorescence microscopy. Our results demonstrate that silver nanoparticle collision and oxidation is highly dynamic and likely controlled by a strong electrostatic effect at the electrode/solution interface. We believe that the use of a platinum nanocell and single molecule/nanoparticle fluorescence microscopy can be extended to other systems to yield highly dynamic information about the electrochemical interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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49
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Fu K, Bohn PW. Nanochannel Arrays for Molecular Sieving and Electrochemical Analysis by Nanosphere Lithography Templated Graphoepitaxy of Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24908-24916. [PMID: 28661651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ability to design, fabricate, and manipulate materials at the nanoscale is fundamental to the quest to develop technologies to assemble nanometer-scale pieces into larger-scale components and materials, thereby transferring unique nanometer-scale properties to macroscopic objects. In this work, we describe a new approach to the fabrication of highly ordered, ultrahigh density nanochannel arrays that employs nanosphere lithography to template the graphoepitaxy of polystyrene-polydimethylsiloxane, diblock copolymers. By optimizing the well-controlled solvent vapor annealing, overcoating conditions, and the subsequent reactive ion etching processes, silica nanochannel (SNC) arrays with areal densities, ρA, approaching 1000 elements μm-2, are obtained over macroscopic scales. The integrity and functionality of the SNC arrays was tested by using them as permselective ion barriers to nanopore-confined disk electrodes. The nanochannels allow cations to pass to the disk electrode but reject anions, as demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry. This ion gating behavior can be reversed from cation-permselective to anion-permselective by chemically inverting the surface charge from negative to positive. Furthermore, the conformal SNC array structures obtained could easily be lifted, detached, and transferred to another substrate, preserving the hierarchical organization while transferring the nanostructure-derived properties to a different substrate. These results demonstrate how nanoscale behavior can be replicated over macroscale distances, using electrochemical analysis as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Lima AS, Prieto KR, Santos CS, Paula Valerio H, Garcia-Ochoa EY, Huerta-Robles A, Beltran-Garcia MJ, Di Mascio P, Bertotti M. In-vivo electrochemical monitoring of H 2O 2 production induced by root-inoculated endophytic bacteria in Agave tequilana leaves. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 99:108-114. [PMID: 28746900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A dual-function platinum disc microelectrode sensor was used for in-situ monitoring of H2O2 produced in A. tequilana leaves after inoculation of their endophytic bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae). Voltammetric experiments were carried out from 0.0 to -1.0V, a potential range where H2O2 is electrochemically reduced. A needle was used to create a small cavity in the upper epidermis of A. tequilana leaves, where the fabricated electrochemical sensor was inserted by using a manual three-dimensional micropositioner. Control experiments were performed with untreated plants and the obtained electrochemical results clearly proved the formation of H2O2 in the leaves of plants 3h after the E. cloacae inoculation, according to a mechanism involving endogenous signaling pathways. In order to compare the sensitivity of the microelectrode sensor, the presence of H2O2 was detected in the root hairs by 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) stain 72h after bacterial inoculation. In-situ pH measurements were also carried out with a gold disc microelectrode modified with a film of iridium oxide and lower pH values were found in A. tequilana leaves treated with bacteria, which may indicate the plant produces acidic substances by biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. This microsensor could be an advantageous tool for further studies on the understanding of the mechanism of H2O2 production during the plant-endophyte interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Lima
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kátia R Prieto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla S Santos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hellen Paula Valerio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Y Garcia-Ochoa
- Department of Chemistry ICET, Universidad Autonoma de Guadalajara, Patria 1201, Lomas del Valle, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Aurora Huerta-Robles
- Institute of Engineering, Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Blvd. B. Juarez y Calle de la Normal s/n, Mexicali, BC, Mexico
| | - Miguel J Beltran-Garcia
- Department of Chemistry ICET, Universidad Autonoma de Guadalajara, Patria 1201, Lomas del Valle, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Paolo Di Mascio
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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